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71-753: The Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations ( PSI ), stood up in March 1941 as the "Truman Committee," is the oldest subcommittee of the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs (formerly the Committee on Government Operations). After the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United States, the Committee broadened its title to Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee. PSI led

142-536: A 5% commission for their influence in securing government contracts. A legislative reform as a result of the hearings was a restriction of one year after leaving government employment before an attorney could practice law again before the government. As news of war crimes during the Korean War unfolded, the Subcommittee on Korean War Atrocities was headed by Charles E. Potter , and began an investigation of

213-461: A for-profit school that had grown quickly with federal loan money and closed after questions were raised about its operations. Secretary of Education Ted Bell told the Subcommittee "It must be kept in mind that when the floodgates were opened in 1968 to allow virtually every kind of institution operating on an interstate basis to lend under the program—public, private, profit, nonprofit, noncollegiate, and correspondence schools—we had only 50 persons on

284-688: A member of the Party's Southern District committee, however, and in that capacity, he played a prominent role in all of the party's major regional activities during the early 1930s: the organizing of Alabama sharecroppers , the Harlan, Kentucky miners' strike and the Scottsboro case . Allen's influence in the Scottsboro case was particularly important, with Yale University historian Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore contending that "we might never have heard of

355-575: A special subcommittee of the PSI to investigate the charges. Chaired by Karl E. Mundt of South Dakota , the proceedings became known as the Army–McCarthy hearings . From 1955 until 1972, John Little McClellan of Arkansas chaired the PSI. McClellan continued extensive hearings of the Army Signal Corps at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, and added new inquiries relating to communist activities in

426-615: Is the oldest and most storied, having been created at the same time as the Committee on Government Operations in 1952. The Subcommittee on the Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia was established after the creation of the Committee on Governmental Affairs in 1978. The Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information, Federal Services and International Security

497-576: The General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark fighter plane, excessive risks in underwriting Federal Housing Administration mortgages, riots , and civil disorders , the Agency for International Development commodity import program, and procurement of railway bridges for South Vietnam under the counter-insurgency program. The Subcommittee's investigations also led to passage of major legislation against organized crime, most notably

568-1228: The Government Printing Office , the Department of the Treasury , the Office of War Information , and the Office of Strategic Services . Others were or had been employed at the Federal Telecommunications Laboratories in New Jersey, the secret radar laboratories of the Army Signal Corps in New Jersey, and General Electric defense plants in Massachusetts and New York. Nineteen of the 83, including well known communist party members James S. Allen , Herbert Aptheker , and Earl Browder , were summoned because their writings were being carried in United States Information Agency libraries around

639-747: The International Labor Defense , the Communist Party's mass organization dedicated to civil rights and legal aid matters. During his formative years in Philadelphia, Auerbach had developed a strong interest in African American life, which led to his appointment in 1930 as editor of the Communist Party's first newspaper produced south of the Mason-Dixon line , The Southern Worker . Auerbach adopted

710-635: The Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act . After the select committee expired in 1960, the PSI continued to investigate labor racketeering and other labor-related matters. From 1961 through 1968, it also investigated gambling and organized crime in which Joseph Valachi testified about the activities of the Sicilian Mafia , the Billie Sol Estes case, irregularities in missile procurement, procurement of

781-690: The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act ("RICO act"), which is a section of the Organized Crime Control Act passed in 1970. In 1973, Senator Henry M. Jackson , a Democrat from Washington, replaced McClellan as the Subcommittee's chairman and Senator Charles H. Percy , an Illinois Republican, became the Ranking Minority Member. During Senator Jackson's chairmanship, the Subcommittee conducted landmark hearings into energy shortages and

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852-592: The Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives at New York University in New York City . The collection includes approximately 1,500 pages of investigative documents dealing with Allen that were written over the years by special agents of the FBI. Also included is the manuscript of an unpublished memoir entitled "Visions and Revisions", part of which was published posthumously, as Organizing in

923-531: The pseudonym "James S. Allen" around that date and traveled to Chattanooga, Tennessee , with his wife, Isabelle Allen, to establish and edit the weekly paper. Necessarily produced under clandestine conditions, The Southern Worker bore a false dateline claiming to be produced in Birmingham, Alabama , in an effort to confuse local police and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). According to

