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71-573: Syriac is written from right to left in horizontal lines. It is a cursive script where most—but not all—letters connect within a word. There is no letter case distinction between upper and lower case letters, though some letters change their form depending on their position within a word. Spaces separate individual words. All 22 letters are consonants (called ܐܵܬܘܼܬܵܐ ‎, ātūtā ). There are optional diacritic marks (called ܢܘܼܩܙܵܐ ‎, nuqzā ) to indicate vowels (called ܙܵܘܥܵܐ ‎, zāwˁā ) and other features . In addition to

142-614: A tilde (~), called majlīyānā ( ܡܲܓ̰ܠܝܼܵܢܵܐ ‎), is placed above or below a letter in the Maḏnḥāyā variant of the alphabet to change its phonetic value (see also: Geresh ): In addition to foreign sounds, a marking system is used to distinguish qūššāyā ( ܩܘܫܝܐ , 'hard' letters) from rūkkāḵā ( ܪܘܟܟܐ , 'soft' letters). The letters bēṯ , gāmal , dālaṯ , kāp̄ , pē , and taw , all stop consonants ('hard') are able to be 'spirantized' ( lenited ) into fricative consonants ('soft'). The system involves placing

213-426: A cursive form of handwriting was used in writing on papyrus . It employed slanted and partly connected letter forms as well as many ligatures . Some features of this handwriting were later adopted into Greek minuscule, the dominant form of handwriting in the medieval and early modern era. In the 19th and 20th centuries, an entirely new form of cursive Greek, more similar to contemporary Western European cursive scripts,

284-636: A fully joined, cursive hand. Eighty-seven years later, in the middle of the 19th century, Abraham Lincoln drafted the Gettysburg Address in a cursive hand that would not look out of place today. Not all such cursive, then or now, joined all of the letters within a word. In both the British Empire and the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries, before the typewriter, professionals used cursive for their correspondence. This

355-453: A line, called mṭalqānā ( ܡܛܠܩܢܐ , literally 'concealer', also known by the Latin term linea occultans in some grammars), to indicate a silent letter that can occur at the beginning or middle of a word. In Eastern Syriac, this line is diagonal and only occurs above the silent letter (e.g. ܡܕ݂ܝܼܢ݇ܬܵܐ ‎, 'city', pronounced mḏīttā , not * mḏīntā , with the mṭalqānā over

426-648: A particular way. Once pupils have learnt how to clearly form single letters, they are taught how single letters can be joined to form a flowing script. Characteristics of cursive and continuous cursive scripts: Whether cursive or continuous cursive is to be favoured remains a subject of debate. While many schools in the United Kingdom are opting to teach continuous cursive throughout the year groups, often starting in Reception , critics have argued that conjoined writing styles leave many children struggling with

497-584: A simplified form of non-cursive handwriting adopted by Hamburg schools. The Russian Cursive Cyrillic alphabet is used (instead of the block letters ) when handwriting the modern Russian language . While several letters resemble Latin counterparts, many of them represent different sounds. Most handwritten Russian, especially personal letters and schoolwork, uses the cursive Russian (Cyrillic) alphabet although use of block letters in private writing has been rising. Most children in Russian schools are taught in

568-637: A single dot underneath the letter to give its 'soft' variant and a dot above the letter to give its 'hard' variant (though, in modern usage, no mark at all is usually used to indicate the 'hard' value): The mnemonic bḡaḏkp̄āṯ ( ܒܓܕܟܦܬ ) is often used to remember the six letters that are able to be spirantized (see also: Begadkepat ). In the East Syriac variant of the alphabet, spirantization marks are usually omitted when they interfere with vowel marks. The degree to which letters can be spirantized varies from dialect to dialect as some dialects have lost

639-771: A special control character called the Syriac Abbreviation Mark (U+070F). The Unicode block for Suriyani Malayalam specific letters is called the Syriac Supplement block and is U+0860–U+086F: Cursive Cursive (also known as joined-up writing ) is any style of penmanship in which characters are written joined in a flowing manner, generally for the purpose of making writing faster, in contrast to block letters . It varies in functionality and modern-day usage across languages and regions; being used both publicly in artistic and formal documents as well as in private communication. Formal cursive

