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50-994: SelTrac was originally developed in the 1970s by Standard Elektrik Lorenz (the "SEL" in the name) of Germany for the Krauss-Maffei Transurban , an automated guideway transit system proposed for the GO-Urban network in the Greater Toronto Area in Canada. Although the GO-Urban project failed, the Transurban efforts were taken over by an Ontario consortium led by the Urban Transportation Development Corporation (UTDC), and adapted to become its Intermediate Capacity Transit System (ICTS). This technology

100-476: A firm, however, continued to operate independently. In 1932, development of a new type of radio navigation system — soon known worldwide as the Lorenz beam — gave a major extension of their aircraft radio business. Lorenz patented the ferrite antenna in 1935, and thereafter it was used in most home receivers. As Germany prepared for another war, Lorenz again became strongly engaged in manufacturing materiel for

150-624: A joint venture between Siemens & Halske and the Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG) ("General electricity company"). Prior to World War I , the company set up the first world-wide network of communications and was the first in the world to sell electronic televisions with cathode-ray tubes , in Germany in 1934. The brand had several incarnations: The company also had several subsidiaries and spin-offs of its own: The company Telefunken USA

200-481: A license for the Telefunken trademark rights and producing televisions under that name. The old Telefunken company had produced an extensive product spectrum of devices and systems from 1903 to 1996. Common characteristics are the authority for high frequency and communications technology and the construction unit and infrastructure technology necessary for it. Among other things: Into the 1930s years, production

250-520: A modern semiconductor works in Heilbronn , where in April 1960 production began. The works was expanded several times, and in 1970 a new 6-storey building was built at the northern edge of the area. At the beginning of the 1970s it housed approximately 2,500 employees. In 1967, Telefunken was merged with AEG, which was then renamed to AEG-Telefunken. In the beginning of the 1960s, Walter Bruch developed

300-421: A product of Hitachi . SelTrac uses the twisted-loop concept developed by Siemens in the 1950s. Data communication is provided with either low frequency inductive loop or a high bandwidth, open-standards wireless system incorporating spread-spectrum radio technology. SelTrac is installed in many railways around the world, including the following: Standard Elektrik Lorenz C. Lorenz AG (1880–1958)

350-470: A similar fashion to an automobile: a chassis goes down an assembly line and workers insert and fasten parts into the chassis or sub-chassis one person at a time. Lorenz' solution was to manufacture all products in a modular fashion. Circuits with specific functions were built into die-cast boxes and then tested to a specification; the modules were connected together and assembled into a finished product and then received final quality testing. This not only reduced

400-603: A system radiating a dot-dash tone to one side of the beam and a dash-dot on the other; when on path, the tone would be continuous. Called Ultrakurzwellen-Landefunkfeuer (LEF) or commonly, Lorenz beam , this system was sold worldwide for aircraft guidance and blind landing. Hans Plendt at the German Laboratory for Aviation investigated changes in the LEF commercial system to allow more direct guidance for Luftwaffe aircraft and also to give relatively precise location to

450-642: The Kaiserliche Marine ; the other one, under Karl Ferdinand Braun , at Siemens, for the German Army. Their main competitor was the British Marconi Company . When a dispute concerning patents arose between the two companies, Kaiser Wilhelm II urged both parties to join efforts, creating Gesellschaft für drahtlose Telegraphie System Telefunken ("The Company for Wireless Telegraphy Ltd.") joint venture on 27 May 1903, with

500-529: The Allies , two versions were produced by Lorenz: Tiefentwiel , a mobile system for use against low-flying aircraft, and Jadgwagen , a mobile unit used for air surveillance. In mid-1941, a British ASV (air-to-surface-vessel) Mk. II radar was salvaged by Germany from a downed RAF bomber. This set was different from any that Germany had, so the Luftwaffe tasked Lorenz with developing a similar system. Before

