Former
85-466: September laws can refer to: The September 1835 laws during July Monarchy September Laws , 1983 sharia laws in Sudan Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title September Laws . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
170-619: A change at the head of state." Perier and François Guizot , then Minister of the Interior , enforced the conservatism of the July Monarchy. The regime acknowledged early on that radicalism and republicanism threatened it, as they undermined its laissez-faire policies. In 1834 the Monarchy declared the term "republican" illegal. Guizot shut down republican clubs and disbanded republican publications. Republicans within
255-485: A kind of monarchy in which the king was more than a figurehead for an elected Parliament, and as such, he was deeply involved in legislative affairs. One of his first acts in creating his government was to appoint the conservative Casimir Pierre Perier as the premier of his cabinet. Perier , a banker, was instrumental in shutting down many of the Republican secret societies and labor unions that had formed during
340-620: A note written by the French ambassador to Vienna , Marshal Maison , and which had arrived in Paris on 4 March 1831, which announced an imminent Austrian intervention in Italy. Learning of this note in Le Moniteur of 8 March, Laffitte requested an immediate explanations from Sébastiani , who replied that he had followed royal orders. After a meeting with the king, Laffitte submitted to
425-571: A return of the House of Orléans to the throne. But the July Monarchy proved to be the last Bourbon-Orleans monarchy of France (although monarchy was re-established under Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew, who reigned as Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870). The Legitimists withdrew from politics to their castles, leaving the way open for the struggle between the Orléanists and the Republicans. Following
510-476: A unified central government that was fiscally sound and had much control over all areas of French life, a sharp difference from the complicated mix of feudal and absolutist traditions and institutions of pre-Revolutionary Bourbons. Louis XVIII, for the most part, accepted that much had changed. However, he was pushed on his right by the Ultra-royalists , led by the comte de Villèle , who condemned
595-517: The Parti de l'Ordre , to resign, followed by Casimir Perier , André Dupin , the Count Molé and Joseph-Dominique Louis . Confronted to the Parti de l'Ordre 's defeat, Louis-Philippe decided to put Laffitte to trial, hoping that the exercise of power would discredit him. He thus called him to form a new government on 2 November 1830. Although Louis-Philippe strongly disagreed with
680-627: The Conseil d'État were replaced. In the Chamber of Deputies , a quarter of the seats (119) were submitted to a new election in October, leading to the defeat of the Legitimists. In sociological terms, however, this renewal of political figures did not mark any great change of elites. The old land-owners, civil servants and liberal professions continued to dominate the state of affairs, leading
765-583: The Palais-Royal , to the royal palace, the Tuileries . The banker Périer established the new government's principles on 18 March 1831: ministerial solidarity and the authority of the government over the administration: "the principle of the July Revolution... is not insurrection... it is resistance to the aggression the power" and, internationally, "a pacific attitude and the respect of
850-600: The doctrinaires ' attempt to reconcile the Revolution with the monarchy through a constitutional monarchy . Instead, the Chambre introuvable , elected in 1815, first banished all Conventionnels who had voted for Louis XVI's death and then passed similar reactionary laws. Louis XVIII was forced to dissolve this Chamber, dominated by the Ultras , in 1816, fearing a popular uprising. The liberals thus governed until
935-593: The Bonaparte family. The Church of Sainte-Geneviève was once again returned to its functions as a secular building, named the Panthéon . Various budget restrictions were imposed on the Catholic Church, while the 1825 Anti-Sacrilege Act which envisioned death penalties for sacrilege was repealed. Civil unrest continued for three months, supported by the left-wing press . Louis-Philippe 's government
SECTION 10
#17327943607101020-681: The Council of State , General Lamarque 's military command suppressed, Bouchotte and the Marquis de Laborde forced to resign. When on 15 April 1831 the Cour d'assises acquitted several young Republicans ( Godefroy Cavaignac , Joseph Guinard and Audry de Puyraveau 's son), mostly officers of the National Guard who had been arrested during the December 1830 troubles following
1105-892: The French police , organized during the French First Empire by Fouché , was depicted by the Legitimist writer Balzac in Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes . The strength of the opposition led the Prince Royal to shift his view somewhat further to the right. Liberalism and radicalism in France Former Liberalism and radicalism have played a role in the political history of France . The main line of conflict in France in
