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81-557: She was raised in Toledo, Ohio , and served in the United States Navy from 1943 to 1945 during World War II . She and her husband, Bill, moved to Santa Barbara, California , from Los Angeles in 1964, where she took a position as an accountant . Rubin had been involved in some activism prior to 1969. However, the turning point for her came during the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill , which began on January 28, 1969, and became

162-433: A January mean temperature of 27.5 °F (−2.5 °C), and lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on 5.6 nights. The spring months tend to be the wettest time of year, although precipitation is common year-round. November and December can get very cloudy, but January and February usually clear up after the lake freezes. July is the sunniest month overall. About 37 inches (94 cm) of snow falls per year, much less than

243-687: A campground. She Rubin co-founded the Community Environmental Council, one of the world's first environmental organizations, in 1974. She also co-founded the Environmental Defense Center in 1977. Selma Rubin died at her home in Santa Barbara, California , on March 9, 2012, aged 96. Toledo, Ohio Toledo ( / t ə ˈ l iː d oʊ / tə- LEE -doh ) is a city in and the county seat of Lucas County, Ohio , United States. At

324-566: A combined total of 39 murders, 2,015 aggravated assaults, 6,739 burglaries, and 1,334 cases of motor vehicle theft. In 2013 it had a drop in the crime rate. In 2018, the city was ranked 43rd of the Top 100 Most Dangerous Cities in America. According to a state government task force, Toledo has been identified as the fourth-largest recruitment site for human trafficking in the US . The year 2020 brought

405-470: A female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.04. In the city the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

486-642: A few chickens stolen from an Ohio farm by lost members of the Michigan militia. Major Benjamin Franklin Stickney, father of One and Two Stickney, had been instrumental in pushing Congress to rule in favor of Ohio gaining Toledo. In the end, the state of Ohio was awarded the land after the state of Michigan was given a larger portion of the Upper Peninsula in exchange. Stickney Avenue in Toledo

567-418: A high school graduate or higher, with 19.6% of this demographic having a bachelor's degree or higher. As of the census of 2010, there were 287,208 people, 119,730 households, and 68,364 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,559.4 inhabitants per square mile (1,374.3/km ). There were 138,039 housing units at an average density of 1,710.7 per square mile (660.5/km ). The racial makeup of

648-424: A population of 13,768 and Manhattan with 788. While the towns were only a mile apart, Toledo grew by 359% in 10 years. Manhattan's growth was on a small base and never competed, given the drawbacks of its lesser canal outlet. By the 1880s, Toledo expanded over the vacant streets of Manhattan and Tremainsville, a small town to the west. In the last half of the 19th century, railroads slowly began to replace canals as

729-633: A voter campaign to preserve the Gaviota Coast of California from a proposal to build 1,535 condos in the area. She and another activist, Anna Laura Myers, collected more than 12,000 signatures for a ballot initiative , which easily defeated the proposal. Rubin spearheaded a compromise for the Gaviota Coast, which allowed for much of the area's preservation, as well as the construction of the El Capitán Canyon Resort and

810-462: Is Mnidoo Mnis , meaning "Spirit Island". Manitoulin Island contains a number of lakes of its own. In order of size, its three most prominent lakes are Lake Manitou , Lake Kagawong and Lake Mindemoya . These three lakes in turn have islands within them, the largest of these being Lake Mindemoya's 33-hectare (82-acre) Treasure Island , located in the centre of Mindemoya. The island is the site of

891-515: Is characterized by long stretches of marked seasonal differences. The island has two incorporated towns ( Northeastern Manitoulin and the Islands and Gore Bay ), eight townships ( Assiginack , Billings , Burpee and Mills , Central Manitoulin , Dawson , Gordon/Barrie Island , Robinson and Tehkummah ) and six Anishinaabe reserves ( M'Chigeeng , Sheguiandah, Sheshegwaning, Aundeck Omni Kaning, Wiikwemkoong and Zhiibaahaasing ). During

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972-450: Is lessened in the winter because Lake Erie (unlike the other Great Lakes) usually freezes over, coupled with prevailing winds that are often westerly, and in the summer, prevailing winds south and west over the lake bring heat and humidity to the city. Summers are very warm and humid, with July averaging 75.4 °F (24.1 °C) and temperatures of 90 °F (32 °C) or more seen on 18.8 days. Winters are cold and somewhat snowy, with