994-642: The 'Boys' would have been dead by fall, lost among the thousands of unknown Southern black men executed legally and illegally." At the behest of the Communist International (Comintern), Allen was sent to Manila , the capital of the Philippines , then an American protectorate, on two missions in an attempt to end sectarian squabbling and to achieve unity between the Philippine Communist Party (not to be confused with

1065-465: The 1950s under the Smith Act , he found IP in dire financial straits when he began his second stint as a publisher in 1962: When I returned to IP in 1962 as president and editor-in-chief the house faced bankruptcy. Its publishing program had practically ceased, its debt to the publishers' services was so great without any prospect of payment in sight that the printers refused to undertake new work and

1136-590: The 1960s, he gained editions in Russian, Hungarian, Chinese, German, Polish, Estonian, and Romanian. On February 21, 1952, Allen was called before the Senate Judiciary Committee , chaired by Senator Pat McCarran of Nevada , in conjunction with its investigation of the Institute of Pacific Relations . During the 1956 to 1958 factional crisis of the party, Allen placed his allegiance with

1207-653: The 653 people called by the Committee during a 15-month period, 83 refused to answer questions about espionage and subversion on constitutional grounds and their names were made public. Nine additional witnesses invoked the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in executive session and their names were not made public. Some of the 83 were working or had worked for the Army , the Navy ,

1278-668: The Committee on Expenditures in Executive Departments held hearings on such matters as export control violations , for which Soviet spy William Remington was called in to testify; the trial of Nazi war criminal Ilse Koch ; and the Mississippi Democratic Party 's sale of postal jobs, which Mississippians from rural areas attested to purchasing. A much larger scandal erupted with the "5 percenters", so-called because these men, including Presidential aide Harry H. Vaughan , were accused of charging

1349-643: The Committee's broad mandate to "investigate inefficiency, mismanagement, and corruption in Government." The Truman Committee (itself successor to the Nye Committee 1934–1936) stood up from March 1941 to 1948. The Investigations Subcommittee of the Committee on Expenditures in Executive Departments took over two key aspects of the Truman Committee. First, Investigations Subcommittee took

1420-416: The Communist Party's publishing house. Allen recalled that he initially did not wish to stay in book publishing, as he had no background in business affairs and understood that it would leave little time for research and writing. However, the retiring founder, Trachtenberg, had prevailed upon Allen to accept the position as chief of the financially troubled firm. At IP, Allen was responsible for introducing

1491-599: The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Committee took over the primary oversight of designing policies, operations, and function of the DHS. In this aspect of its role, the Committee has introduced and passed a number of bills to improve the DHS and ensure the country's safety, including the Homeland Security Act. The Committee was also tasked with the implementation of the 9/11 Commission recommendations,

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1562-602: The Higher Education Act that contributed to the closure of hundreds of schools. The reforms included cutting off federal aid at schools with high default rates; prohibiting the use of commission-based sales agents in recruiting; and limiting federal funding to no more than 85 percent of any for-profit college's revenue. Senator Nunn, as chair of the Permanent Subcommittee, also worked to include reforms of state oversight of colleges participating in

1633-479: The Levin-Coburn Report. It represents an in-depth investigation as well as a permanent record of the financial crisis of 2007–08 and took over two years of research and investigations to compile. It found "that the crisis was not a natural disaster, but the result of high risk, complex financial products; undisclosed conflicts of interest; and the failure of regulators, the credit rating agencies, and

1704-658: The Philippines in 1927. The united organization temporarily took the cumbersome name "Communist Party of the Philippines (merger of the Communist and Socialist Parties)" until it later adopted the simpler "Communist Party of the Philippines" again. Evangelista was named the National Chairman and Abad Santos the Vice Chairman of the newly united organization. His mission accomplished, Allen returned to

