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39-596: Sentinel-5P is the first mission of the Copernicus Programme dedicated to monitoring air pollution . Its instrument, Tropomi, is an ultraviolet , visible , near and short-wavelength infrared spectrometer . The satellite is built on a hexagonal Astrobus L 250 satellite bus equipped with S- and X-band communication antennas, three foldable solar panels generating 1500 watts and hydrazine thrusters for station-keeping . The satellite operates in an 824 km (512 mi) Sun-synchronous orbit with

78-533: A Local Time of Ascending Node of 13:30 hours. The first large contract for Sentinel-5P was signed in July 2009 for Tropomi instrument between the European Space Agency and Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs which contributed €78 million. On 8 December 2011, ESA selected Astrium UK as a prime contractor for the satellite, signing contract worth €45.5 million. Construction of the satellite itself

117-547: A cooling block. Light is separated into different wavelengths using grating spectrometers and then measured with four different detectors corresponding to the respective spectral bands. The UV spectrometer has a spectral range of 270-320 nm, the visible light spectrometer has a range of 310-500 nm, the NIR spectrometer has a range of 675-775 nm, and the SWIR spectrometer has a range of 2305-2385 nm. The SWIR spectrometer

156-536: A global, continuous, autonomous, high quality, wide range Earth observation capacity. Providing accurate, timely and easily accessible information to, among other things, improve the management of the environment, understand and mitigate the effects of climate change , and ensure civil security. Since 2021, Copernicus is a component of the EU Space Programme , which aims to bolster the EU Space policy in

195-426: A main partner has performed much of the design and oversees and co-funds the development of Sentinel missions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 with each Sentinel mission consisting of at least 2 satellites and some, such as Sentinel 1, 2 and 3, consisting of 4 satellites. They will also provide the instruments for Meteosat Third Generation and MetOp-SG weather satellites of EUMETSAT where ESA and EUMETSAT will also coordinate

234-589: A single instrument, the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (Tropomi). Tropomi is a spectrometer sensing ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), near-infrared (NIR) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) wavelengths of light to monitor ozone , methane , formaldehyde , aerosol , carbon monoxide , NO 2 and SO 2 in the atmosphere. It extends the capabilities of the OMI from the Aura satellite and

273-727: A wide range of applications in a variety of areas. These include urban area management, sustainable development and nature protection, regional and local planning, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, health, civil protection, infrastructure, transport and mobility, as well as tourism". Copernicus is the European Union 's contribution to the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) thus delivering geospatial information globally. Some Copernicus services make use of OpenStreetMap data in their maps production. Other initiatives will also facilitate

312-667: Is conducted through agreements with the European Union. One has to distinguish those countries that contribute to the budget and those that agree on exchanging data with the program. Many international partner countries get special access to Sentinel data in exchange for sharing in-situ data from their country. These states are: 2014–2020 budget contributing countries Data exchange Discussions ongoing with: Argentina, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, China (part of Space Dialogue) 2021–2027 budget contributing countries Enlargement Entrance pupil In an optical system,

351-482: Is currently developing seven missions under the Sentinel programme (Sentinel 1, 2, 3, 4, 5P, 5, 6). The Sentinel missions include radar and super-spectral imaging for land, ocean and atmospheric monitoring. Each Sentinel mission is based on a constellation of two satellites to fulfill and revisit the coverage requirements for each mission, providing robust datasets for all Copernicus services. The Sentinel missions have

390-535: Is embedded in the synergies and meta-data standards that were used in GISC. Data and information aims to be managed as close as possible to its source in order to achieve a distributed system, by involving countries and existing capacities that maintain and operate the required observation infrastructure. Copernicus services are dedicated to the monitoring and forecasting of the Earth's subsystems. They contribute directly to

429-893: The EU member states , the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Environment Agency (EEA), the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), Frontex , SatCen and Mercator Océan. The programme aims at achieving

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468-529: The Netherlands Space Office , Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute , Netherlands Institute for Space Research , Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research and Airbus Defence and Space Netherlands . The instrument is split into four major blocks: the UV, VIS and NIR spectrometers and a calibration block, the SWIR spectrometer with its optics, the instrument control unit, and

507-478: The SCIAMACHY instrument from Envisat . Tropomi is taking measurements every second covering an area approximately 2,600 km (1,600 mi) wide and 7 km (4.3 mi) at a resolution of 7 x 7 km. The total mass of Tropomi is approximately 200 kg (440 lb) with a power consumption of 170 watts on average and a data output of 140 Gbit per orbit. Tropomi was built by a joint venture between