1053-617: Is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . On January 15, 1936, the first building to be completely covered in glass was constructed in Toledo. It was a building for the Owens-Illinois Glass Company and marked a milestone in architectural design representative of the International style of architecture, which was at that time becoming increasingly popular in the US. According to

1134-463: Is named for Major Stickney. Toledo was very slow to expand during its first two decades of settlement. The first lot was sold in the Port Lawrence section of the city in 1833. It held 1,205 persons in 1835, and five years later, it had gained just seven more persons. Settlers came and went quickly through Toledo and between 1833 and 1836, ownership of land had changed so many times that none of

1215-581: Is pleasant in sound, and there is no other city of that name on the American continent.'" Despite Toledo's efforts, the canal built the final terminus in Manhattan, one-half mile (800 m) to the north of Toledo, because it was closer to Lake Erie. As a compromise, the state placed two sidecuts before the terminus, one in Toledo at Swan Creek and another in Maumee , about 10 miles to the southwest. Among

1296-572: Is the largest lake island in the world, large enough that it has over 100 lakes itself. In addition to the historic Anishinaabe and European settlement of the island, archaeological discoveries at Sheguiandah have demonstrated Paleo-Indian and Archaic cultures dating from 10,000 BC to 2,000 BC. The current name of the island is the English version, via French , of the Ottawa or Ojibwe name Manidoowaaling (ᒪᓂᑝᐙᓕᓐᒃ), which means "cave of

1377-420: Is within 250 miles (400 km) by road from seven metropolitan areas that have a population of more than two million people: Detroit , Cleveland , Columbus , Cincinnati , Pittsburgh , Indianapolis , and Chicago . In addition, it is within 300 miles of Toronto, Ontario . The Old West End is a historic neighborhood of Victorian , Arts & Crafts, and other Edwardian-style houses. The historic district

1458-577: The 2020 census , it had a population of 270,871, making Toledo the fourth-most populous city in Ohio, after Columbus , Cleveland , and Cincinnati . Toledo is the 85th-most populous city in the United States . It is the principal city of the Toledo metropolitan area , which had 606,240 residents in 2020. Toledo also serves as a major trade center for the Midwest ; its port is the fifth-busiest on

1539-775: The Great Lakes . The city was founded in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River and originally incorporated as part of the Michigan Territory . It was re-founded in 1837 after the conclusion of the Toledo War , when it was incorporated in Ohio. After the 1845 completion of the Miami and Erie Canal , Toledo grew quickly; it also benefited from its position on the railway line between New York City and Chicago . The first of many glass manufacturers arrived in

1620-419: The Great Lakes . With the advent of the automobile, the city became best known for industrial manufacturing. Both General Motors and Chrysler had factories in metropolitan Toledo, and automobile manufacturing has been important at least since Kirk started manufacturing automobiles, which began operations early in the 20th century. The largest employer in Toledo was Jeep for much of the 20th century. Since

1701-533: The North Channel to the north. Manitoulin Island itself has 108 freshwater lakes, some of which have their own islands; in turn several of these "islands within islands" have their own ponds. Lake Manitou , at 104 km (40 sq mi), is the largest lake in a freshwater island in the world, and Treasure Island in Lake Mindemoya is the largest island in a lake on an island in a lake in

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1782-632: The Paleo-Indian and Archaic periods, dating at least to 10,000 BC and possibly to 30,000 years ago. Additional studies were undertaken by a team he led from the National Museum of Canada in succeeding years. Popular interest in the finds was so high that it contributed to Ontario's passing legislation in 1953 to protect its archaeological sites. A team performed excavations again in the early 1990s, applying new methods of analysis from botany and other scientific disciplines. They concluded

1863-516: The Snow Belt cities, because of the prevailing wind direction. Temperature extremes have ranged from −20 °F (−29 °C) on January 21, 1984, to 105 °F (41 °C) on July 14, 1936 . Harmful blooms of cyanobacteria , or blue-green algae, were so bad in the 1960s that Lake Erie was mocked as a dead zone. However, through clean water rules the lake was revived. Algal blooms have returned and have been negatively affecting Lake Erie since