1190-567: The Guizot administration was marked by increasingly authoritarian crackdowns on republicanism and dissent, and an increasingly pro-business policy. This policy included protective tariffs that defended the status quo and enriched French businessmen. Guizot 's government granted railway and mining contracts to the bourgeois supporters of the government, and contributed some of the start-up costs of these enterprises. As workers under these policies had no legal right to assemble, unionize, or petition
1275-660: The Kingdom of France ( French : Royaume de France ), was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe I , starting on 26 July 1830, with the July Revolution of 1830, and ending 23 February 1848, with the Revolution of 1848 . It marks the end of the Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830). It began with the overthrow of the conservative government of Charles X , the last king of
1360-736: The Republican Party (successor of the Independent Republicans) and the Radical Party were founding components, along with the Christian-democratic Centre of Social Democrats , of the Union for French Democracy , an alliance of non- Gaullist centre-right forces. The Republican Party, re-founded as Liberal Democracy and re-shaped as an economic liberal party, left the federation in 1998 and
1445-574: The Union for a Popular Movement in 2002, later renamed The Republicans in 2015, while a minority are affiliated with the Union of Democrats and Independents , launched in 2012. Emmanuel Macron , a former member of the Socialist Party , launched En Marche! (later re-named Renaissance ) in 2016 and has served as President of France since 2017. The early high points of liberalism in France were: In France, as in much of Southern Europe,
1530-677: The death penalty , at least for political crimes. This in turn provoked popular discontent on 17 and 18 October, with the masses marching on the Château de Vincennes where the former ministers were detained. Following these riots, Interior Minister Guizot requested the resignation of the Prefect of the Seine , Odilon Barrot , who had criticized the parliamentarians' address to the king. Supported by Victor de Broglie , Guizot considered that an important civil servant could not criticize an act of
1615-410: The peerage system , and the lessening of royal authority. Louis-Philippe and his ministers adhered to policies that seemed to promote the central tenets of the constitution. However, the majority of these policies were veiled attempts to shore up the power and influence of the government and the bourgeoisie, rather than legitimate attempts to promote equality and empowerment for a broad constituency of
1700-472: The "Citizen King") establishing the principle of national sovereignty over the principle of the divine right . The new Charter was a compromise between the Doctrinaires opposition to Charles X and the Republicans. Laws enforcing Catholicism and censorship were repealed and the revolutionary tricolor flag re-established. Louis-Philippe pledged his oath to the 1830 Charter on 9 August setting up
1785-588: The 1820 assassination of the Duke of Berry , nephew of the king and known supporter of the Ultras, which brought Villèle 's Ultras back to power (vote of the Anti-Sacrilege Act in 1825, and of the loi sur le milliard des émigrés , 'Act on the émigrés' billions'). His brother Charles X , however, took a far more conservative approach. He attempted to compensate the aristocrats for what they had lost in
SECTION 20
#17327943607101870-683: The Bourbons to the throne. On the left, Republicanism and later Socialism remained powerful forces. Late in his reign Louis-Philippe became increasingly rigid and dogmatic and refused to remove his deeply unpopular President of the Council François Guizot . The situation gradually escalated until the Revolutions of 1848 resulted in the fall of the monarchy and the establishment of the Second Republic . During
1955-623: The Chamber of Deputies that Marshal Soult , assisted by the Prince Royal, would immediately march on Lyon with 20,000 men. They entered the city on 3 December re-establishing order without any bloodshed. Civil unrest, however, continued, and not only in Paris. On 11 March 1832, sedition exploded in Grenoble during the carnival . The prefect had canceled the festivities after a grotesque mask of Louis-Philippe had been displayed, leading to popular demonstrations. The prefect then tried to have
2040-527: The Chamber of Deputies, particularly when it had been approved by the King and his government. Dupont de l'Eure took Barrot 's side, threatening to resign if the king disavowed him. The banker Laffitte , one of the main figures of the Parti du mouvement , thereupon put himself forward to coordinate the ministers with the title of " President of the Council ". This immediately led Broglie and Guizot, of
2125-626: The Charter (art. 69). The 21 March 1831 law on municipal councils reestablished the principle of election and enlarged the electorate (founded on census suffrage ) which was thus increased tenfold in comparison with the legislative elections (approximately 2 to 3 million electors from a total population of 32,6 million). The 22 March 1831 law re-organized the National Guard; the 19 April 1831 law, voted after two months of debate in Parliament and promulgated after Laffitte 's downfall, decreased