546-638: The coronavirus pandemic which greatly reduced industrial and other polluting activities. Tropomi pollution data also helped to confirm a correlation between a higher incidence of COVID-19 and chronic exposure to air pollutants. Copernicus Programme Copernicus is the Earth observation component of the European Union Space Programme , managed by the European Commission and implemented in partnership with

585-421: The entrance pupil is the optical image of the physical aperture stop , as 'seen' through the optical elements in front of the stop. The corresponding image of the aperture stop as seen through the optical elements behind it is called the exit pupil . The entrance pupil defines the cone of rays that can enter and pass through the optical system. Rays that fall outside of the entrance pupil will not pass through

624-925: The Contribution Agreement between the EU (represented by the European Commission) and the EEA, signed 1 December 2014. In situ data are all data from sources other than Earth observation satellites. Consequently, all ground-based, air-borne, and ship/buoy-based observations and measurements that are needed to implement and operate the Copernicus services are part of the in-situ component. In-situ data are indispensable; they are assimilated into forecasting models, provide calibration and validation of space-based information, and contribute to analysis or filling gaps not available from space sources. GISC

663-477: The European Commission and partly funded through the EU's 7th Framework Programme (FP7). These projects were geoland2 (land), MyOcean (marine), SAFER (emergency response), MACC and its successor MACC II (atmosphere) and G-MOSAIC (security). Most of these projects also contributed to the monitoring of Climate Change. "The information provided by the Copernicus services can be used by end-users for

702-761: The across-track direction and 1024 elements in the spectral direction, with an element pitch of 30 microns; it is operated cold (typically 140 K). The SWIR spectrometer optics are mounted on a cooled optical bench (approximately 200K) and the instrument is insulated by a multiple-layer insulation (MLI) blanket. The SWIR instrument was aligned, focussed and characterised at the Mullard Space Science laboratory thermal vacuum facility in Surrey, UK. Sentinel-5P Tropomi showed substantial reductions in nitrogen dioxide amounts over Chinese cities between late January and February 2020. These were linked to China's response to

741-413: The benefits of the Copernicus programme is that the data and information produced in the framework of Copernicus are made available free-of-charge to all its users and the public, thus allowing downstream services to be developed. The services offered by Copernicus cover six main interacting themes: atmosphere, marine, land, climate, emergency and security. Copernicus builds upon three components: It

780-417: The camera must be rotated around the center of the entrance pupil to avoid parallax errors in the final, stitched panorama. Panoramic photographers often incorrectly refer to the entrance pupil as a nodal point , which is a different concept. Depending on the lens design, the entrance pupil location on the optical axis may be behind, within or in front of the lens system; and even at infinite distance from

819-469: The delivery of data from upwards of 30 satellites that form the contributing satellite missions to Copernicus. The Copernicus programme was established by the Regulation (EU) No 377/2014 in 2014, building on the previous EU's Earth monitoring initiative GMES (established by Regulation (EU) No 911/2010 ). Over a few decades, European and national institutions have made substantial R&D efforts in

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858-580: The development and functioning of Copernicus services: Copernicus is one of three related initiatives that are the subject of the GIGAS ( GEOSS , INSPIRE and GMES an Action in Support ) harmonization and analysis project under the auspices of the EU 7th Framework Programme . In addition to the 27 Member States of the European Union, the Copernicus programme allows for the participation at various scope for third country participation. This participation

897-424: The domains of environment and security on a global level in order to help service providers, public authorities and other international organizations improve the quality of life for the citizens of Europe. In other words, it pulls together all the information obtained by the Copernicus environmental satellites , air and ground stations and sensors to provide a comprehensive picture of the "health" of Earth . One of

936-404: The f-number to increase, and the entrance pupil location to move further back along the optical axis. The center of the entrance pupil is the vertex of a camera's angle of view and consequently its center of perspective , perspective point , view point , projection center or no-parallax point . This point is important in panoramic photography without digital image processing, because

975-421: The field of Earth observation. These efforts have resulted in tremendous achievements but the services and products developed during this period had limitations that were inherent to R&D activities (e.g. lack of service continuity on the long-term). The idea for a global and continuous European Earth observation system was developed under the name of Global Monitoring for Environment and Security ( GMES ) which

1014-462: The fields of Earth Observation, Satellite Navigation, Connectivity, Space Research and Innovation and supports investments in critical infrastructure and disruptive technologies. The objective for Copernicus is to use vast amount of global data from satellites and from ground-based, airborne and seaborne measurement systems to produce timely and quality information, services and knowledge, and to provide autonomous and independent access to information in