550-763: The Eastern Zone were either taken over by, or moved to, the Soviet Union . Lorenz headquarters moved to the Zuffenhausen district of Stuttgart . During the 1950s, Lorenz recovered strongly and had several branches: Berlin-Tempelhof (radio communications and broadcasting research); Esslingen am Neckar (radio tubes); Landshut (electrical machines, broadcasting equipment, and signal systems); Pforzheim I (research and model workshop for small-scale transmitting equipment); Pforzheim II ( telex factory); and Schaub Pforzheim (radio and television receivers). In 1954,

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600-580: The Liebhaber-Empfänger , was introduced in 1923. Throughout the 1920s, radios and associated valves (vacuum tubes) were major products manufactured by Lorenz. In this, the firm was a primary competitor of Telefunken . After Held's death, the controlling stock became available and was eventually bought in 1930 by Standard Elektrizitätsgesellschaft , a subsidiary of the American corporation International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT); Lorenz as

650-750: The Long Island Rail Road tracks. A 500-foot tower that could be raised and lowered rose from a ball and socket joint atop a concrete foundation. It was completed in 1912 and wireless messages could then be transmitted to a similar tower in Nauen 3,500 miles away. From August 1, 1914, until April 6, 1917, the United States monitored messages sent over the Telefunken wireless and the United States Marine Corps guarded

700-467: The Lorenz cipher machine. Lorenz owned 25% of Focke-Wulf , the German aircraft firm that built some of the most successful Luftwaffe fighter aircraft. Ludwig Roselius of Kaffee Hag had contractual obligations with Lorenz and Sosthenes Behn of ITT Corporation . For wartime work, Lorenz, like many other German manufacturing firms, turned to inmates of Nazi-operated labor camps . At the high point of

750-577: The PAL - colour television system for the company, in use by most countries of the western Hemisphere (except the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the western part of South America). PAL is established i.e. in the United Kingdom (PAL-I) and, except France, many other European countries -–also in Brazil (PAL-M), Argentina (PAL-N), South Africa, India and Australia. The mainframe computer TR 4

800-560: The 1920s. The Enigma, however, had deficiencies, and the German Army High Command asked Lorenz to develop a new cipher machine that would allow communication by radio in extreme secrecy. Called the Schlüsselzusatz (cipher attachment), the Lorenz cipher machine was an in-line addition to their standard teleprinter. The Lorenz SZ40 was introduced on an experimental basis in 1940, and the enhanced SZ42A machine

850-473: The Beatles at Abbey Road Studios on many of their early recordings. In 1932, record players were added to the product line. In 1941, Siemens transferred its Telefunken shares to AEG as part of the agreements known as the "Telefunken settlement", and AEG thus became the sole owner and continued to lead Telefunken as a subsidiary (starting in 1955 as "Telefunken GmbH" and from 1963 as "Telefunken AG"). During

900-562: The French companies Compagnie Générale d'Electricité  [ fr ] and Alcatel to form the new Alcatel SEL . Around 1870, Carl Lorenz (1844–1889) opened a shop in Berlin to manufacture electrical lighting products. The shop entered the telegraph field in 1880, taking the name C. Lorenz Telegraphenbauanstalt . Following the death of Carl Lorenz, the firm was acquired in 1890 by textile businessman Robert Held (1862–1924). Held retained

950-593: The German Navy, Müller's team turned to developing a system for supporting Flugzeugabwehrkanone (Flak, anti-aircraft guns). This set included a cathode ray tube that allowed the range to be shown in a circular display. In 1938, the Ordnance Office of the German Army gave Lorenz a contract to develop a prototype Flak-aiming set, code-named Kurfürst . Although not put into immediate production, when antiaircraft guns were needed to protect against bombing by

1000-537: The Second World War, Telefunken was a supplier of vacuum tubes , transmitters and radio relay systems, and developed Funkmess facilities (later referred to as radar devices by the US Navy) and directional finders, as part of the German air defence against aerial bombing. During the war, manufacturing plants were shifted to and developed in west of Germany or relocated. Thus, Telefunken, under AEG, turned into