1775-536: The Scottsboro case if Sol Auerbach, using his Party name, James S. Allen, had not arrived in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in mid-July 1930." Allen was listening to the radio in his Chattanooga apartment in March 1931 when he heard that police in Paint Rock, Alabama , had removed nine young black men from a freight train and charged them with rape. Auerbach promptly alerted the party's International Labor Defense, of

1846-535: The Senate's chief investigative and oversight committee. Its chair is the only Senate committee chair who can issue subpoenas without a committee vote. While elements of the committee can be traced back into the 19th century, its modern origins began with the creation of the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments on April 18, 1921. The Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Department

1917-600: The Senate, Senator Carl Levin became Ranking Member in 1999. In June 2001, when the Democrats resumed control of the Senate, Senator Levin assumed the chairmanship of the Subcommittee until January 2003 when Senator Norm Coleman assumed the Chairmanship. When the Democrats took control of the Senate in January 2007, the chairmanship reverted to Senator Levin. In December 2004, Coleman called for Secretary-General of

1988-428: The Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery and Intergovernmental Affairs. Over the years, the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs and its predecessors have dealt with a number of important issues, including government accountability, congressional ethics, regulatory affairs, and systems and information security. In 2003, after the Homeland Security Act of 2002 established the Department of Homeland Security,

2059-507: The Subcommittee's chief counsel, and other staff members, this special committee directed much of its attention to criminal influence over the International Brotherhood of Teamsters , most famously calling Teamsters' leaders Dave Beck and Jimmy Hoffa to testify. The televised hearings of the special committee also introduced Senators Barry Goldwater and John F. Kennedy to the nation, as well as leading to passage of

2130-635: The Truman Committee's investigation of war contracts and procurement of the Hughes XF-11 reconnaissance aircraft and the Hughes H-4 Hercules flying boat ( Spruce Goose ). Second, the subcommittee also assumed responsibility for the records of the Truman Committee. Under the chairmanship of Homer S. Ferguson of Michigan (1948) and Clyde R. Hoey of North Carolina (1949-1952), the Investigations Subcommittee of

2201-682: The United Nations Kofi Annan to resign because of the "UN's utter failure to detect or stop Saddam's abuses" in the Oil-for-Food Programme and because of fraud allegations against Kojo Annan , his son, relating to the same program. In May 2005 the subcommittee held Oil-for-Food Program Hearings to investigate abuses of the Oil-for-Food program, including oil smuggling, illegal kickbacks and use of surcharges, and Saddam Hussein 's use of oil vouchers for

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2272-526: The United States and composed a long and detailed report on his trip, in a document dated February 13, 1939. Allen was then assigned a position as the foreign editor of the Sunday Worker , a weekly newspaper that had been launched in January 1936, to try to reach a broader audience than that if the more intense and authoritative Daily Worker . The Sunday Worker was edited by Al Richmond , who later remembered Allen as "a scholarly, serene man who did

2343-587: The United States and to business activities and alleged improper activities by Eisenhower Administration appointees and political associates. In the 86th Congress (1957), members of the Subcommittee were joined by Members of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare on a special committee (the Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management ) to investigate labor racketeering. Chaired by Senator McClellan and staffed by Robert F. Kennedy ,

2414-476: The abuse and murder of prisoners of war such as forced marches, maltreatments, and the shooting and murdering of prisoners shortly after capture. In the 83rd United States Congress , the subcommittee (now known as the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations or PSI), under its new chairman, Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin , greatly increased the number of investigations and number of witnesses called. His subcommittee held 169 hearings throughout 1953 and 1954. Of

2485-586: The autobiography of communist New York City Council member Benjamin J. Davis Jr. , and adding works by Henry Winston , Claude Lightfoot , and others. In 1968, Allen was selected as the American editor of the 50-volume Marx-Engels Collected Works project, a joint publishing project between IP, Lawrence and Wishart in the United Kingdom and Progress Publishers in Moscow . The three-way nature of

2556-438: The binders refused to release our books in stock. Fortunately, Trachty had some reserve funds that I drew upon immediately. I also arranged small loans from a number of our devoted readers. I also sent out an unprecedented appeal for donations to keep the publishing house going. We were thus able to meet the payroll and office expenses, and also to pay off enough of our debt to resume publishing. From 1962 to 1972, Allen headed IP,