1053-549: The following objectives: In preparation for the second-generation of Copernicus (Copernicus 2.0), six High Priority Candidate "expansion" missions are currently being studied by ESA to address EU Policy and gaps in Copernicus user needs, and to increase the current capabilities of the Copernicus Space Component: Before the Sentinel missions provide data to Copernicus, numerous existing or planned space missions provide or will provide data useful to

1092-458: The lens in the case of telecentric systems . The entrance pupil of the human eye , which is not quite the same as the physical pupil , is typically about 4 mm in diameter. It can range from 2 mm ( f /8.3 ) in a very brightly lit place to 8 mm ( f /2.1 ) in the dark. An optical system is typically designed with a single aperture stop, and therefore has a single entrance pupil at designed working conditions. In general, though,

1131-411: The main instrument via an intermediate pupil , and directs it via a telescope towards a slit which defines the along-track footprint of the instrument on the ground. Light from the slit is re- collimated , diffracted by the immersed-grating at high-order, and finally imaged onto a two-dimensional detector by a high aperture relay lens. The SWIR detector (furnished by Sofradir, France) has 256 elements in

1170-418: The monitoring of climate change. Copernicus services also address emergency management (e.g. in case of natural disaster, technological accidents or humanitarian crises) and security-related issues (e.g. maritime surveillance, border control). Copernicus services address six main thematic areas: The development of the pre-operational version of the services has been realised by a series of projects launched by

1209-429: The optics. In photography, the size of the entrance pupil (rather than the size of the physical aperture stop) is used to calibrate the opening and closing of the diaphragm aperture . The f-number ("relative aperture"), N , is defined by N = f / E N , where f is the focal length and E N is the diameter of the entrance pupil. Increasing the focal length of a lens (i.e., zooming in) will usually cause

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1248-505: The provision of Copernicus services. These missions are often referred to as " Copernicus Contributing Missions (CCMs) ": Data provided by non-European satellite missions (e.g. Landsat , GOSAT , Radarsat-2 ) can also be used by Copernicus. GMES In-Situ Coordination (GISC) was a FP7 funded initiative, lasted for three years (January 2010 – December 2012) and was coordinated by the European Environment Agency (EEA). Since 2014 EEA has been responsible for Copernicus In-Situ coordination under

1287-409: The system. If there is no lens in front of the aperture (as in a pinhole camera ), the entrance pupil's location and size are identical to those of the aperture. Optical elements in front of the aperture will produce a magnified or diminished image of the aperture that is displaced from the aperture location. The entrance pupil is usually a virtual image : it lies behind the first optical surface of

1326-445: The system. The entrance pupil is a useful concept for determining the size of the cone of rays that an optical system will accept. Once the size and the location of the entrance pupil of an optical system is determined, the maximum cone of rays that the system will accept from a given object plane is determined solely by the size of the entrance pupil and its distance from the object plane, without any need to consider ray refraction by

1365-529: Was completed in May 2014, followed by successful integration with its primary instrument. From design to launch Tropomi cost €220 million. The satellite was launched by Eurockot Launch Services onboard Rokot . The launch was originally planned for late 2014, but after multiple postponements, was launched on 13 October 2017 at 09:27 UTC from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 133 . Sentinel-5P successfully reached its final orbit 79 minutes after lift-off. Sentinel-5P carries

1404-599: Was designed and built by the Optical Payloads Group of Surrey Satellites (SSTL); it employs an immersed grating design in which light impinges upon an etched grating from within a high-index silicon substrate. The reduced wavelength within the refractive medium permits an efficient, space-saving design. The SWIR grating was provided by SRON (Netherlands), who also provided the Front-End Electronics (FEE). The SWIR spectrometer receives light from

1443-528: Was later re-branded into Copernicus after the EU became directly involved in financing and development. It follows and greatly expands on the work of the previous €2.3 billion European Envisat programme which operated from 2002 to 2012. Copernicus moved from R&D to operational services following a phased approach. Pre-operational services (Fast Track Services and Pilot Services) were phased in between 2008 and 2010. Copernicus initial operations began in 2011. Copernicus became fully operational in 2014. ESA

1482-421: Was named after the scientist and observer Nicolaus Copernicus . Copernicus' theory of the heliocentric universe made a pioneering contribution to modern science. Its costs during 1998 to 2020 are estimated at €6.7 billion with around €4.3 billion spent in the period 2014 to 2020 and shared between the EU (67%) and ESA (33%) with benefits of the data to the EU economy estimated at €30 billion through 2030. ESA as

1521-514: Was undertaken with reference to other initiatives, such as INSPIRE (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community) and SEIS (Shared Environmental Information System) as well as existing coordination and data exchange networks. The coordinated access to data retains the capacity to link directly data providers and the service providers because it is based on the principles of SEIS and INSPIRE. The implementation of INSPIRE

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