1050-622: The Second World War, there were further manufacturing plants in the Berlin area, in Thuringia , Saxony , Moravia , Silesia , on Rügen . In addition, in Baltic countries at Tallinn and Riga , and in occupied areas of Poland at Kraków and Łódź , floats and works were established. The vacuum tube factory Łódź was shifted with the staff in August 1944 to Ulm ( Fortress Wilhelmsburg ). After

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1100-630: The V-41 amplifier for the German Radio Network. This was the very first two-stage, " Hi-Fi " amplifier. Over time, Telefunken perfected their designs and in 1950 the V-72 amplifier was developed. The TAB (a manufacturing subcontractor to Telefunken) V-72 soon became popular with other radio stations and recording facilities. The V-72S was the only type of amplifier found in the REDD.37 console used by

1150-445: The aircraft; this was particularly useful for bomb-release points. Code-named X-Leitstrahlbake (Directional Beacon), this was accepted by the Luftwaffe in 1937. Lorenz received a contract for supplying the ground equipment, and the aircraft receivers were the same as used in the LEF. By 1939, Germany had installed X-Leitstrahlbake stations radiating into other countries, including Great Britain, but they did not raise suspicions since

1200-541: The brand name of radio and television sets was changed to Schaub-Lorenz . In 1958, C. Lorenz AG ceased to exist as an independent company. ITT reorganized its operations in Germany by merging Lorenz, Standard Elektrizitätsgesellschaft, and several others into a new company called Standard Elektrik Lorenz (or SEL). In 1961, the company also became the major shareholder of radio firm Graetz . In 1987, SEL, by then an extremely diversified company, merged with French companies Compagnie Générale d'Electricité and Alcatel , with

1250-405: The cost of testing, but also gave a great advantage to field maintenance. The arc transmitter , the first generator of continuous radio signals, was invented by Danish engineer Valdemar Poulsen . Rights were obtained by Lorenz to manufacture this transmitter, and the firm entered the commercial field of radio in 1906. Soon after this, Lorenz used the arc transmitter to develop for the German Navy

1300-475: The development of high quality audio noise reduction systems, including telcom c4  [ de ] (marketed since 1975), High Com (marketed since 1978), High Com II , High Com III , High Com FM , and CX (1982). In 2005, Telefunken Sender Systeme Berlin changed its name to Transradio SenderSysteme Berlin AG . The name "Transradio" dates back to 1918, when Transradio

1350-406: The disputed patents and techniques invested in it. On 17 April 1923, it was renamed Telefunken, The Company for Wireless Telegraphy . Telefunken was the company's telegraphic address . The first technical director of Telefunken was Count Georg von Arco . Telefunken rapidly became a major player in the radio and electronics fields, both civilian and military. Prior to World War I the company set up

1400-461: The end of the year, Müller’s team could detect large ships, surfaced submarines, submarine periscopes, flying aircraft, and land features. Called FuG 200 Hohentwiel , it was put into production in 1942 and was used on large reconnaissance aircraft. In 1943, an adaptation called Hohentwiel-U was provided for submarines. For the remainder of the war, about 150 sets of both versions were produced each month. Lorenz started manufacturing typewriters in

1450-550: The firm's original name, and Carl's brother, Alfred Lorenz, was made the technical director. Under Held, the firm became a major supplier of telegraph and signaling equipment for the National Railroad. Held then expanded into the telephone market in 1893, buying Lewart, and through this acquisition gaining a telephone-supplier position with the Postal Service. Typewriters were added as products in 1898, and around

1500-582: The first radiotelephone . In 1919, in an experimental station at Eberswalde , Lorenz used a high-power Poulsen transmitter in what would become radio broadcasting. Most of the early broadcast stations in Germany used Lorenz transmitters. In cooperation with C. Schaub Apparatebau GmbH , an inexpensive receiver, the DKE-38 , was put on the market by Lorenz in 1938; these radios were commonly referred to as Goebbelsschnauze ("Goebbels' snout") because they were widely used to spread Nazi propaganda ( Joseph Goebbels

