59-571: Shaw Brothers (HK) Limited ( Chinese : 邵氏兄弟(香港)公司 ) was the largest film production company in Hong Kong , operating from 1925 to 2011. In 1925, three Shaw brothers— Runje , Runme , and Runde —founded Tianyi Film Company (also called "Unique") in Shanghai , and established a film distribution base in Singapore , where Runme and their youngest brother, Run Run Shaw , managed
118-540: A Chinese emperor: Kowloon Peak , Tung Shan , Tate's Cairn , Temple Hill , Unicorn Ridge , Lion Rock , Beacon Hill , Crow's Nest and Emperor Bing of Song . It was also spelt 'Kawloong' in some 19th-century sources. The part of Kowloon south of Boundary Street , together with Stonecutters Island , was ceded by Qing China to the United Kingdom under the Convention of Peking of 1860. For many years
177-520: A car accident, at age 28, ending a brief but spectacular career. Members of the Peking Opera School , including Jackie Chan , Yuen Biao , and Sammo Hung , played extras and bit parts in several Shaw Brothers films in the 1970s, although they were unknowns at the time. Better-known female martial arts actresses of Shaw Brothers include Cheng Pei-pei , Lily Ho , Shih Szu , Lily Li , and Kara Hui Ying-Hung . Cheng Pei-pei in particular
236-509: A certain extent in South Korea , remain virtually identical to traditional characters, with variations between the two forms largely stylistic. There has historically been a debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters . Because the simplifications are fairly systematic, it is possible to convert computer-encoded characters between the two sets, with the main issue being ambiguities in simplified representations resulting from
295-670: A cinema. One of the plays in their theater, The Man from Shensi , was very popular. The Shaw brothers then bought their first camera, and Runje Shaw made this play into a silent film that turned out to be a success. Runje Shaw and his brothers Runde and Runme formed a film production company in 1925 in Shanghai called the Tianyi Film Company (also known as Unique). The company's earliest films, New Leaf (立地成佛) and Heroine Li Feifei (女侠李飛飛), were shown in Shanghai in 1925. A rival studio, Mingxing Film Company , formed
354-512: A male to attend college because social mingling between the sexes was forbidden. The film resonated with its audience, and reportedly some members of the audience in Hong Kong and Taiwan repeatedly bought tickets and watched the feature in theaters over and over again in 1962, with some having watched it over 20 times. From the late 1960s onward, production of dramatic features was reduced in favor of martial arts features. The group of actors from
413-562: A setback during the Second World War when the Japanese occupied Malaya and Singapore . After the war, they began to rebuild. In the 1950s, Nanyang started to switch film production from Cantonese to Mandarin as the communist takeover of mainland China had cut off the supply of Mandarin films to overseas Chinese communities. In this period, Nanyang Studio operated under the company name of Shaw and Sons Ltd. The Mandarin films of
472-405: A studio was built in 1940 to make Malay and Cantonese films, followed by another called Singapore Film Studios in 1941 on Jalan Ampas . It produced Malay films under the studio named Malay Film Productions (formally incorporated in 1949) which lasted until 1967. The most prominent Malay actor, director and producer of this period was P. Ramlee . The Shaw Brothers continued to expand but suffered
531-433: A syndicate with five other Shanghai companies to monopolize the distribution and exhibition markets in order to exclude Tianyi films from being shown in theater chains in Shanghai and Southeast Asia. The brothers therefore became interested in forming their own network, and Runme Shaw, who was then the distribution manager, traveled to Singapore to establish a movie distribution business for Southeast Asia . Runme incorporated
590-812: Is 産 (also the accepted form in Japan and Korea), while in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan the accepted form is 產 (also the accepted form in Vietnamese chữ Nôm ). The PRC tends to print material intended for people in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and overseas Chinese in traditional characters. For example, versions of the People's Daily are printed in traditional characters, and both People's Daily and Xinhua have traditional character versions of their website available, using Big5 encoding. Mainland companies selling products in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan use traditional characters in order to communicate with consumers;
649-606: Is connected to Hong Kong Island by two road-only tunnels (the Cross-Harbour Tunnel and the Western Harbour Crossing ), three MTR railway tunnels ( Tsuen Wan line , Tung Chung line / Airport Express and East Rail ) and one combined road and MTR rail link tunnel ( Eastern Harbour Tunnel , containing the Tseung Kwan O line and road traffic in separate parallel conduits). No bridges connect