2210-410: The Council of Ministers a belligerent program, and was subsequently disavowed, forcing him to resign. Most of his ministers had already negotiated their positions in the forthcoming government. Having succeeded in outdoing the Parti du Mouvement , the "Citizen King" called to power the Parti de la Résistance . However, Louis-Philippe was not really much more comfortable with one side than with
2295-461: The French ", instead of "King of France": this marked his acceptance of popular sovereignty. Louis-Philippe , who had flirted with liberalism in his youth, rejected much of the pomp and circumstance of the Bourbons and surrounded himself with merchants and bankers. The July Monarchy, however, ruled during a time of turmoil. A large group of Legitimists on the right demanded the restoration of
2380-473: The French Parliament. The election of only the wealthiest men tended to undermine any possibility for growth of a radical faction in Parliament, and effectively served socially conservative ends. The reformed Charter of 1830 limited the power of the king, stripping him of his ability to propose and decree legislation, as well as limiting his executive authority. However, Louis-Philipe believed in
2465-421: The French population. Thus, though the July Monarchy seemed to move toward reform, this movement was largely illusory. During the years of the July Monarchy, enfranchisement roughly doubled, from 94,000 under Charles X to more than 200,000 men by 1848. But, this number still represented only roughly one percent of population and a small number of those men of eligible age. The extended franchise tended to favor
2550-566: The Interior, Guizot , re-appointed the entire prefectoral administration and the mayors of large cities. The Minister of Justice, Dupont de l'Eure , assisted by his secretary general, Mérilhou , dismissed most of the public prosecutors. In the Army, the General de Bourmont , a follower of Charles X who was commanding the invasion of Algeria , was replaced by Bertrand Clauzel . Generals, ambassadors, plenipotentiary ministers and half of
2635-588: The July Monarchy. Without proof, the Legitimists quickly accused Louis-Philippe and the Queen Marie-Amélie of having assassinated the ultra-royalist Prince, with the alleged motive of allowing their son, the Duke of Aumale , to get his hands on his fortune. It is however commonly accepted that the Prince died as a result of sex games with his mistress, the Baroness de Feuchères . Meanwhile,
September Laws - Misplaced Pages Continue
2720-776: The Minister of Interior Guizot responded to a deputy's question on the subject by stigmatizing the "revolutionary state", which he conflated with chaos, to which he opposed the Glorious Revolution in England in 1688. Two political currents thereafter made their appearance, and would structure political life under the July Monarchy: the Movement Party and the Resistance Party . The first
2805-400: The National Guard disperse the crowd, but the latter refused to go, forcing him to call on the army. The 35th regiment of infantry ( infanterie de ligne ) obeyed the orders, but this in turn led the population to demand their expulsion from the city. This was done on 15 March and the 35th regiment was replaced by the 6th regiment, from Lyon. When Casimir Perier learnt the news, he dissolved
2890-642: The National Guard of Grenoble and immediately recalled the 35th regiment to the city. Beside this continuing unrest, in every province, Dauphiné , Picardy , in Carcassonne , Alsace , etc., various Republican conspiracies threatened the government (conspiracy of the Tours de Notre-Dame in January 1832, of the rue des Prouvaires in February 1832, etc.) Even the trials of suspects were seized on by
2975-667: The National Guard, assisted by the Dragoons and the infantry. The riots continued on 15 and 16 June. The major unrest, however, took place in Lyon with the Canuts Revolt , started on 21 November 1831, and during which parts of the National Guard took the demonstrators' side. In two days, the Canuts took control of the city and expelled General Roguet and the mayor Victor Prunelle . On 25 November Casimir Périer announced to
3060-554: The National Guard, the "Citizen King" charged Marshal Soult , the new Minister of War , with reorganizing the Army . In February 1831, Soult presented his project, aiming to increase the military's effectiveness. Among other reforms, the project included the 9 March 1831 law creating the Foreign Legion . In the meantime, the government enacted various reforms demanded by the Parti du Mouvement , which had been set out in
3145-549: The Prefect of the Seine Odilon Barrot was replaced by Taillepied de Bondy at Montalivet 's request, and the prefect of police Jean-Jacques Baude by Vivien de Goubert . To make matters worse, in this insurrectionary climate, the economic situation was fairly bad. Louis-Philippe finally tricked Laffitte into resigning by having his Minister of Foreign Affairs, Horace Sébastiani , pass him