1944-619: The US Census Bureau , the Toledo metropolitan area covers four Ohio counties and one Michigan county, which combines with other micropolitan areas and counties for a combined statistical area. Some of what are now considered its suburbs in Ohio include: Bowling Green , Holland , Lake Township , Maumee , Millbury , Monclova Township , Northwood , Oregon , Ottawa Hills , Perrysburg , Rossford , Springfield Township , Sylvania , Walbridge , Waterville , Whitehouse , and Washington Township . Bedford Township, Michigan including

2025-587: The War of 1812 between Britain and the United States. They ceded the island to the British Crown in 1836; the government set aside the land as a refuge for Natives. In 1838 Jean-Baptiste Proulx re-established a Roman Catholic mission . The Jesuits took over the mission in 1845. In 1862, the government opened up the island to settlement by non-Native people by the Manitoulin Island treaty. As

2106-610: The Wikwemikong chief did not accept this treaty, his people's reserve was held back from being offered for development. That reserve remains unceded. On August 7, 1975, the Wikwemikong Unceded Indian Reserve reasserted their claim to sovereignty over the islands off the east end of Manitoulin Island, declaring, "Wikwemikong Band has jurisdiction over its reservation lands and surrounding waters." The province erected an Ontario Historical Plaque on

2187-428: The escarpment , provides a lookout over the island. Manitoulin Island experiences a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) with moderation from Lake Huron . The island experiences warm to hot summers and cool to cold winters. Manitoulin Island has a comparable climate to that of Hokkaido, Japan ( hemiboreal climate), despite being on the same latitude as Lugano, Switzerland , which has a temperate climate . The island

2268-645: The fur trade with the French. As part of what was called the Beaver Wars , the Iroquois drove the Anishinaabe people from the island by 1650. According to Anishinaabe oral tradition, to purify the island from disease, the people burned their settlements as they left. The island was mostly uninhabited for nearly 150 years. Native people ( Odawa , Ojibwe , Potawatomi ) began to return to the island following

2349-495: The modern downtown area of Toledo. Immediately to the north of that, another syndicate founded the town of Vistula, the historic north end. These two towns bordered each other across Cherry Street. This is why present-day streets on the street's northeast side run at a slightly different angle from those southwest of it. In 1824, the Ohio state legislature authorized the construction of the Miami and Erie Canal , and in 1833, its Wabash and Erie Canal extension. The canal's purpose

2430-612: The 1880s, eventually earning Toledo its nickname as "The Glass City". Downtown Toledo has been subject to major revitalization efforts, including a growing entertainment district . Toledo is home to the University of Toledo . The region was part of a larger area controlled by the historic tribes of the Wyandot and the people of the Council of Three Fires ( Ojibwe , Potawatomi , and Odawa ). The French established trading posts in

2511-432: The 1950s and 1960s was lined with flourishing black-owned businesses and homes. Desegregation , a failed urban renewal project, and the construction of I-75 displaced those residents and left behind a struggling community with minimal resources, even as it also drew more established, middle-class people, white and black, out of center cities for newer housing. The city rebounded, but the slump of American manufacturing in

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2592-686: The City of Toledo, the Census Bureau's July 2007 estimate was revised to 316,851, slightly more than in 2000, which would have been the city's first population gain in 40 years. However, the 2010 census figures released in March 2011 showed the population as of April 1, 2010, at 287,208, indicating a 25% loss of population since its zenith in 1970. As of the 2020 census there were 270,871 people, 116,257 households, and an average of 2.27 persons per household residing in Toledo. The population per square mile

2673-457: The French and tribes further to the west and north. The Wyandot occupied central Ohio, and the Shawnee and Lenape occupied the southern areas. When the city of Toledo was preparing to pave its streets, it surveyed "two prehistoric semicircular earthworks , presumably for stockades ." One was at the intersection of Clayton and Oliver Streets on the south bank of Swan Creek; the other was at

2754-602: The Maumee River at its mouth at the southern end of Maumee Bay , the westernmost inlet of Lake Erie. The city is located north of what had been the Great Black Swamp , giving rise to another nickname, Frog Town. Toledo sits within the borders of a sandy oak savanna called the Oak Openings Region , an important ecological site that once comprised more than 300 square miles (780 km ). Toledo

2835-429: The Maumee River heavily competed to be the ending terminus of the canal, knowing it would give them a profitable status. The towns of Port Lawrence and Vistula merged in 1833 to better compete against the upriver towns of Waterville and Maumee . The inhabitants of this joined settlement chose the name Toledo: "but the reason for this choice is buried in a welter of legends. One recounts that Washington Irving , who