710-891: A survey of 200 teachers of first through third grades in all 50 American states, 90 percent of respondents said their schools required the teaching of cursive, but a nationwide survey in 2008 found elementary school teachers lacking formal training in teaching handwriting; only 12 percent reported having taken a course in how to teach it. In 2012, the American states of Indiana and Hawaii announced that their schools would no longer be required to teach cursive (but will still be permitted to), and instead will be required to teach "keyboard proficiency". Nationwide Common Core State Standards (which do not include instruction in cursive) were proposed in 2009 and had been adopted by 44 states as of July 2011 - all of which have debated whether to augment them with cursive. Many historical documents, such as

781-468: A wave of state legislation between 2013 and 2023 that requires the incorporation of cursive handwriting into elementary education. Other states such as Idaho , Kansas , Massachusetts , North Carolina , South Carolina , New Jersey , and Tennessee had already mandated cursive in schools as a part of the Back to Basics program designed to maintain the integrity of cursive handwriting. Cursive instruction

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852-429: A word are connected, sometimes making a word one single complex stroke. Cursive is a style of penmanship in which the symbols of the language are written in a conjoined , or flowing, manner, generally for the purpose of making writing faster. This writing style is distinct from "print-script" using block letters , in which the letters of a word are unconnected. Not all cursive copybooks join all letters; formal cursive

923-429: Is customarily divided into old (or ancient) cursive, and new cursive. Old Roman cursive, also called majuscule cursive and capitalis cursive, was the everyday form of handwriting used for writing letters, by merchants writing business accounts, by schoolchildren learning the Latin alphabet , and even by emperors issuing commands. New Roman, also called minuscule cursive or later cursive, developed from old cursive. It

994-478: Is generally joined, but casual cursive is a combination of joins and pen lifts. In the Arabic , Syriac , Latin , and Cyrillic alphabets, many or all letters in a word are connected (while others must not), sometimes making a word one single complex stroke. In Hebrew cursive and Roman cursive , the letters are not connected. In Maharashtra , there was a cursive alphabet, known as the 'Modi' script, used to write

1065-424: Is generally joined, but casual cursive is a combination of joins and pen lifts. The writing style can be further divided as "looped", " italic ", or "connected". The cursive method is used with many alphabets due to infrequent pen lifting and beliefs that it increases writing speed. Despite this belief, more elaborate or ornamental styles of writing can be slower to reproduce. In some alphabets, many or all letters in

1136-422: Is generally what people refer to when they say "cursive" in the context of English. Cursive italic penmanship—derived from chancery cursive —uses non-looped joins, and not all letters are joined. In italic cursive, there are no joins from g, j, q, or y, and a few other joins are discouraged. Italic penmanship became popular in the 15th-century Italian Renaissance. The term "italic" as it relates to handwriting

1207-551: Is more difficult than writing with curved lines and children would benefit from learning cursive first. Students with dyslexia , who have difficulty learning to read because their brains have difficulty associating sounds and letter combinations efficiently, have found that cursive can help them with the decoding process because it integrates hand-eye coordination, fine motor skills and other brain and memory functions. However, students with dysgraphia may be badly served, or even substantially hindered, by demands for cursive. Up to

1278-615: Is mostly predictable (usually inside a syllable-initial two-consonant cluster) or because its pronunciation was lost, both the East and the West variants of the alphabet traditionally have no sign to represent the schwa. The West Syriac dialect is usually written in the Serṭā or Serṭo ( ܣܶܪܛܳܐ ‎, 'line') form of the alphabet, also known as the Pšīṭā ( ܦܫܺܝܛܳܐ ‎, 'simple'), 'Maronite' or

1349-651: Is not to be confused with italic typed letters. Many, but not all, letters in the handwriting of the Renaissance were joined, as most are today in cursive italic. The origins of the cursive method are associated with the practical advantages of writing speed and infrequent pen-lifting to accommodate the limitations of the quill . Quills are fragile, easily broken, and will spatter unless used properly. They also run out of ink faster than most contemporary writing utensils. Steel dip pens followed quills; they were sturdier, but still had some limitations. The individuality of