3230-557: The Prince Royal Ferdinand-Philippe , Duke of Orléans , proposed to the king that he remove the fleur-de-lys , symbol of the Ancien Régime , from the state seal. With obvious displeasure, Louis-Philippe finally signed the 16 February 1831 ordinance substituting for the arms of the House of Orléans a shield with an open book, on which could be read " Charte de 1830 ". The fleur-de-lys ,
3315-537: The Republican Armand Carrel 's criticisms against the demagogy of the government. Far from suppressing the crowds, the government had the Archbishop of Paris Mgr de Quélen arrested, as well as charging the friar of Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois and other priests, along with some other monarchists, with having provoked the masses. In a gesture of appeasement, Laffitte , supported by
3400-474: The Republicans as an opportunity to address the people: at the trial of the Blanquist Société des Amis du peuple in January 1832, Raspail harshly criticized the king while Auguste Blanqui gave free vein to his socialist ideas. All of the accused denounced the government's tyranny , the incredibly high cost of Louis-Philippe's civil list , police persecutions, etc. The omnipresence of
3485-454: The Republicans were keener on economic liberalism than secularism. Intellectuals played a powerful role in all the movements, for example a major spokesman for radicalism was Émile Chartier (1868–1951), who wrote under the pseudonym of "Alain". He was a leading theorist of radicalism, and his influence extended through the Third and Fourth Republics. He stressed individualism, seeking to defend
September Laws - Misplaced Pages Continue
3570-461: The autocracy and hierarchy of the earlier era could not be fully restored. Economic changes, which had been underway long before the revolution, had progressed further during the years of turmoil and were firmly entrenched by 1815. These changes had seen power shift from the noble landowners to the urban merchants. The administrative reforms of Napoleon, such as the Napoleonic Code and efficient bureaucracy, also remained in place. These changes produced
3655-510: The banker Laffitte and secretly pledged to the Duke of Broglie that he would not support him at all, the new President of the Council was tricked into trusting his king. The trial of Charles X's former ministers took place from 15 to 21 December 1830 before the Chamber of Peers , surrounded by rioters demanding their death. They were finally sentenced to life detention, accompanied by civil death for Polignac . La Fayette 's National Guard maintained public order in Paris, affirming itself as
3740-435: The beginnings of the July Monarchy. Two days later, the first cabinet was formed, gathering the constitutionalist opposition to Charles X, including Casimir Perier , the banker Jacques Laffitte , Count Molé , the duke of Broglie , François Guizot , etc. The new government's first aim was to restore public order, while at the same time appearing to acclaim the revolutionary forces which had just triumphed. Assisted by
3825-432: The bourgeois watchdog of the new regime, while the new Interior Minister, Camille de Montalivet , kept the former ministers safe by detaining them in the Château de Vincennes. But by demonstrating the National Guard's importance, La Fayette had made his position delicate, and he was quickly forced to resign. This led to the Minister of Justice Dupont de l'Eure 's resignation. In order to avoid exclusive dependence on
3910-442: The cabinet, such as the banker Dupont , were all but excluded by Perier and his conservative clique. Distrusting the National Guard, Louis-Philippe increased the size of the army and reformed it in order to ensure its loyalty to the government. Two factions always persisted in the cabinet, split between liberal conservatives such as Guizot ( le parti de la Résistance , the Party of Resistance) and liberal reformers such as
3995-454: The capital; and the liberal bourgeoisie . However, at the end of his reign, the so-called "Citizen King" was overthrown by similar citizen uprisings and use of barricades during the February Revolution of 1848 . This resulted in the proclamation of the Second Republic . After Louis-Philippe 's ousting and subsequent exile to Britain, the liberal Orléanist faction (opposed by the counter-revolutionary Legitimists ) continued to support
4080-435: The church two days in a row, before turning on other churches. The revolutionary movement spread to other cities. Confronted with renewed unrest, the government abstained from any strong repression. The prefect of the Seine Odilon Barrot , the prefect of police Jean-Jacques Baude , and the new commandant of the National Guard, General Georges Mouton , remained passive, triggering Guizot 's indignation, as well as
4165-411: The citizen against the state. He warned against all forms of power – military, clerical, and economic. To oppose them, he exalted the small farmer, the small shopkeeper, the small town, and the little man. He idealized country life and saw Paris as a dangerous font of power. After World War II, the Republicans gathered in the liberal-conservative National Centre of Independents and Peasants , from which
