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49-505: Shaker Village may refer to: Pleasant Hill, Kentucky , home of Shaker Village of Pleasant Hill Shaker Village (Sabbathday Lake, Maine) Hancock Shaker Village , Hancock, Massachusetts Harvard Shaker Village Historic District , Harvard, Massachusetts Shirley Shaker Village , Shirley, Massachusetts Canterbury Shaker Village , Canterbury, New Hampshire Shaker Village Historic District (Shaker Heights, Ohio) Topics referred to by

98-555: A historic district on May 28, 1980. Within the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park there are currently 855 known species of vascular plants identified, but that number is expected to increase with reports from National Park Service inventory and monitoring programs. There are 15 various vegetation communities throughout the park, with some of them in special locations, such as mountain bogs, low-elevation wetlands, and rocky bluffs. Of

147-470: A municipal water system well before some towns in their area. By 1825 they had pumps in their kitchens for the sisters' convenience (at a time when many farmwives had to carry water from a creek). Their mill had an elevator for moving grain to the upper floor, and they had a mechanical corn sheller. Shaker sisters also had the benefits of machinery for doing laundry by horse power. One of their barns included an upper floor for storage of grain and hay,

196-613: A non-profit corporation , raised funds for operating expenses, and secured a $ 2 million federal loan to purchase and restore the site. James Lowry Cogar, a former Woodford County resident and first curator of Colonial Williamsburg , was recruited to oversee the complex preservation project. Today, with 34 original 19th-century buildings and 2,800 acres (1100 hectares) of farmland, Shaker Village of Pleasant Hill claims to be "the largest historic community of its kind in America." Cumberland Gap Long used by Native American nations,

245-639: A cutting machine for chopping fodder, and an ingenious railway for delivering feed to the cattle. The Kentucky Shakers' locations, however, were problematic during the American Civil War . Even before the war began, the Pleasant Hill Shakers ran into controversy. The New York-based religious organization had a policy of pacifism and was also opposed to slavery . Members who made up the Pleasant Hill society mostly came from

294-572: A number of problems after the Civil War, which had sapped their communities' strength. They continued to take in orphans, but few stayed past the end of their indentures. So-called "Winter Shakers", impoverished locals feigning interest in joining the colony during the cold season, were a drain on the village, and rarely earned their keep. Apostasy increased. As membership declined, the Shakers began closing communities and consolidating Believers into

343-496: A straight Democratic ticket on her first ballot. She said that Shaker sisters had always had equal rights within their communal society . Many visitors to Pleasant Hill, observing the nineteenth-century architecture, crafts, and clothing, mistakenly assume that the Shakers, like the Amish , rejected technological advancements. In fact, the Shakers were inventors or early adopters of many new tools and techniques. For example, in

392-438: A visitor in 1857, they had paid a hired man for twelve years to work full-time at building stone walls, and he had completed forty miles of walls, at a cost to the Shakers of about $ 1000 per mile. Their buildings were large, substantial, and well-built, and furnished with modern conveniences. The Pleasant Hill community was known for its excellent livestock. In 1838, Shaker John Bryant sold one pair of Berkshire hogs for $ 500. In

441-477: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Pleasant Hill, Kentucky Other members Pleasant Hill, Kentucky , USA , is the site of a Shaker religious community that was active from 1805 to 1910. Following a preservationist effort that began in 1961, the site, now a National Historic Landmark , has become a popular tourist destination . Shaker Village of Pleasant Hill , or Shakertown , as it

490-504: Is known by residents of the area, is located 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Lexington , in Kentucky's Bluegrass region . It is a National Historic Landmark District. The Second Great Awakening began in the late 1700s and continued into the early 19th century. A revival was characterized by large camp meetings , where ministers from various Protestant groups would preach for long periods, with music and dancing often adding to

539-704: Is named after the gap. The gap was formed by the development of three major structural features: the Pine Mountain Thrust Sheet, the Middlesboro Syncline, and the Rocky Face Fault . Lateral compressive forces of sedimentary rocks from deep layers of the Earth's crust pushing upward 320 to 200 million years ago created the thrust sheet. Resistance on the fault from the opposing Cumberland Mountain to Pine Mountain caused

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588-583: Is one of many passes in the Appalachian Mountains , but one of the few in the continuous Cumberland Mountain ridgeline. It lies within Cumberland Gap National Historical Park and is located on the border of present-day Kentucky and Virginia , approximately 0.25 miles (0.40 km) northeast of the tri -state marker with Tennessee . The V-shaped gap serves as a gateway to the west. The base of