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#1732772926070708-599: Is relatively well-known for her starring role in King Hu's Come Drink with Me and more recently in Ang Lee 's Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon as Jade Fox. The films produced by the Shaw Brothers Studio were highly popular among Chinese communities in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia and they would have a significant influence on later filmmakers, particularly in the kung fu genre . These films also reached
767-445: Is the former home of Shaw Studio (built 1960 to 1961), as well as the vacated TVB headquarters and studios (1986–2003, since relocated to TVB City ) and Celestial Pictures . There are also apartment blocks used to house Shaw actors. The newer Shaw House and Shaw Villa are there. The site has been vacant since 2003 and has been targeted for redevelopment several times since 2006. In 2015, Hong Kong's Antiquities Advisory Board declared
826-493: The Chinese Commercial News , World News , and United Daily News all use traditional characters, as do some Hong Kong–based magazines such as Yazhou Zhoukan . The Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified characters. DVDs are usually subtitled using traditional characters, influenced by media from Taiwan as well as by the two countries sharing the same DVD region , 3. With most having immigrated to
885-690: The Huangmei opera The Love Eterne , starring Ivy Ling Po and Betty Loh Ti and based on the Butterfly Lovers folk legend from the Jin Dynasty , is one of the highest-grossing features of the Shaw Studio. Its huge success is in part due to the ingenious casting of Ivy Ling Po, who was a relatively unknown supporting actress, as the male lead. In the story of Butterfly Lovers , the female lead, played by Betty Loh Ti, disguised herself as
944-632: The Kensiu language . Kowloon Kowloon ( / ˌ k aʊ ˈ l uː n / ) is an urban area in Hong Kong comprising the Kowloon Peninsula and New Kowloon . It has a population of 2,019,533 and a population density of 43,033/km (111,450/sq mi) in 2006. It is one of the three areas of Hong Kong , along with Hong Kong Island and the New Territories . It is the smallest, second most populous and most densely populated of
1003-640: The Shanghainese -language character U+20C8E 𠲎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-20C8E —a composition of 伐 with the ⼝ 'MOUTH' radical—used instead of the Standard Chinese 嗎 ; 吗 . Typefaces often use the initialism TC to signify the use of traditional Chinese characters, as well as SC for simplified Chinese characters . In addition, the Noto, Italy family of typefaces, for example, also provides separate fonts for
1062-528: The 18- to 34-year-old demographic, announced its first film licensing deal with Celestial Pictures. The Hong Kong–based company owns, restores and licenses the world's largest collection of Chinese-made films including the Shaw Brothers library of fan-favourite kung fu and action classics such as The 36th Chamber of Shaolin , Five Deadly Venoms , and The One-Armed Swordsman . The licensing deal with Karmaloop TV means that kung fu and action fans in
1121-483: The 1950s were primarily wenyi films (文藝片) in a contemporary setting as well as a few period dramas. In 1957, Run Run Shaw moved to Hong Kong, set up a new company, Shaw Brothers (Hong Kong) Ltd., and built a new studio at Clearwater Bay , which officially opened in 1961 as Movietown. In the mid-1960s, Movietown was the largest and best-equipped studio in Chinese filmmaking as well as the largest privately owned studio in
1180-536: The 1978 release, Five Deadly Venoms , and the subsequent series of films—known by the name the Venom Mob —were among the most memorable. They were Lo Mang , Lu Feng , Sun Chien, Chiang Sheng , and Kuo Chui , who had been stars in the Shaw Studio for years, but did not become memorable faces until Five Deadly Venoms . Wei Pai, who played the Snake (referred to as "Number Two" throughout the film Five Deadly Venoms ),
1239-570: The Clear Water Bay Land Company Limited; its film production business was taken over by other companies within the Shaw conglomerate. However, the company continues to remain active in producing TV shows under the Shaw Brothers name to this day as of 2022. Prior to their involvement in the filmmaking business, the Shaw brothers were interested in opera and happened to own a theater in Shanghai ; their father also owned
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#17327729260701298-810: The Hai Seng Co. (海星, which later became the Shaw Brothers Pte Ltd) to distribute films made by Tianyi and other studios. In 1927, they operated their own cinema in Tanjong Pagar in Singapore, expanded in Malaya , and opened four cinemas there. The number of cinemas owned by the Shaw chain in Southeast Asia would eventually reach 200 by the 1970s before it declined. In 1928, Run Run Shaw moved to Singapore to assist Runme. In 1931,