1420-502: Is often pronounced fost instead of fóset by many Israelis. This table uses the consonant letters ב ‎ , ח ‎ or ש ‎ , where appropriate, to demonstrate where the niqqud is placed in relation to the consonant it is pronounced after. Any other letters shown are actually part of the vowel. Note that there is some variation among different traditions in exactly how some vowel points are pronounced. The table below shows how most Israelis would pronounce them, but

1491-490: Is required by grade 5 in Illinois, starting with the 2018–2019 school year. Some argue that cursive is not worth teaching in schools and "in the 1960s cursive was implemented because of preference and not an educational basis; Hawaii and Indiana have replaced cursive instruction with 'keyboard proficiency' and 44 other states are currently weighing similar measures." Maria Montessori argued that writing with straight lines

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1562-497: Is usually vowel-pointed, with miniature Greek vowel letters above or below the letter which they follow: The Syriac alphabet consists of the following letters, shown in their isolated (non-connected) forms. When isolated, the letters kāp̄ , mīm , and nūn are usually shown with their initial form connected to their final form (see below ). The letters ʾālep̄ , dālaṯ , hē , waw , zayn , ṣāḏē , rēš and taw (and, in early ʾEsṭrangēlā manuscripts,

1633-460: The nūn , assimilating with the taw ). The line can only occur above a letter ʾālep̄ , hē , waw , yōḏ , lāmaḏ , mīm , nūn , ʿē or rēš (which comprise the mnemonic ܥܡ̈ܠܝ ܢܘܗܪܐ ʿamlay nūhrā , 'the works of light'). In Western Syriac, this line is horizontal and can be placed above or below the letter (e.g. ܡܕ݂ܺܝܢ̄ܬܳܐ ‎, 'city', pronounced mḏīto , not * mḏīnto ). Classically, mṭalqānā

1704-447: The syāmē above the word malk ē ( ܡܠܟ̈ܐ ) clarifies its grammatical number and pronunciation. Irregular plurals also receive syāmē even though their forms are clearly plural: e.g. baytā ( ܒܝܬܐ , 'house') and its irregular plural bāttē ( ܒ̈ܬܐ , 'houses'). Because of redundancy, some modern usage forgoes syāmē points when vowel markings are present. There are no firm rules for which letter receives syāmē ;

1775-640: The Assyrian diaspora is in Europe and the Anglosphere , where the Latin alphabet is predominant. In Syriac romanization, some letters are altered and would feature diacritics and macrons to indicate long vowels, schwas and diphthongs . The letters with diacritics and macrons are mostly upheld in educational or formal writing. The Latin letters below are commonly used when it comes to transliteration from

1846-658: The Hebrew alphabet . Several such diacritical systems were developed in the Early Middle Ages . The most widespread system, and the only one still used to a significant degree today, was created by the Masoretes of Tiberias in the second half of the first millennium AD in the Land of Israel (see Masoretic Text , Tiberian Hebrew ). Text written with niqqud is called ktiv menuqad . Niqqud marks are small compared to

1917-568: The Marathi language . Ligature is writing the letters of words with lines connecting the letters so that one does not have to pick up the pen or pencil between letters. Commonly some of the letters are written in a looped manner to facilitate the connections. In common printed Greek texts, the modern small letter fonts are called "cursive" (as opposed to uncial ) though the letters do not connect. In looped cursive penmanship, some ascenders and descenders have loops which provide for joins. This

1988-576: The World Wide Web , or by methods integrated into particular operating systems. In GTK+ Linux systems, niqqud can be entered by holding down AltGR and pressing the same keys as for Windows, above, or by pressing ctrl+shift+u followed by the appropriate 4 digit Unicode. Using the Hebrew keyboard layout in macOS , the typist can enter niqqud by pressing the Option key together with a number on

2059-459: The standard Bengali alphabet as it is free hand writing, where sometimes the alphabets are complex and appear different from the standard handwriting. Modi is a cursive script used to write Marathi that is thought to be derived from the Devanagari script. It was used alongside Devanagari until the 20th century as a shorthand script for quick writing in business and administration. Due to