2627-409: The bindery, some having laid unused for years, and a new set of cover designs was commissioned. Fifteen titles were thus assembled at minimal cost and launched en masse onto the market, promoted by a special catalog. The inexpensive series gained ready acceptance in the market. Allen worked to expand the number of black authors on IP's list, reissuing works by W. E. B. Du Bois , personally editing

2698-527: The case for a full pardon for the communist leaders. An absolute pardon was granted on December 24, 1938, in the context of a Christmas amnesty . Next, Allen sought to broker actual unity between the two parties, conferring both with the CPP leadership and with Pedro Abad Santos , the president of the SPP, on the matter. Allen used the utmost diplomacy in making his case to Abad Santos to bury tactical differences with

2769-515: The committee adopted primary oversight of the creation and subsequent policies, operations, and actions of the department. In the past decade, the committee has focused particularly on the Department of Homeland Security's ability to respond to a major catastrophe, such as Hurricane Katrina ; the rise of homegrown terrorism in the United States; and the vulnerabilities of the nation's most critical networks, those operating systems upon which our national defense, economy, and way of life depend, such as

2840-493: The communist mobilizing slogan "Self-Determination for the Black Belt" was a call for national secession , Allen later claimed that "we weren't stupid". For all the brashness of the "self-determination" slogan, historian Mark Solomon believed the actual meaning of the phrase was rather more modest: Self-determination was defined as democracy at its essence: self-government, self-organization, social and economic equality,

2911-497: The communists and to accept a merger, in the interest of constructing a stronger organization in opposition to fascism. Unity between the organizations was achieved at the Third National Congress of the Communist Party of the Philippines, from October 29 to 31, 1938. Allen addressed the gathering, conveying the greetings of CPUSA General Secretary Earl Browder , who had himself been a Comintern representative to

United States Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations - Misplaced Pages Continue

2982-491: The content was heavily skewed towards coverage of the daily life and problems of the region's black population. In this capacity Allen consistently advocated for the Communist Party's political line of the day, which included a demand for self-determination of the so-called " Black Belt " of the South, then populated by nearly half of the country's African American population. Despite breathless speculation then and later that

3053-411: The decision to integrate the correspondence between Marx and Engels with the mass of letters between each of these and other correspondents, a significant change from previously published editions in other languages. The first volume of the edition saw print in 1975, and the 50th and final volume was published only in 2004, many years after Allen's death. Allen died in 1986. Allen's papers are held by

3124-488: The federal aid programs. Those reforms were adopted but were subsequently repealed before being implemented. In January 1997 Republican Senator Susan Collins of Maine became the first woman to chair the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. Her Chairmanship was also notable in that she held the Senate seat of former Maine Senator Margaret Chase Smith , an opponent of Senator McCarthy. Senator John Glenn of Ohio became Ranking Member. Upon Senator Glenn's retirement from

3195-469: The first American student delegation there. Auerbach was expelled from college 1928 for radical activities. He joined the Communist Party and began writing for the party newspaper, The Daily Worker . Auerbach succeeded Whittaker Chambers as "foreign news writer", who had, in turn, succeeded Harry Freeman. Auerbach was soon promoted to the editorship of Labor Defender , official organ of

3266-516: The following subjects is referred to the Senate Homeland Security Committee: The committee also has the duty of: James S. Allen Allen is credited with helping to save from execution the young black men charged in the Scottsboro case by his prompt and relentless publicity of the case, which helped make their trial a cause célèbre . Sol Auerbach, later known by the pseudonym James S. Allen,

3337-671: The functioning of the government itself, including the National Archives , budget and accounting measures other than appropriations, the Census , the federal civil service, the affairs of the District of Columbia and the United States Postal Service . It was called the United States Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs before homeland security was added to its responsibilities in 2004. It serves as

3408-505: The global spread of chemical and biological weapons , abuses in Federal Student Aid programs, computer security , aviation safety , and health care fraud . In the early 1970s, student loan programs created by the Higher Education Act of 1965 and subsequent legislation had begun to produce evidence of fraud, abuse, and mismanagement.  In November 1975, the Permanent Subcommittee held four days of hearings that followed on staff investigations that focused largely on West Coast Schools,