2916-521: The Michigan Territory and superintendent of Indian affairs, as the sole representative of the U.S. More American settlers entered the area over the next few years, but many fled during the War of 1812 , when British forces raided the area with their Native American allies. Resettlement began around 1818 after a Cincinnati syndicate purchased a 974-acre (3.9 km ) tract at the mouth of Swan Creek and named it Port Lawrence, developing it as

2997-479: The administrative office of the band government of the Sheshegwaning First Nation . The island has an area of 2,766 km (1,068 sq mi), making it the largest freshwater island in the world, the 174th largest island in the world and Canada's 31st largest island . The island separates the larger part of Lake Huron to its south and west from Georgian Bay to its east and

3078-414: The age of 18 living with them, 31.6% were married couples living together, 19.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.9% were non-families. 34.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 3.01. There

3159-440: The age of 18, and 14.5% were 65 years old and over. 51.1% of the population were female. 14.1% of the population under 65 years of age were living with a disability, and 8.3% of those under 65 years of age did not have health insurance. Out of the 116,257 households, 83.7% had been living in the same house for one year or longer. 6.4% of households in Toledo spoke a language other than English at home. The total number of housing units

3240-553: The area by 1680 to take advantage of the lucrative fur trade . The Odawa moved from Manitoulin Island and the Bruce Peninsula at the invitation of the French, who established a trading post at Fort Detroit , about 60 miles to the north. They settled an area extending into northwest Ohio. By the early 18th century, the Odawa-occupied areas along most of the Maumee River to its mouth. They served as middlemen between

3321-582: The area's population from Native Americans to Whites. In the Treaty of Detroit (1807), the above four tribes ceded a large land area to the United States of what became southeastern Michigan and northwestern Ohio, to the mouth of the Maumee River (where Toledo later developed). Reserves for the Odawa were set aside in northwestern Ohio for a limited time. The Native Americans signed the treaty at Detroit, Michigan , on November 17, 1807, with William Hull , governor of

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3402-409: The city was 64.8% White , 27.2% African American , 0.4% Native American , 1.1% Asian , 2.6% from other races , and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.4% of the population (The majority are Mexican American at 5.1%.) Non-Hispanic Whites were 61.4% of the population in 2010, down from 84% in 1970. There were 119,730 households, of which 30.4% had children under

3483-707: The city was hit hard by the Great Depression . Many large-scale Works Progress Administration projects were constructed to re-employ citizens in the 1930s. Some of these include the amphitheater and aquarium at the Toledo Zoo and a major expansion to the Toledo Museum of Art . The postwar job boom and Great Migration brought thousands of African Americans to Toledo to work in industrial jobs, where they had previously been denied. Due to redlining , many of them settled along Dorr Street, which, during

3564-452: The city. The population density was 3,890.2 people per square mile (1,502.0 people/km ). There were 139,871 housing units at an average density of 1,734.9 people per square mile (669.8 people/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 70.2% White , 23.5% African American , 0.3% Native American , 1.0% Asian , 0.0% Pacific Islander , 2.3% from other races , and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.5% of

3645-638: The cityscape by urban gardening and revitalizing their communities. Local artists, supported by organizations like the Arts Commission of Greater Toledo and the Ohio Arts Council , have contributed an array of murals and beautification works to replace long standing blight. Many downtown historical buildings such as the Oliver House and Standart Lofts have been renovated into restaurants, condominiums, offices and art galleries. On

3726-549: The communities of Lambertville, Michigan , Temperance, Michigan , and Erie Township, Michigan are Toledo's Michigan suburbs, just above the city over the state line in Monroe County. Toledo, as with much of the Great Lakes region, has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfa ), characterized by four distinct seasons. Lake Erie moderates the climate somewhat, especially in late spring and fall, when air and water temperature differences are maximal. However, this effect

3807-512: The economy such as tourism and fishing industries, and cause property values to drop, costing the local economy to lose tens of millions of dollars. In 1870, 75.3% of Toledo's foreign-born population were from Germany and Ireland . As of the 2010 census , the city proper had a population of 287,128. It is the principal city in the Toledo Metropolitan Statistical Area which had a population of 651,429 and