4250-401: The conservative-liberal Independent Republicans was formed in 1962. The originally centre-left Radical Party was a declining force and joined the centre-right in 1972, causing the split of the left-wing faction and the foundation of the Radical Party of the Left , closely associated to the Socialist Party . The former was later associated with the Union for a Popular Movement . In 1978 both
4335-406: The early years of the regime. In addition, he oversaw the dismemberment of the National Guard after it proved too supportive of radical ideologies. He conducted these actions with royal approval. He was once quoted as saying that the source of French misery was the belief that there had been a revolution. "No Monsieur ," he said to another minister, "there has not been a revolution: there is simply
SECTION 50
#17327943607104420-487: The electoral income level from 300 to 200 francs and the level for eligibility from 1,000 to 500 francs. The number of voters thereby increased from less than 100,000 to 166,000: one Frenchman in 170 possessed the right to vote, and the number of constituencies rose from 430 to 459. Despite these reforms, which targeted the bourgeoisie rather than the people, Paris was once again rocked by riots on 14 and 15 February 1831, leading to Laffitte 's downfall. The immediate cause of
4505-436: The execution of Charles X's ministers ( Jules de Polignac , Jean de Chantelauze , the Count de Peyronnet and the Martial de Guernon-Ranville ). Strikes and demonstrations were permanent. In order to stabilize the economy and finally secure public order, in the autumn of 1830 the government had the Assembly vote a credit of 5 million francs to subsidize public works, mostly roads. Then, to prevent bankruptcies and
4590-426: The family, and son of Philippe Égalité who had voted the death of his cousin Louis XVI, ascended the throne. Louis-Philippe ruled, not as "King of France" but as "King of the French" (an evocative difference for contemporaries). On 7 August 1830, the 1814 Charter was revised. The preamble reviving the Ancien Régime was suppressed, and the King of France became the " King of the French ", (also known as
4675-438: The first few years of his reign, Louis-Philippe took actions to develop legitimate, broad-based reform. The government found its source of legitimacy within the Charter of 1830 , written by reform-minded members of Chamber of Deputies and committed to a platform of religious equality among Catholics and Protestants; the empowerment of the citizenry through the reestablishment of the National Guard , electoral reform, reform of
4760-432: The government expelled from the administration all Legitimist supporters who refused to pledge allegiance to the new regime, leading to the return to political affairs of most of the personnel of the First Empire , who had themselves been expelled during the Second Restoration. This renewal of political and administrative staff was humorously illustrated by a vaudeville of Jean-François Bayard . The Minister of
4845-440: The government for increased pay or decreased hours, the July Monarchy under Perier , Molé , and Guizot generally proved detrimental to the lower classes. Guizot 's advice to those who were disenfranchised by the tax-based electoral requirements was " enrichissez-vous " (enrich yourselves). Louis Phillipe was pushed to the throne by an alliance between the people of Paris; the republicans , who had set up barricades in
4930-471: The historian David H. Pinkney to deny any claim of a "new regime of a grande bourgeoisie ". Although some voices began to push for the closure of the Republican clubs, which fomented revolutionary agitation, the Minister of Justice, Dupont de l'Eure , and the Parisian public prosecutor, Bernard, both Republicans, refused to prosecute revolutionary associations (the French law prohibited meetings of more than 20 persons). However, on 25 September 1830,
5015-402: The increase of unemployment, especially in Paris, the government issued a guarantee for firms encountering difficulties, granting them 60 million francs. These subsidies mainly went into the pockets of big entrepreneurs aligned with the new regime, such as the printer Firmin Didot . The death of the Prince of Condé on 27 August 1830, who was found hanged, caused the first scandal of
5100-488: The initiative of a patriotic society created by the mayor of Metz , Jean-Baptiste Bouchotte , the opposition's press launched a campaign to gather funds to create a national association aimed at struggling against any Bourbon Restoration and the risks of foreign invasion. All the major figures of the Republican Left ( La Fayette , Dupont de l'Eure , Jean Maximilien Lamarque , Odilon Barrot , etc.) supported it. Local committees were created all over France, leading
5185-471: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=September_Laws&oldid=1254830440 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Political party disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages July Monarchy#The September laws The July Monarchy ( French : Monarchie de Juillet ), officially
SECTION 60