3479-483: The hardline pro-Soviet wing against a dissident faction, for liberalization of internal party life and its distancing from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . When the leader of the hardliners, Gus Hall , emerged triumphant and was named General Secretary in 1958, Allen became a member of its governing Central Committee. Allen was also tapped then to serve as secretary of the National Program Committee, in charge of developing programmatic and educational documents for

3550-453: The investigations after Hurricane Katrina , and the National Intelligence Reform Act, which revised the intelligence system and created the Office of the Director of National Intelligence in 2004. On April 13, 2011, the Committee released its report on Wall Street and the Financial Crisis: Anatomy of a Financial Collapse . The 635-page bipartisan report was issued under the chairmanship of Carl Levin and Tom Coburn and also thus referred as

3621-407: The later Communist Party of the Philippines) and the rival Socialist Party of the Philippines (SPP). In accord with the strategy of the popular front , the Comintern then sought to build broad alliances against the rising tide of fascism and was therefore interested in minimizing conflict between communists and socialists. The first of Allen's trips to the Philippines came in 1936. Allen's mission

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3692-426: The market itself to rein in the excesses of Wall Street." United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs The United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs is the chief oversight committee of the United States Senate. It has jurisdiction over matters related to the Department of Homeland Security and other homeland security concerns, as well as

3763-552: The operation of the petroleum industry . The regular reversals of political fortunes in the Senate of the 1980s and 1990s saw Senator Sam Nunn trade chairmanship three times with Delaware Republican William V. Roth Jr. Nunn served from 1979 to 1980 and again from 1987 to 1995, while Roth served from 1981 to 1986, and again from 1995 to 1996. Senator Roth led a wide range of investigations into commodity investment fraud, off-shore banking schemes, money laundering , and child pornography . Senator Nunn inquired into federal drug policy,

3834-422: The party, remaining until 1966. Allen then helped develop early drafts of the party program. While Allen staunchly supported the Soviet Union during its armed suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 , he was critical of similar action in 1968 against the Prague Spring . His perspective, expressed internally at closed meetings of the party leadership, put Allen at odds with Hall and other top officials of

3905-411: The party. Since he did not express his opposition publicly, Allen was not expelled, but at the next National Convention, in 1972, he was quietly removed from the Central Committee, effectively cashiering him from the ranks of top party leadership. From 1951, Allen was working for International Publishers (IP). While Allen had briefly headed it during founder Alexander Trachtenberg 's prosecution in

3976-522: The power grid, water treatment facilities, transportation and financial networks, nuclear reactors, and dams. In February 2014, staff working for committee ranking member Senator Tom Coburn issued a report raising concerns that some passwords protecting highly sensitive government data "wouldn't pass muster for even the most basic civilian email account." In accordance of Rule XXV(k) of the United States Senate, all proposed legislation, messages, petitions, memorials, and other matters relating primarily to

4047-491: The production of a series of inexpensive "New World Paperbacks" and made reissues of classic Marxist canon more readily available to a new generation of political activists and college students. During a cross-country sales trip, Allen had been convinced that the book trade was going to be dominated by the paperback format and that if IP were to survive in the new environment, it would need to retool its offerings. Old sets of book sheets not yet bound into covers were gathered up at

4118-445: The project was due to the project having been proposed to Moscow more or less simultaneously by the Communist Party of Great Britain and the CPUSA. Whereas interest in the project on the American side outside of Allen was tepid, the British assembled a team of top party intellectuals, headed by Maurice Cornforth , to work with the Soviet publishing agency to make the massive project a reality. Allen and Cornforth were instrumental in

4189-409: The purpose of buying influence abroad. These hearings covered certain corporations, including Bayoil Inc., and Russian politician Vladimir Zhirinovsky . The hearings received significant media attention for the combative appearance of British politician George Galloway of the Respect Party , in which he forcefully rejected the allegations. In 2003, after the Homeland Security Act of 2002 established