3888-520: The evening of August 1, 2014, the city of Toledo issued a warning to citizens advising against the use of city water, leaving more than half a million people suddenly without water. A bloom of toxic blue-green algae had formed directly over Toledo's water intake pipe, which was situated a few miles off shore in Lake Erie. Because of the algae bloom forming just above the pipe, the water being pumped into Toledo showed levels of harmful bacteria that made

3969-682: The fisheries resource. The Manitoulin Streams Improvement Association has conducted enhancement strategies for the Manitou River and Blue Jay Creek. The association has rehabilitated 17 major sites on the Manitou River and three major sites on Blue Jay Creek; it has completed work on Bass Lake Creek and Norton's Creek. The organization plans to start work on the Mindemoya River in 2010. Although culturally and politically considered part of Northern Ontario ,

4050-551: The highest number of homicides in 39 years, according to the Toledo Police Department's 50-year trend chart. Beginning with the pandemic in 2020, homicides jumped to a record 61. There were a record of 70 homicides in Toledo in 2021. Toledo was one of 12 major U.S. cities to have broken annual homicide records in 2021. Before the Industrial Revolution , Toledo was important as a port city on

4131-420: The intersection of Fassett and Fort Streets on the right bank of the Maumee River. Such earthworks were typical of mound-building peoples. According to Charles E. Slocum, the American military built Fort Industry at the mouth of Swan Creek about 1805, as a temporary stockade. No official reports support the 19th-century tradition of its earlier history there. The United States continued to work to transition

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4212-429: The island and Border Patrol clearance. As of 2016 , the population was 13,255. Ethnic groups Religious groups The most common first languages on Manitoulin Island in 2016 were English (80.8%), Ojibwe (11.2%), French (2.8%), German (0.8%), and Odawa (0.8%). In 1952 archaeologist Thomas E. Lee discovered Sheguiandah on the island, a prehistoric site. During excavation, he found artefacts of

4293-491: The island is physiographically part of Southern Ontario , an "eastward extension of the Interior Plains, a region characterized by low relief and sedimentary underpinnings". The island consists mainly of dolomite as it is a continuation of the Bruce Peninsula and Niagara Escarpment . This geological rock formation runs south into Niagara Falls and continues into New York . The "Cup and Saucer Trail", which climbs

4374-535: The island's trademark hawberries . These berries are so distinctive that people born on the island are referred to as " Haweaters ". Each year on the August long weekend , the island hosts the Haweater Festival. The festival attracts numerous tourists; it features parades, firework shows, craft shows, and rural competitions such as horse pulls. Year-round motor-vehicle access to the island is available via

4455-629: The largest environmental disaster in U.S. history at the time. The spill, which lasted for eleven days and polluted the Santa Barbara Channel with almost 100,000 barrels of crude oil , killed thousands of seabirds and other aquatic wildlife. She, along with thousands of other volunteers, responded to the spill, which galvanized her environmental activism. A community stalwart, she served on 42 nonprofit boards since she arrived in Santa Barbara in 1964. In 1970, she successfully led

4536-400: The late 1990s. Heightened levels of blue-green algae can affect both human and ecosystem health by causing fish to die, the water to be discolored and foul smelling, and oxygen deficient dead zones may even start to form. Sometimes the blooms are so thick that they slow boats. These large blooms are caused by agricultural runoff flowing into the lake. Agricultural runoff dumps phosphorus into

4617-603: The late 20th century, industrial restructuring reduced the number of these well-paying jobs. Manitoulin Island Manitoulin Island ( / ˌ m æ n ə ˈ t uː l ɪ n / MAN -ə- TOO -lin ) is an island in Lake Huron , located within the borders of the Canadian province of Ontario , in the bioregion known as Laurentia . With an area of 2,766 km (1,068 sq mi), it

4698-492: The major form of transportation. They were faster and had greater capacity. Toledo soon became a hub for several railroad companies and a hotspot for industries such as furniture producers, carriage makers, breweries, and glass manufacturers. Large immigrant populations came to the area. In the 1920s, Toledo had one of the highest rates of industrial growth in the United States. Toledo continued to expand in population and industry, but because of its dependence on manufacturing,

4779-513: The mouth of the Maumee River to Indian Territory in Kansas. An almost bloodless conflict between Ohio and the Michigan Territory, called the Toledo War (1835–1836), was "fought" over a narrow strip of land from the Indiana border to Lake Erie , now containing the city and the suburbs of Sylvania and Oregon, Ohio . The strip, which varied between five and eight miles (13 km) in width,