2130-440: The 'Jacobite' script (although the term Jacobite is considered derogatory). Most of the letters are clearly derived from ʾEsṭrangēlā, but are simplified, flowing lines. A cursive chancery hand is evidenced in the earliest Syriac manuscripts, but important works were written in ʾEsṭrangēlā. From the 8th century, the simpler Serṭā style came into fashion, perhaps because of its more economical use of parchment . The Western script

2201-533: The 10th century. It is often used in scholarly publications (such as the Leiden University version of the Peshitta ), in titles, and in inscriptions . In some older manuscripts and inscriptions, it is possible for any letter to join to the left, and older Aramaic letter forms (especially of ḥeṯ and the lunate mem ) are found. Vowel marks are usually not used with ʾEsṭrangēlā , being

Syriac alphabet - Misplaced Pages Continue

2272-641: The 17th century, but its use was neither uniform, nor standardized either in England itself or elsewhere in the British Empire . In the English colonies of the early 17th century, most of the letters are clearly separated in the handwriting of William Bradford , though a few were joined as in a cursive hand. In England itself, Edward Cocker had begun to introduce a version of the French ronde style, which

2343-484: The 19th century, Kurrent (also known as German cursive ) was used in German-language longhand. Kurrent was not used exclusively, but rather in parallel to modern cursive (which is the same as English cursive). Writers used both cursive styles: location, contents and context of the text determined which style to use. A successor of Kurrent , Sütterlin , was widely used in the period 1911–1941 until

2414-657: The 19th century. The Serṭā variant specifically has been adapted to write Western Neo-Aramaic , previously written in the square Maalouli script , developed by George Rizkalla (Rezkallah), based on the Hebrew alphabet . Besides Aramaic, when Arabic began to be the dominant spoken language in the Fertile Crescent after the Islamic conquest , texts were often written in Arabic using the Syriac script as knowledge of

2485-500: The 21st century, some of the surviving cursive writing styles are Spencerian , Palmer Method , D'Nealian , and Zaner-Bloser script. One of the earliest forms of new technology that caused the decline of handwriting was the invention of the ballpoint pen , patented in 1888 by John Loud. Two brothers, László and György Bíró, further developed the ballpoint pen by changing the design and using different ink that dried quickly. Unlike older pen designs, this new invention guaranteed that

2556-407: The Arabic alphabet was not yet widespread; such writings are usually called Karshuni or Garshuni ( ܓܪܫܘܢܝ ). In addition to Semitic languages , Sogdian was also written with Syriac script, as well as Malayalam , which form was called Suriyani Malayalam . There are three major variants of the Syriac alphabet: ʾEsṭrangēlā , Maḏnḥāyā and Serṭā . The oldest and classical form of

2627-464: The Hebrew name ribbūi [ רִבּוּי ], 'plural'), to indicate that the word is plural. These dots, having no sound value in themselves, arose before both eastern and western vowel systems as it became necessary to mark plural forms of words, which are indistinguishable from their singular counterparts in regularly-inflected nouns. For instance, the word malk ā ( ܡܠܟܐ , 'king') is consonantally identical to its plural malk ē ( ܡܠܟ̈ܐ , 'kings');

2698-843: The Nazi Party banned it and its printed equivalent Fraktur . German speakers brought up with Sütterlin continued to use it well into the post-war period. Today, three different styles of cursive writing are taught in German schools, the Lateinische Ausgangsschrift (introduced in 1953), the Schulausgangsschrift (1968), and the Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift (1969). The German National Primary Schoolteachers' Union has proposed replacing all three with Grundschrift ,

2769-606: The Syriac script to Latin : Sometimes additional letters may be used and they tend to be: The Syriac alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in September, 1999 with the release of version 3.0. Additional letters for Suriyani Malayalam were added in June, 2017 with the release of version 10.0. The Unicode block for Syriac is U+0700–U+074F: The Syriac Abbreviation (a type of overline ) can be represented with