#17327943607105270-413: The journalist Adolphe Thiers ( le parti du Mouvement , the Party of Movement), the latter never gained prominence. Perier was succeeded as premier by Count Molé , another conservative. Thiers, a reformer, succeeded Molé but was later sacked by Louis-Philippe after attempting to pursue an aggressive foreign policy. After Thiers the conservative Guizot was selected as premier. In particular,
5355-410: The king's popularity had collapsed, and he abdicated. The July Monarchy (1830–1848) is generally seen as a period during which the haute bourgeoisie was dominant, and marked the shift from the counter-revolutionary Legitimists to the Orléanists . The Orléanists were willing to make some compromises with the changes brought by the 1789 Revolution . For instance, Louis-Philippe was crowned " King of
5440-400: The left. The July Monarchy was dominated by wealthy bourgeoisie and numerous former Napoleonic officials. It followed conservative policies, especially under the influence of François Guizot . The king promoted friendship with the United Kingdom and sponsored colonial expansion, notably the French conquest of Algeria . By 1848, a year in which many European states had a revolution ,
5525-668: The long nineteenth century was between monarchists (mainly Legitimists and Orléanists but also Bonapartists ) and republicans ( Radical-Socialists , Opportunist Republicans , and later socialists ). The Orléanists, who favoured constitutional monarchy and economic liberalism , were opposed to the Republican Radicals. The Radical Party and especially the "republican" parties ( Democratic Republican Alliance , Republican Federation , National Centre of Independents and Peasants , Independent Republicans , Republican Party , and Liberal Democracy ) have since embraced liberalism, including its economic version, and have mostly joined either
5610-434: The main line House of Bourbon . Louis Philippe , a member of the more liberal Orléans branch of the House of Bourbon, proclaimed himself as Roi des Français (" King of the French ") rather than "King of France", emphasizing the popular origins of his reign. The king promised to follow the juste milieu , or the middle-of-the-road, avoiding the extremes of both the conservative supporters of Charles X and radicals on
5695-400: The major political issue. The left demanded their heads, but this was opposed by Louis-Philippe , who feared a spiral of violence and the renewal of revolutionary Terror . Thus, on 27 September 1830 the Chamber of Deputies passed a resolution charging the former ministers, but at the same time, in an address to King Louis-Philippe on 8 October, invited him to present a draft law repealing
5780-414: The new president of the Council, Casimir Périer , to issue a circular prohibiting civil servants from membership of this association, which he accused of challenging the state itself by implicitly accusing it of not fulfilling its proper duties. In the beginning of April 1831, the government took some unpopular measures, forcing several important personalities to resign: Odilon Barrot was dismissed from
5865-461: The non-intervention principle". The vast majority of the Chamber applauded the new government and granted him a comfortable majority. Périer harnessed the support of the cabinet through oaths of solidarity and strict discipline for dissenters. He excluded reformers from official discourse, and abandoned the regime's unofficial policy of mediating in labor disputes in favor of a strict laissez-faire policy that favored employers. On 14 March 1831, on
5950-411: The other, being closer to the center. Furthermore, he felt no sympathy for its leader, the banker Casimir Pierre Périer , who replaced Laffitte on 13 March 1831 as head of the government. His aim was more to re-establish order in the country, letting the Parti de la Résistance assume responsibility for unpopular measures. Périer , however, managed to impose his conditions on the king, including
6035-427: The ouster of Napoléon Bonaparte in 1814, the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne. The ensuing period, the Bourbon Restoration , was characterized by conservative reaction and the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church as a power in French politics. The relatively moderate Comte de Provence , brother of the deposed-and-executed Louis XVI , ruled as Louis XVIII from 1814 to 1824 and
6120-610: The people of Paris in overthrowing the Legitimists, the Orléanist bourgeoisie had to establish its new order. Louis-Philippe decided on 13 August 1830 to adopt the arms of the House of Orléans as state symbols. Reviewing a parade of the Parisian National Guard on 29 August which acclaimed the adoption, he exclaimed to its leader, Lafayette : "This is worth more to me than coronation at Reims !". The new regime then decided on 11 October that all people injured during
6205-506: The pre-eminence of the President of the Council over other ministers, and his right to call cabinet councils outside of the actual presence of the king. Furthermore, Casimir Perier secured agreement that the liberal Prince Royal, Ferdinand-Philippe d'Orléans , would cease to participate to the Council of Ministers. Despite this, Perier valued the king's prestige, calling on him, on 21 September 1831, to move from his family residence,