4260-553: The region. Allen was successful, and Evangelista and the other imprisoned communist leaders were released on December 31, 1936. Allen returned to the Philippines in September 1938. His new mission was to expand the conditional pardons that had been granted to Evangelista and his associates to the full restoration of civil rights so that they could mobilize radical Philippine workers against fascism by public meetings and mass demonstrations. Allen presented Quezón with petitions gathered by various labor organizations and successfully made

4331-435: The right of blacks to run their own lives without the relentless terror and racism that dogged their steps and made every waking day a living hell. Allen's actual time spent in the South was limited, as he was forced to return to New York in 1931 by the pressure of life in hiding and the "monotonous" and "depressing" job of editing an underground newspaper to which Southerners were too frightened to subscribe. Allen remained

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4402-448: The serious political commentary and analysis". Allen was drafted into the US Army in 1944. During the Cold War , Allen was compelled to appear as a witness before the House Un-American Activities Committee . From the 1940s onward, Allen was a respected author in the Soviet Bloc. He was published there with issues mainly on American imperialism , economic crisis, international economics and international political relations. Up to

4473-399: The situation, which quickly became involved in the defense. The nine defendants in the case, collectively called the "Scottsboro Boys" in the case after the city in which they were indicted, were aged 13 to 20 and had been traveling aboard a freight train to search for work in Tennessee . They were not traveling as a group and some did not know the others until they met in jail, pulled from

4544-434: The staff." In the late 1980s, skyrocketing student loan defaults led the Permanent Subcommittee to again examine the federal student aid programs. After an 18-month investigation and a series of hearings, the Subcommittee concluded that the student loan program, "particularly as it relates to proprietary schools, is riddled with fraud, waste and abuse." Following on the Subcommittee's work, Congress adopted amendments to

4615-429: The testimony of Isabelle Allen, authorities never were able to identify the shop that produced the paper, partly because to the struggling printer's simultaneous production of a newspaper for the Ku Klux Klan , an ideal cover for a secret side job. The Southern Worker was launched on August 16, 1930, with a print run of 3,000 copies. Although billed as "a paper of and for both the white and black workers and farmers,"

4686-414: The train by a mob of 200 whites following false accusations of rape by two women seeking to avoid prostitution charges. The case was publicized relentlessly by Allen in the pages of the Southern Worker and throughout the Communist Party press, with the story crossing over to mainstream press coverage. Gilmore wrote, "Without the spotlight that Jim Allen quickly focused on the trials it is most likely that

4757-417: The world. The hearings also investigated such matters as communist infiltration of the United Nations ; Korean War atrocities; and the transfer to the Soviet Union of occupation currency plates . From December 1952 to July 1953, Robert F. Kennedy was an assistant counsel of PSI. In April 1954, McCarthy's exchange of charges with Secretary of the Army Robert T. Stevens led to the appointment of

4828-427: Was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , in 1906. He was the son of ethnic Jewish parents who arrived in America from the Russian Empire the same year. Upon completion of high school, Allen enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania , an Ivy League university in Philadelphia, where he studied philosophy . A committed radical from his collegiate days, Auerbach traveled to the Soviet Union in 1927, as part of

4899-427: Was created in 2003. Two ad hoc subcommittees were established in January 2007 to reflect the committee's expanded homeland security jurisdiction. They were the Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery and the Subcommittee on State, Local, and Private Sector Preparedness and Integration. The Subcommittee on Contracting was added in 2009. In 2011, the Disaster and State, Local, and Private Sector subcommittees were merged to form

4970-425: Was renamed the Committee on Government Operations in 1952, which was reorganized as the Committee on Governmental Affairs in 1978. After passage of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, the committee became the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs and added homeland security to its jurisdiction. Of the five current subcommittees, the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations

5041-417: Was that of convincing Crisanto Evangelista , the General Secretary of the CPP, and his jailed comrades to accept a conditional pardon from Philippine President Manuel Quezon and to gain their freedom so they could lead the fight against Japanese militarism . Allen then spoke personally with Quezón and convinced him of the urgent need for Philippine unity in the face of the Japanese Empire 's expansionism in

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