2840-484: The United States Constitution, are written in cursive—some argue the inability to read cursive therefore precludes one from being able to fully appreciate such documents in their original format. Despite the decline in the day-to-day use of cursive, it is being reintroduced to the curriculum of some schools in the United States . California passed cursive handwriting legislation in 2023, adding to

2911-498: The ability for certain letters to be spirantized. For native words, spirantization depends on the letter's position within a word or syllable, location relative to other consonants and vowels, gemination , etymology , and other factors. Foreign words do not always follow the rules for spirantization. Syriac uses two (usually) horizontal dots above a letter within a word, similar in appearance to diaeresis , called syāmē ( ܣܝ̈ܡܐ , literally 'placings', also known in some grammars by

Syriac alphabet - Misplaced Pages Continue

2982-453: The alphabet is ʾEsṭrangēlā ( ܐܣܛܪܢܓܠܐ ‎ ). The name of the script is thought to derive from the Greek adjective strongýlē ( στρογγύλη , 'rounded'), though it has also been suggested to derive from serṭā ʾewwangēlāyā ( ܣܪܛܐ ܐܘܢܓܠܝܐ ‎ , 'gospel character'). Although ʾEsṭrangēlā is no longer used as the main script for writing Syriac, it has received some revival since

3053-430: The classic Ashkenazi pronunciation, for example, differs in several respects. Note concerning IPA : the transcription symbols are linked to the articles about the sounds they represent. The diacritic  ˘  ( breve ) indicates a short vowel ; the triangular colon symbol  ː  indicates that the vowel is long . Both consonants and niqqud can be typed from virtual graphical keyboards available on

3124-469: The current pronunciation – with the result that in practice niqqud is increasingly going out of use. According to Ghil'ad Zuckermann , the lack of niqqud in what he calls "Israeli" (Modern Hebrew) often results in "mispronunciations". For example, the Israeli lexical item מתאבנים is often pronounced as mitabním (literally "becoming fossilized (masculine plural)") instead of metaavním "appetizers",

3195-480: The current pronunciation. In modern Hebrew , tzere is pronounced the same as segol , although they were distinct in Tiberian Hebrew , and pataḥ the same as qamatz . To the younger generation of native Hebrew speakers, these distinctions seem arbitrary and meaningless; on the other hand, Hebrew language purists have rejected out of hand the idea of changing the basics of niqqud and fitting them to

3266-500: The derived Japanese kanji characters which are usually well separated by the writer. Niqqud In Hebrew orthography , niqqud or nikud ( Hebrew : נִקּוּד , Modern :   nikúd , Tiberian :   niqqūḏ , "dotting, pointing" or Hebrew : נְקֻדּוֹת , Modern :   nekudót , Tiberian :   nəquddōṯ , "dots") is a system of diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters of

3337-566: The first grade how to write using this Russian script. Cursive forms of Chinese characters are used in calligraphy; "running script" is the semi-cursive form and " rough script " (mistakenly called "grass script" due to literal misinterpretation) is the cursive. The running aspect of this script has more to do with the formation and connectedness of strokes within an individual character than with connections between characters as in Western connected cursive. The latter are rare in hanzi and in

3408-489: The first letter, represents a glottal stop , but it can also indicate a vowel, especially at the beginning or the end of a word. The letter waw ( ܘ ) is the consonant w , but can also represent the vowels o and u . Likewise, the letter yōḏ ( ܝ ) represents the consonant y , but it also stands for the vowels i and e . In modern usage, some alterations can be made to represent phonemes not represented in classical phonology . A mark similar in appearance to

3479-603: The high level of gross and fine motor coordination required. In the American colonies, on the eve of their independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain , it is notable that Thomas Jefferson joined most, but not all the letters when drafting the United States Declaration of Independence . However, a few days later, Timothy Matlack professionally re-wrote the presentation copy of the Declaration in

3550-462: The ink would not smudge and did not require such careful penmanship. After World War II, the ballpoint pen was mass-produced and sold cheaply, changing how people wrote. Over time, the emphasis on using cursive declined slowly, and was later impacted by other technologies such as the phone, computer, and keyboard. Cursive has been in decline throughout the 21st century because it is no longer perceived as necessary. The Fairfax Education Association,