637-631: The Ohio Valley before 1810. Today 18,000 cars pass beneath the site daily, and 1.2 million people visit the park on the site annually. The park features many hiking trails. U.S. Route 25E passed overland through the gap before the completion of the Cumberland Gap Tunnel in 1996. The original trail was then restored. The gap and associated historic resources were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as

686-588: The Transylvania Company , arrived in the region leading a company of men to widen the path through the gap to make settlement of Kentucky and Tennessee easier. On his arrival, Boone discovered that Martin had already arrived in Powell Valley , where Martin and his men were clearing land for their own settlement – the westernmost settlement in English colonial America at the time. By the 1790s,

735-491: The eastern United States, the region around Cumberland Gap experiences all four seasons. The summers are typically sunny, warm, and humid with average high temperatures in the mid to upper 80s °F (29-32 °C). In the winter months, January through March, temperatures range in the 30s to 40s °F (0s °C) and are generally mild with rain and few periods of snow. The nearest cities are Middlesboro , Kentucky and Harrogate , Tennessee. The nearby town of Cumberland Gap , Tennessee

784-427: The 1850s they kept about 500 head of well-fed cattle, and bred imported cows to improve their herd's milk production. They practiced selective breeding and scientific agriculture well before the average farmer did. They also raised Saxony sheep for the wool, which Shaker sisters spun and wove into cloth for home use. The Pleasant Hill Shakers were also known for their labor-saving engineering accomplishments. They had

833-399: The 1960s led many to interpret the geological features of the area to be the site of an ancient impact. In 1966 Robert Dietz discovered shatter cones in nearby sandstone , proving recent speculation. Shatter cones, a rock-shattering pattern naturally formed only during impact events , are found in abundance in the area. The presence of shatter cones found also helped confirm the origin of

882-432: The 371 species of animals listed as of 2014 within the park, 33 are mammals , 89 are birds , 29 amphibians , 15 reptiles , 27 fish , and 187 are insects , however many others remain to be included. Visitors to the park can expect to see gray squirrels , white-tailed deer , cottontail rabbits , songbirds , hawks , snakes , turtles , and perhaps black bear or bobcat . Over 120 species of birds have been logged in

931-727: The American colonies after the Battle of Culloden . The explorer Thomas Walker gave the name to the Cumberland River in 1750, and the name soon spread to many other features in the region, such as the Cumberland Gap. In 1769 Joseph Martin built a fort nearby at present-day Rose Hill, Virginia , on behalf of Walker's land claimants. But Martin and his men were chased out of the area by Native Americans, and Martin did not return until 1775. In 1775 Daniel Boone , hired by

980-493: The Cumberland Gap was brought to the attention of settlers in 1750 by Thomas Walker , a Virginia physician and explorer. The path was used by a team of frontiersmen led by Daniel Boone , making it accessible to pioneers who used it to journey into the western frontiers of Kentucky and Tennessee. An important part of the Wilderness Road , it is now part of the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park . The Cumberland Gap

1029-480: The Kentucky Shakers were poor when they started out, they were skilled farmers who made the most of their property. Even the most skeptical observers saw that they prospered, in part because of the high quality of their products. In 1852, a visitor wrote that every article of Shaker produce sold for a third more than what other farmers received. Another reason for their prosperity was their location, which

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1078-569: The Pleasant Hill Shaker village was a handsome community with large stone and brick dwellings and shops, grassy lawns, and stone sidewalks. One visitor, though dubious about their mode of worship, was impressed by their prosperity and delighted by their hospitality. He concluded that they were a "trafficking, humane, honest and thrifty people." Over the years they expanded their land holdings by acquiring adjacent farms for orchards and fields, and fenced it with stone walls. According to

1127-479: The Trustee's Office in 1959, Merton wrote in his journal to describe: [T]he marvelous double winding stair going up to the mysterious clarity of a dome on the roof ... quiet sunlight filtering in—a big Lebanon cedar outside one of the windows ... All the other houses are locked up. There is Shaker furniture only in the center family house. I tried to get in it and a gloomy old man living in the back told me curtly 'it

1176-547: The U-shaped structure of the Middlesboro Syncline. The once flat-lying sedimentary rocks were deformed roughly 40 degrees northwest. Further constriction to the northwest of Cumberland Mountain developed into a fault trending north-to-south called the Rocky Face Fault, which eventually cut through Cumberland Mountain. This combination of natural geological processes created ideal conditions for weathering and erosion of