1550-676: The first world wide network of communications and during the war they supplied radio sets and telegraphy equipment for the military, as well as building one of the first radio navigation systems for the Zeppelin force. The Telefunken Kompass Sender operated from 1908 to 1918, allowing the Zeppelins to navigate throughout the North Sea area in any weather. In 1911 Telefunken built a wireless station in West Sayville just north of

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1600-467: The late 1890s. As a natural outgrowth of typewriters and telegraph sets, a teleprinter machine was developed by Lorenz in 1900. Many types of this device were Lorenz products over the years. In 1918, a German inventor developed a cipher machine using multiple rotors with pins representing alphabet letters. Placed on the commercial market as the Enigma machine , it was adopted by the German Navy and Army in

1650-864: The military. Production of radio tubes for the German Army started in 1937 and was followed by the building of communication sets and similar electronics. It has been claimed that the parent company, ITT, had ties to the Nazi Party . World War II began with Germany invading Poland on 1 September 1939. Lorenz was already a major supplier for the German military, and soon greatly expanded its production facilities. In 1940, Lorenz acquired G. Schaub Apparatebau-Gesellschaft ; its many factories were mainly used for low-cost manufacturing. Military products from Lorenz during World War II included land-based and airborne radars , two-way radio sets, wire recorders , radio tubes, and Germany's most secure communications device,

1700-503: The name Funkmessgerät (radio measuring device) was used. (Target detection by radio had been studied since the early 1900s, but the ranging function had been elusive until pulsing the transmitted signal allowed the propagation time, and thus range, to be measured.) Research in Funkmessgerät was started by Gottfried Müller at Lorenz, and by mid-1936 a pulse-modulated set was demonstrated. After an unsuccessful attempt to interest

1750-490: The new company being known simply as Alcatel and the German part known as Alcatel SEL AG . The new company eventually sold to Nokia-Graetz GmbH the operations that had earlier been Lorenz. Following World War I, as Lorenz initiated new product lines, research was done in new manufacturing techniques; this resulted in modular electronics manufacturing that was later widely adopted in Germany. Previously, electronic equipment had been either assembled by hand or mass-produced in

1800-525: The signals were essentially the same as those from the standard Lorenz LEF system. The X-Leitstrahlbake was used when night-time bombing began in 1940. The British developed countermeasure beams, followed by further improvements by the Germans. In the mid-1930s, radio-based military equipment for detecting, tracking and ranging began to be researched in great secrecy by several nations. Such equipment would ultimately be universally called radar . In Germany,

1850-492: The smaller subsidiary, with the three divisions realigning and data processing technology, elements as well as broadcast, television and phono. Telefunken was also the originator of the FM radio broadcast system. Telefunken, through the subsidiary company Teldec (a joint venture with Decca Records ), was for many decades one of the largest German record companies, until Teldec was sold to WEA in 1988. In 1959, Telefunken established

1900-571: The station. After the U.S. declared war the station was sealed off, the wire fence surrounding it was charged with electricity, and floodlights were placed throughout. After World War I it was taken over by Mackay Radio and Telegraph Company and later the Federal Aviation Administration . Presently it is not in use by anyone and it was demolished in 1938. Starting in 1923, Telefunken built broadcast transmitters and radio sets. In 1928, Telefunken made history by designing

1950-463: The turn of the century, operating branches were added in several cities. In 1906, the firm registered for public trading as C. Lorenz AG (hereafter "Lorenz"). At the start of World War I , Lorenz had grown to about 3,000 employees and was a major supplier to the German military of land-line telephone and telegraph equipment and had also entered the wireless field. For this expansion, a large factory

2000-518: The war, Lorenz had about 24,000 workers in 12 operating facilities. The largest factories were in Berlin, Plauen , Mühlhausen ( vacuum tube factory), and underground shops within large caves in the Hanover area. A women's slave labor camp, a branch of the Buchenwald concentration camp, was directly outside Mühlhausen. In 1948, Lorenz started anew. Some factories had been closed, and those in