3621-587: The introduction of niqqud . This was formally standardised in the Rules for Spelling without Niqqud ( כְּלָלֵי הַכְּתִיב חֲסַר הַנִּקּוּד ) enacted by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in 1996, and updated in 2017. Nevertheless, niqqud is still used occasionally in texts to prevent ambiguity and mispronunciation of specific words. One reason for the lesser use of niqqud is that it no longer reflects

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3692-522: The largest teachers' union in Fairfax County, Virginia, has called cursive a "dying art". On the 2006 SAT , an American university matriculation exam, only 15 percent of the students wrote their essay answers in cursive. However, students might be discouraged from using cursive on standardized tests because they will receive lower marks if their answers are hard to read, and some graders may have difficulties reading cursive. Nevertheless, in 2007,

3763-600: The latter deriving from תאבון teavón "appetite", the former deriving from אבן éven "stone". Another example is the toponym מעלה אדומים , which is often pronounced as maalé edomím instead of maalé adumím , the latter appearing in the Hebrew Bible (Joshua 15:7 and 18:17). The hypercorrect yotvetá is used instead of yotváta for the toponym יטבתה , mentioned in Deuteronomy 10:7. The surname of American actress Farrah Fawcett ( פארה   פוסט )

3834-418: The letter semkaṯ ) do not connect to a following letter within a word; these are marked with an asterisk (*). Equivalent name final final unconnected medial final final unconnected medial name final final unconnected medial final final unconnected medial Three letters act as matres lectionis : rather than being a consonant, they indicate a vowel. ʾālep̄ ( ܐ ),

3905-431: The letters, so they can be added without retranscribing texts whose writers did not anticipate them. In modern Israeli orthography, niqqud is mainly used in specialised texts such as dictionaries, poetry, or texts for children or new immigrants to Israel. For purposes of disambiguation, a system of spelling without niqqud, known in Hebrew as ktiv maleh ( כְּתִיב מָלֵא , literally "full spelling") had developed before

3976-520: The middle of the 20th century approached. After the 1960s, a movement originally begun by Paul Standard in the 1930s to replace looped cursive with cursive italic penmanship resurfaced. It was motivated by the claim that cursive instruction was more difficult than it needed to be; that conventional (looped) cursive was unnecessary, and it was easier to write in cursive italic. Because of this, various new forms of cursive italic appeared, including Getty-Dubay Italic , and Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting . In

4047-478: The next minimises lifting the pen from the paper for dipping in ink. Some characters are "broken" versions of their Devanagari counterparts. Many characters are more circular in shape. The long 'ī' (ई) and short 'u' (उ) are used in place of the short 'i' (इ) and long 'ū' (ऊ) respectively. Roman cursive is a form of handwriting (or a script ) used in ancient Rome and to some extent into the Middle Ages . It

4118-528: The oldest form of the script and arising before the development of specialized diacritics. The East Syriac dialect is usually written in the Maḏnḥāyā ( ܡܲܕ݂ܢܚܵܝܵܐ ‎, 'Eastern') form of the alphabet. Other names for the script include Swāḏāyā ( ܣܘܵܕ݂ܵܝܵܐ ‎, 'conversational' or 'vernacular', often translated as 'contemporary', reflecting its use in writing modern Neo-Aramaic), ʾĀṯōrāyā ( ܐܵܬ݂ܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ ‎, 'Assyrian', not to be confused with

4189-507: The promotion of the Balbodh variant of Devanagari as the standard writing system for Marathi, Modi largely fell out of use by the mid-20th century. Since then there have been attempts to revive this script. A distinctive feature of this script is that the head stroke is written before the letters, in order to produce a "ruled page" for writing in lines. It has several characteristics that facilitate writing so that moving from one character to

4260-405: The provenance of a document (see Signature ) was a factor also, as opposed to machine font . Cursive was also favoured because the writing tool was rarely taken off the paper. The term cursive derives from Middle French cursif from Medieval Latin cursivus , which literally means 'running'. This term in turn derives from Latin currere ('to run, hasten'). Although by the 2010s,