6290-498: The revolution (500 orphans, 500 widows and 3,850 people injured) would be given financial compensation and presented a draft law indemnifying them in the amount of 7 million francs, also creating a commemorative medal for the July Revolutionaries. Ministers lost their honorifics of Monseigneur and Excellence and became simply Monsieur le ministre . The new king's older son, Ferdinand-Philippe ,
6375-571: The revolution, curbed the freedom of the press, and reasserted the power of the Church. In 1830 the discontent caused by these changes and Charles' authoritarian nomination of the Ultra prince de Polignac as minister culminated in an uprising in the streets of Paris, known as the 1830 July Revolution . Charles was forced to flee and Louis-Philippe d'Orléans , a member of the Orléans branch of
6460-458: The riots was a funeral service organized by the Legitimists at Saint-Germains l'Auxerrois Church in memory of the ultra-royalist Duke of Berry , assassinated in 1820. The commemoration turned into a political demonstration in favor of Henri, Count of Chambord , Legitimist pretender to the throne. Seeing in this celebration an intolerable provocation, the Republican rioters ransacked
6545-793: The term liberal was used during the 19th century either to refer to the traditional liberal anti-clericalism or economic liberalism . Economic liberalism in France was long associated more with the Orléanists and with Opportunist Republicans (whose heir was the Democratic Republican Alliance ), rather than the Radical Party , leading to the use of the term radical to refer to political liberalism. The Radicals tended to be more statist than most European liberals, but shared liberal values on other issues, especially support for individual liberty and secularism, while
6630-492: The trial of Charles X's ministers, new riots acclaimed the news on 15–16 April. But Périer , implementing the 10 April 1831 law outlawing public meetings, used the military as well as the National Guard to dissolve the crowds. In May, the government used fire hoses as crowd control techniques for the first time. Another riot, started on the Rue Saint-Denis on 14 June 1831, degenerated into an open battle against
6715-494: The wealthy merchant bourgeoisie more than any other group as the qualifications for voting was related to payment of a certain level of taxes . Beyond resulting in the election of more bourgeoisie to the Chamber of Deputies, this electoral expansion meant that the bourgeoisie could politically challenge the nobility on legislative matters. Thus, while appearing to honor his pledge to increase suffrage, Louis-Philippe acted primarily to empower his supporters and increase his hold over
6800-485: Was reformist and in favor of support to the nationalists who were trying, all over of Europe, to shake the grip of the various Empires in order to create nation-states . Its mouthpiece was Le National . The second was conservative and supported peace with European monarchs, and had as mouthpiece Le Journal des débats . The trial of Charles X's ministers , arrested in August 1830 while they were fleeing, became
6885-410: Was also removed from public buildings, etc. This new defeat of the king sealed Laffitte 's fate. On 19 February 1831, Guizot verbally attacked Laffitte in the Chamber of Deputies, daring him to dissolve the Chamber and present himself before the electors. Laffitte accepted, but the king, who was the only one entitled to dissolve the Chamber, preferred to wait a few days more. In the meanwhile,
6970-477: Was given the title of Duke of Orléans and Prince Royal, while his daughters and his sister, Adélaïde d'Orléans , were named princesses of Orléans – and not of France, since there was no longer any "King of France" nor "House of France". Unpopular laws passed during the Restoration were repealed, including the 1816 amnesty law which had banished the regicides – with the exception of article 4, concerning
7055-413: Was later merged, along with the Radical Party, into the liberal-conservative Union for a Popular Movement (later The Republicans ) in 2002. The Radicals and several former Republicans launched the Union of Democrats and Independents in 2012. In 2016 Emmanuel Macron , a former member of the Socialist Party , launched La République En Marche! , a liberal party, and was elected President of France in
7140-607: Was not able to put an end to it, mostly because the National Guard was headed by one of the Republican leaders, the Marquis de La Fayette , who advocated a "popular throne surrounded by Republican institutions". The Republicans then gathered themselves in popular clubs, in the tradition established by the 1789 Revolution . Some of those were fronts for secret societies (for example, the Blanquist Société des Amis du Peuple ), which sought political and social reforms, or
7225-513: Was succeeded by his more conservative younger brother, the former Comte d'Artois , ruling as Charles X from 1824. In May 1825 he had an elaborate coronation in Reims Cathedral which harkened back to the pre-revolutionary monarchy. Despite the return of the House of Bourbon to power, France was much changed from the era of the ancien régime . The egalitarianism and liberalism of the revolutionaries remained an important force and
#709290