2050-404: Was Nazi Germany's Minister of Propaganda ). Schaub was totally acquired by Lorenz in 1940 and built many thousands of these sets. Early in the development of radio, Lorenz scientist Otto Scheller invented a system composed of four antennas set in the corners of a large square and generating an array of overlapping, very narrow beams. In 1932, Ernst Kramer of Lorenz used this antenna in developing

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2100-456: Was a German electrical and electronics firm primarily located in Berlin. It innovated, developed, and marketed products for electric lighting, telegraphy , telephony , radar , and radio . It was acquired by ITT in 1930 and became part of the newly founded company Standard Elektrik Lorenz ( SEL ) Stuttgart in 1958, when it merged with Standard Elektrizitätsgesellschaft and several other smaller companies owned by ITT. In 1987, SEL merged with

2150-459: Was built in the Tempelhof district of Berlin, and by 1918, the headquarters and research operations also occupied this facility. When World War I ended, Lorenz greatly decreased in size and turned to producing home radios, broadcast transmitters, and aircraft communications sets. In 1919, Lorenz initiated radio broadcasting (transmitting voice and music) in Germany, and their first home receiver,

2200-693: Was developed at Telefunken in Backnang , and the TR 440  [ de ] model was developed at Telefunken in Konstanz , including the first ball-based mouse named Rollkugel in 1968. The computers were in use at many German university computing centres from the 1970s to around 1985. The development and manufacture of large computers was separated in 1974 to the Konstanz Computer Company (CGK). The production of mini- and process computers

2250-683: Was first used on the SkyTrain network in Vancouver , British Columbia and the Scarborough RT in Toronto , Ontario. SelTrac was primarily sold and developed by Alcatel , through a subsidiary. SelTrac was then sold by Thales from their Canadian unit (, after it purchased many of Alcatel's non-telephony assets. On May 31, 2024, Hitachi Rail completed the acquisition of Thales ' Ground Transportation Systems (GTS) business, making SelTrac

2300-486: Was founded as a subsidiary of Telefunken. A year later, in 1919, Transradio made history by introducing duplex transmission. Transradio has specialized in research, development and design of modern AM , VHF / FM and DRM broadcasting systems. In August 2006, it was acquired by the Turkish company Profilo Telra , one of the largest European manufacturers of TV-devices, with brand-owner Telefunken Licenses GmbH granting

2350-450: Was incorporated in early 2001 to provide restoration services and build reproductions of vintage Telefunken microphones. In 2023, Telefunken brand was acquired by the advisory and investment firm Gordon Brothers. Around the start of the 20th century, two groups of German researchers worked on the development of techniques for wireless communication. The one group at AEG, led by Adolf Slaby and Georg Graf von Arco , developed systems for

2400-405: Was integrated into the automatic control engineering division of AEG. When AEG was bought by Daimler in 1985, "Telefunken" was dropped from the company name. In 1995, Telefunken was sold to Tech Sym Corporation (owners of Continental Electronics Corporation of Dallas) for $ 9 million. However, Telefunken remained a German company. In the 1970s and early 1980s, Telefunken was also instrumental in

2450-593: Was made after a distributor in the workshops of the two parent companies. The company headquarters was located in Berlin Kreuzberg , Hallesches Ufer 30 (1918–1937). The first commercially made electronic television sets with cathode-ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken in Berlin in 1932. Starting from 1938, manufacturing and developing plants were concentrated at the new headquarters (until 1945) in Berlin Zehlendorf , Goerzallee. During

2500-649: Was used from February 1943 and the SZ42B from June 1944 onwards for high-level communications between the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces in Berlin and Army Commands throughout occupied Europe. Unlike Enigma, no physical Lorenz machine reached Allies’ hands until the very end of the war in Europe. Telefunken Telefunken was a German radio and television producer, founded in Berlin in 1903 as

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