4331-606: The script: It is thought that the Eastern method for representing vowels influenced the development of the niqqud markings used for writing Hebrew. In addition to the above vowel marks, transliteration of Syriac sometimes includes ə , e̊ or superscript (or often nothing at all) to represent an original Aramaic schwa that became lost later on at some point in the development of Syriac. Some transliteration schemes find its inclusion necessary for showing spirantization or for historical reasons. Whether because its distribution

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4402-491: The sounds of the language, the letters of the Syriac alphabet can be used to represent numbers in a system similar to Hebrew and Greek numerals . Apart from Classical Syriac Aramaic, the alphabet has been used to write other dialects and languages. Several Christian Neo-Aramaic languages from Turoyo to the Northeastern Neo-Aramaic dialect of Suret , once vernaculars , primarily began to be written in

4473-513: The top row of the keyboard. Other combinations such as sofit and hataf can also be entered by pressing either the Shift key and a number, or by pressing the Shift key, Option key, and a number at the same time. Notes: SIL International have developed another standard, which is based on Tiro, but adds the Niqqud along the home keys. Linux comes with "Israel — Biblical Hebrew (Tiro)" as

4544-563: The traditional name for the Hebrew alphabet ), Kaldāyā ( ܟܲܠܕܵܝܵܐ ‎, 'Chaldean'), and, inaccurately, "Nestorian" (a term that was originally used to refer to the Church of the East in the Sasanian Empire ). The Eastern script resembles ʾEsṭrangēlā somewhat more closely than the Western script. The Eastern script uses a system of dots above and/or below letters, based on an older system, to indicate vowel sounds not found in

4615-559: The use of cursive appeared to be on the decline, as of 2019 it seemed to be coming back into use. In the Bengali cursive script (also known in Bengali as "professional writing" ) the letters are more likely to be more curvy in appearance than in standard Bengali handwriting. Also, the horizontal supporting bar on each letter ( matra ) runs continuously through the entire word, unlike in standard handwriting. This cursive handwriting often used by literature experts differs in appearance from

4686-462: The writer has full discretion to place them over any letter. Typically, if a word has at least one rēš , then syāmē are placed over the rēš that is nearest the end of a word (and also replace the single dot above it: ܪ̈ ). Other letters that often receive syāmē are low-rising letters—such as yōḏ and nūn —or letters that appear near the middle or end of a word. Besides plural nouns, syāmē are also placed on: Syriac uses

4757-459: Was called a "fair hand", meaning it looked good, and firms trained all their clerks to write in exactly the same script. Although women's handwriting had noticeably different particulars from men's , the general forms were not prone to rapid change. In the mid-19th century, most children were taught the contemporary cursive; in the United States, this usually occurred in second or third grade (around ages seven to nine). Few simplifications appeared as

4828-541: Was developed. Cursive writing was used in English before the Norman conquest . Anglo-Saxon charters typically include a boundary clause written in Old English in a cursive script. A cursive handwriting style— secretary hand —was widely used for both personal correspondence and official documents in England from early in the 16th century. Cursive handwriting developed into something approximating its current form from

4899-453: Was not used for silent letters that occurred at the end of a word (e.g. ܡܪܝ mār[ī] , '[my] lord'). In modern Turoyo , however, this is not always the case (e.g. ܡܳܪܝ̱ ‎ mor[ī] , '[my] lord'). In the 1930s, a Latin alphabet for Syriac was developed with some material promulgated. Although it did not supplant the Syriac script, the usage of the Latin script in the Syriac community has still become widespread because most of

4970-495: Was then further developed and popularized throughout the British Empire in the 17th and 18th centuries as round hand by John Ayers and William Banson. Today there is no standardised teaching script stipulated in the various national curriculums for schools in the United Kingdom, only that one font style needs to be used consistently throughout the school. In both the cursive and the continuous cursive writing styles, letters are created through joining lines and curve shapes in

5041-400: Was used from approximately the 3rd century to the 7th century, and uses letter forms that are more recognizable to modern eyes; "a", "b", "d", and "e" have taken a more familiar shape, and the other letters are proportionate to each other rather than varying wildly in size and placement on a line. The Greek alphabet has had several cursive forms in the course of its development. In antiquity,

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