1225-657: The Union, their Southern location made them the target of some neighbors and bands of extremists. (This experience was relatively similar to the Koinonia situation during the Civil Rights Movement .) Pleasant Hill was at risk during the war, although it did not suffer as much damage as its sister colony at South Union, Kentucky . The Civil War depleted Pleasant Hill's resources. The members of Pleasant Hill fed thousands of soldiers who came begging, particularly in

1274-454: The age of maturity. Many of those proselytes had earlier been influenced by the fervent Cane Ridge Revival . In December 1806, forty-four converts of legal age signed a covenant agreeing to mutual support and the common ownership of property. They began living together on the 140 acres (57 ha) farm of Elisha Thomas, whose lands formed the nucleus of the Pleasant Hill Shaker village. Additional converts and property were quickly added, with

1323-480: The community occupying 4,369 acres (1,768 ha). By 1812 three communal families—East, Center, and West—had been formed, and a fourth, North, was established as a "gathering family" for prospective converts. On June 2, 1814, 128 Believers bound themselves together in a more formal covenant, which established the community in the pattern of the Shaker Ministry's village at New Lebanon, New York . Though

1372-517: The community's clothes and linens. Music was an important part of Shaker life, with the community performing songs, hymns and anthems written by both men and women. One of the best known songs is "Gentle Words", written by Polly M. Rupe in the 1860s. It includes a quote from the Bible ( Matthew 7:12 ). Following the dissolution of the Shaker society in 1910, the property changed hands several times and

1421-410: The early 1830s the Shakers of Pleasant Hill constructed a water tower on a high plot of ground. A horse -drawn pump lifted water into the tower, and from there a system of pipes conveyed it to the kitchens, cellars, and wash houses. It is believed to have been the first in the state. In the wash houses, the members built washing machines (also powered by horses) to reduce the heavy work of laundering

1470-525: The emotional pitch of the congregation. These religious gatherings sometimes drew thousands of observers and participants in the Ohio Valley of Kentucky . They were a form of community for people living scattered in relative isolation on the frontier the rest of the time. st The powerful interest in religion sweeping the region inspired the Shakers to broaden their ministry into Kentucky. Lucy Wright ,

1519-493: The gap during General Braxton Bragg 's Kentucky Invasion . The following year, in a bloodless engagement in September 1863 , Union Army troops under General Ambrose Burnside forced the surrender of 2,300 Confederates defending the gap, gaining Union control of the gap for the remainder of the war. It is estimated that between 200,000 and 300,000 European-American settlers passed through the gap on their way into Kentucky and

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1568-482: The gap is about three hundred feet (90 m) above the valley floor, even though the north side of the pass was lowered twenty feet (6 m) during the construction of Old U.S. Route 25E . To the south, the ridge rises six hundred feet (180 m) above the pass, while to the north the Pinnacle Overlook towers 900 feet (270 m) above at an elevation of 2,505 feet (765 m). Centrally located in

1617-523: The head of the Shakers' parent Ministry at New Lebanon, New York, decided to send missionaries west. On January 1, 1805, with eleven Shaker communities already established in New York and New England , three Shaker missionaries , John Meacham, Benjamin Seth Youngs (older brother of Isaac N. Youngs ), and Issachar Bates , set out to find new converts. Traveling more than a thousand miles, most of

1666-535: The impact. In September 2003, the site was designated a Distinguished Geologic Site by the Kentucky Society of Professional Geologists. Without the Rocky Face Fault, it would have been difficult for pack-horses to navigate this gap and the gap in Pine Mountain near Pineville , and it would be improbable that wagon roads would have been constructed at an early date. Middlesboro is the only place in

1715-423: The last millennium and since all people shared a brother/sister relationship, they should not marry as there was no longer a need to procreate . Instead they believed people should live communally as a family of brothers and sisters. Couples joining the community lived separately, with their young children and foundlings raised in a nursery. Children could decide whether to remain in the community when they reached

1764-539: The passage in Genesis that stated "So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female, created he them," to mean that both sexes were in God's image therefore God was both male and female. She acknowledged that Jesus was the first coming of the messiah but believed the second coming had already occurred with herself, Ann Lee, based on her vision. Thus Shakers believed they were living in

1813-482: The region and, as a result, may have had a variety of views on the war and slavery, although this cannot be proven by the sources. Formally they adhered to the principles of the Shakers. The Shakers at Pleasant Hill adopted the practice of buying and freeing slaves. In 1825, because of mounting tensions over slavery in Pleasant Hill's surrounding community, a mob attacked Pleasant Hill and destroyed some of its facilities. While members of Pleasant Hill were sympathetic to