4860-513: The numerous treaties made between the Ottawa and the United States were two signed in this area: at Miami (Maumee) Bay in 1831 and Maumee, Ohio, upriver of Toledo, in 1833. These actions were among US purchases or exchanges of land to accomplish Indian Removal of the Ottawa from areas wanted for European-American settlement. The last of the Odawa did not leave this area until 1839, when Ottokee, grandson of Pontiac , led his band from their village at

4941-771: The one-lane Little Current Swing Bridge , which crosses the North Channel at Little Current . From late May to early October, a daily passenger-vehicle ferry, the MS ; Chi-Cheemaun ( Ojibwe for "Big Canoe"), travels between Tobermory on the tip of the Bruce Peninsula and South Baymouth . Winter ice prevents ferry service during that season. There are two airports on the island. Gore Bay-Manitoulin Airport , and Manitoulin East Municipal Airport , which opened in 1988. Both allow small planes access to

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5022-644: The original parties remained in the town. The canal and its Toledo sidecut entrance were completed in 1843. Soon after the canal was functional, the new canal boats had become too large to use the shallow waters at the terminus in Manhattan. More boats began using the Swan Creek sidecut than its official terminus, quickly putting the Manhattan warehouses out of business and triggering a rush to move business to Toledo. Most of Manhattan's residents moved out by 1844. The 1850 census recorded Toledo as having 3,829 residents and Manhattan 541. The 1860 census shows Toledo with

5103-400: The population in 2000. The most common ancestries cited were German (23.4%), Irish (10.8%), Polish (10.1%), English (6.0%), American (3.9%), Italian (3.0%), Hungarian (2.0%), Dutch (1.4%), and Arab (1.2%). In 2000 there were 128,925 households in Toledo, out of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% were married couples living together, 17.2% had

5184-541: The poverty line, including 25.9% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over. In the second decade of the 21st century, the city had a gradual peak in violent crime. In 2010, there was a combined total of 3,272 burglaries, 511 robberies, 753 aggravated assaults, 25 homicides, as well as 574 motor vehicle thefts out of what was then a decreasing population of 287,208. In 2011, there were 1,562 aggravated assaults, 30 homicides, 1,152 robberies, 8,366 burglaries, and 1,465 cases of motor vehicle theft. In 2012, there were

5265-523: The route used by the French colonial voyageurs and coureurs des bois to reach Lake Superior . The first known European to settle on the island was Father Joseph Poncet , a French Jesuit , who set up a mission near Wiikwemkoong in 1648. The Jesuits called the island "Isle de Ste-Marie". In addition, the Five Nations of the Iroquois began raiding the island and area to try to control

5346-401: The second half of the 20th century during industrial restructuring cost many jobs. By the 1980s, Toledo had a depressed economy. The destruction of many buildings downtown, along with several failed business ventures in housing in the core, led to a reverse city-suburb wealth problem common in small cities with land to spare. Several initiatives have been taken by Toledo's citizens to improve

5427-705: The site was at least 9500 years old, making it one of the most significant in Ontario. Manitoulin means spirit island in Anishinaabemowin ( Ojibwe language ). The island is considered sacred by the Native Anishinaabe people, who identify as the "People of the Three Fires ." This loose confederation is made up of the Ojibwe , Odawa and Potawatomi tribes. The North Channel was part of

5508-417: The spirit". It was named for an underwater cave where a powerful spirit is said to live. By the 19th century, the Odawa "l" was pronounced as "n". The same word with a newer pronunciation is used for the town Manitowaning (19th-century Odawa "Manidoowaaning"), which is located on Manitoulin Island near the underwater cave where legend has it that the spirit dwells. The modern Odawa name for Manitoulin Island

5589-430: The steel industry. The plant was slated to create over 1,200 jobs. Construction was completed in 2020, as planned. Toledo is located at 41°39′10″N 83°32′16″W  /  41.65278°N 83.53778°W  / 41.65278; -83.53778 (41.6525, −83.5375). The city has a total area of 84.12 square miles (217.87 km ), of which 3.43 square miles (8.88 km ) is covered by water. The city straddles