1862-425: The remaining villages. Pleasant Hill, which had once had almost five hundred members, dwindled away. By 1875, despite an influx of new proselytes from Sweden , it had fewer than half that number. In 1900, only 34 remained. The Pleasant Hill Shaker community was dissolved in 1910. Its last surviving Believer was Mary Settles (1836–1923). She was pleased to live long enough to see women's suffrage and planned to vote

1911-611: The rocks. . The discovery of the Middlesboro impact structure has proposed new details in the formation of Cumberland Gap. Less than 300 million years ago a meteorite, "approximately the size of a football field", struck the earth, creating the Middlesboro Crater . One of three astroblemes in the state, it is a 3.7 mi (6.0 km) diameter meteorite impact crater with the city of Middlesboro, Kentucky built entirely inside it. Detailed mapping by geologists in

1960-425: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Shaker Village . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaker_Village&oldid=1244385785 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2009-501: The structure was again converted, this time for use as a Baptist church. Following World War II , residents in the region took a renewed interest in the crumbling village of Pleasant Hill. An admirer was the writer Thomas Merton , a Trappist monk at the nearby Abbey of Gethsemani . Having mentioned Pleasant Hill in his writings as early as 1949, Merton took considerable interest in the community from his first visit there in 1959 until his death in 1968. Describing his first look inside

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2058-500: The trail that Boone and his men built had been widened to accommodate wagon traffic and became known as the Wilderness Road . Several American Civil War engagements occurred in and around the Cumberland Gap and are known as the Battle of the Cumberland Gap . In June 1862, Union Army General George W. Morgan captured the gap for the Union . In September of that year, Confederate States Army forces under Edmund Kirby Smith occupied

2107-638: The way on foot, they joined the pioneers then pouring into the western lands by way of Cumberland Gap and the Ohio River . By August, they had gathered a small group of new adherents to the doctrine of Mother Ann Lee who believed in celibacy. Ann Lee was born February 29, 1736, in Manchester, England. She was a member of the Quaker sect called the Shaking Quakers. She ran afoul of the law and

2156-433: The weeks surrounding the Battle of Perryville . Both armies "nearly ate [them] out of house and home." They also lost manpower when some young Shaker brethren left to join the army. More importantly, the social environment and cultural changes in the decades before and after the war made Shaker life less appealing for converts. During Reconstruction and later, very few new converts joined the Shakers. Kentucky Shakers had

2205-490: The world where coal is mined inside an astrobleme. Special mining techniques must be used in the complicated strata of this crater. The earliest written account of Cumberland Gap dates to the 1670s, by Abraham Wood of Virginia. Some time before 1748 Samuel Stalnaker is believed to have passed through the gap while exploring the region. The gap was named for Prince William, Duke of Cumberland , son of King George II of Great Britain , who had many places named for him in

2254-502: Was ideal for marketing their produce and home manufactures. By 1816, they regularly traveled the rivers to larger cities (some at great distances, such as New Orleans ) to sell their wares. The Pleasant Hill Shakers raised broom corn and made flat brooms so good that they sold for more than "ordinary" brooms. They also raised fruit and sold it dried or as preserves (more than ten tons of preserves in one year). Like many other Shaker communities, they raised and sold garden seeds. By 1825,

2303-482: Was imprisoned for trying to teach her sect's beliefs. During her time in prison, she claimed to have a vision that she herself was the second coming of Christ. Upon her release in 1772, she founded a new religious sect, which came to be commonly known as the Shakers because of the adherents' dancing and motions in worship. She taught that God was a dual personage, male and female, instead of the masculine-orientated traditional belief in an all-male trinity. She interpreted

2352-491: Was locked up.' The empty fields, the big trees—how I would love to explore those houses and listen to that silence. In spite of the general decay and despair there is joy there still and simplicity ... Shakers fascinate me. Others shared his interest. In 1961, a group of Lexington -area citizens led by Joseph Graves and Earl D. Wallace launched an effort to restore the property. By 1964 the Friends of Pleasant Hill had organized

2401-404: Was used for a variety of purposes. Elderly Shakers continued to live on the property until the death in 1923 of Mary Settles, the last Pleasant Hill Believer. The Meeting House was converted for use as an automotive garage; the wood floor, built to withstand the dancing of several hundred brethren and sisters, proved strong enough to support the vehicles driven onto its surface. Some years later

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