5670-460: The summer, the population (12,600 permanent residents) on the island grows by more than a quarter due to tourists coming for boating and other activities in scenic surroundings. The island, along with several smaller neighbouring islands, constitutes the Manitoulin District census division of Ontario. Manitoulin Island's soil is relatively alkaline , which precludes the growth of common Northern Ontario flora such as blueberries , but allows for

5751-440: The water unsafe to interact with. On August 3, the Ohio National Guard was brought in to deliver over 10,000 gallons of water to citizens due to a rapid depletion of bottled water locally. The warning against using water lasted nearly three days, finally ending late on August 4. In 2018, Cleveland-Cliffs, Inc. invested $ 700 million into an East Toledo location as the site of a new hot-briquetted iron plant, designed to modernize

5832-587: The western basin of Lake Erie and acts as a fertilizer for the blue-green algae, and the warmer weather seen in July through October in Northern Ohio helps speed up the growing process. Because of Toledo's closeness to the lake, Toledo citizens are affected each year. Algal blooms can cause water bills to increase in this area $ 100 per year for a family of five. The effects of these blooms go beyond higher water bills as heightened blooms can even shut down parts of

5913-568: The world. Motors are prohibited on boats on Nameless Lake . The island also has four major rivers: the Kagawong , Manitou River , Blue Jay Creek in Michael's Bay and Mindemoya rivers, which provide spawning grounds for salmon and trout . The Manitoulin Streams Improvement Association was formed in 2000 and incorporated in 2007. The organization rehabilitates streams, rivers and creeks on Manitoulin Island to improve water quality and

5994-428: Was 3,365.4. The racial makeup of Toledo was 60.6% White, 28.1% African American, 0.3% Native American, Alaska Native or Native Hawaiian, and 1.3% were Asian. 6.7% of the population belonged to two or more races. Hispanic or Latino citizens make up 8.8% of the population. People who identified as White, not Hispanic or Latino, made up 57.3% of the population, down from 61.4% in 2010. Out of 270,871 people, 23.3% were under

6075-406: Was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 32,546, and the median income for a family was $ 41,175. Males had a median income of $ 35,407 versus $ 25,023 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,388. About 14.2% of families and 17.9% of the population were below

6156-460: Was a total of 139,871 housing units in the city, of which 10,946 (9.8%) were vacant. The median age in the city was 34.2 years. 24% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.3% were from 25 to 44; 24.8% were from 45 to 64; and 12.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 313,619 people, and 77,355 families residing in

6237-497: Was claimed by both the state of Ohio and the Michigan Territory due to conflicting legislation concerning the location of the Ohio-Michigan state line. Militias from both states were sent to the border, but never engaged. The only casualty of the conflict was a Michigan deputy sheriff —stabbed in the leg with a penknife by Two Stickney during the arrest of his elder brother, One Stickney—and the loss of two horses, two pigs, and

6318-634: Was the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the state of Ohio , behind Cleveland , Columbus , Cincinnati , Dayton , and Akron . The larger Toledo-Fremont Combined Statistical Area had a population of 712,373. According to the Toledo Metropolitan Council of Governments, the Toledo/Northwest Ohio region of 10 counties has over one million residents. The U.S. Census Bureau estimated Toledo's population as 297,806 in 2006 and 295,029 in 2007. In response to an appeal by

6399-541: Was to connect the city of Cincinnati to Lake Erie for water transportation to eastern markets, including to New York City via the Erie Canal and Hudson River. At that time, no highways had been built in the state, and goods produced locally had great difficulty reaching the larger markets east of the Appalachian Mountains . During the canal's planning phase, many small towns along the northern shores of

6480-499: Was traveling in Spain at the time, suggested the name to his brother, a local resident; this explanation ignores the fact that Irving returned to the United States in 1832. Others award the honor to Two Stickney, son of the major who quaintly numbered his sons and named his daughters after States. The most popular version attributes the naming to Willard J. Daniels, a merchant, who reportedly suggested Toledo because it 'is easy to pronounce,

6561-417: Was unavailable, however 51.9% of housing units were either owned or co-owned by its inhabitants. The median household income (in 2021 dollars) in Toledo was $ 41,671, with the per capita income in the past 12 months coming to $ 23,795. 24.5% of the population was living in poverty, compared to the national average at this time of 11.6% of the U.S. population. For education, 87.1% of people 25 years or older were

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