1357-555: The People's Republic of China, traditional Chinese characters are standardised according to the Table of Comparison between Standard, Traditional and Variant Chinese Characters . Dictionaries published in mainland China generally show both simplified and their traditional counterparts. There are differences between the accepted traditional forms in mainland China and elsewhere, for example the accepted traditional form of 产 in mainland China
1416-562: The Tianyi Studio in Shanghai produced what is considered by some to be the first sound-on-film Chinese talkie , Spring on Stage (歌場春色). In 1932, they teamed up with Cantonese opera singer Sit Gok-Sin ( 薛覺先 ) to make the first Cantonese talkie, White Golden Dragon ( 白金龍 ). This film proved to be very successful, and in 1934, they established the Tianyi Studio (Hong Kong) in Kowloon to make Cantonese films. The move to Hong Kong
1475-532: The United States during the second half of the 19th century, Chinese Americans have long used traditional characters. When not providing both, US public notices and signs in Chinese are generally written in traditional characters, more often than in simplified characters. In the past, traditional Chinese was most often encoded on computers using the Big5 standard, which favored traditional characters. However,
1534-477: The United States will see these films in their digitally restored versions, many of which will be premiering for the first time on U.S. television in high definition. The licensed collection includes more than 60 of the greatest martial arts masterpieces—movies which launched the careers of stars like Jimmy Wang Yu, Cheng Pei-Pei, Ti Lung, David Chiang, Alexander Fu Sheng, Chen Kuan-Tai, and Gordon Liu. The Clearwater Bay site at Clearwater Bay Road and Ngan Ying Road
1593-549: The West and were popular for a time in the 1970s and early 1980s, having some influence on filmmakers such as Quentin Tarantino , who paid homage to the studio by displaying their logo in his Kill Bill: Volume 1 and 2 films and adapting the styles of some of their films. The 2023 animated movie Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem also paid homage to the studio by adding clips from classic Shaw Brothers movies into
1652-604: The area remained largely undeveloped, used by the British mainly for tiger-hunting expeditions. The part of Kowloon north of Boundary Street ( New Kowloon ) was leased by the British as part of the New Territories under the 1898 Second Convention of Peking for 99 years. Within New Kowloon is Kowloon City, an area of Hong Kong where the Kowloon Walled City used to be located. The Kowloon Walled City itself
1711-448: The box office records and some spawned multiple sequels. The studio popularized the kung-fu genre of films, which included Five Fingers of Death and The 36th Chamber of Shaolin made in the 1970s. The 1960s was a period of intense rivalry between Shaw Brothers and Cathay Organisation , but eventually Shaw Brothers gained the upper hand and Cathay ceased film production in 1970. Sir Run Run Shaw became involved in television when TVB
1770-563: The divisions. Kowloon is located directly north of Hong Kong Island across Victoria Harbour . It is bordered by the Lei Yue Mun strait to the east, Mei Foo Sun Chuen , Butterfly Valley and Stonecutter's Island to the west, a mountain range, including Tate's Cairn and Lion Rock to the north, and Victoria Harbour to the south. Kowloon comprises the following districts : The name 'Kowloon' ( Chinese : 九龍 ; lit. 'nine dragons') alludes to eight mountains and
1829-541: The early 20th century, with the construction of the Kowloon-Canton Railway and the Kowloon Wharf , but because of the close proximity of Kowloon's built-up area to Kai Tak Airport , building construction was limited by flight paths. As a result, compared to Hong Kong Island, Kowloon had a much lower skyline. After World War II , Kowloon became extremely congested when slums for refugees from
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1888-472: The entire studio complex a site of cultural significance and subsequent redevelopment plans have included measures to restore and preserve the existing structures. A new Shaw Studios (note the plural s ) was built at Tseung Kwan O Industrial Estate and opened in stages between 2006 and 2008. Traditional Chinese characters Traditional Chinese characters are a standard set of Chinese character forms used to write Chinese languages . In Taiwan ,
1947-493: The inverse is equally true as well. In digital media, many cultural phenomena imported from Hong Kong and Taiwan into mainland China, such as music videos, karaoke videos, subtitled movies, and subtitled dramas, use traditional Chinese characters. In Hong Kong and Macau , traditional characters were retained during the colonial period, while the mainland adopted simplified characters. Simplified characters are contemporaneously used to accommodate immigrants and tourists, often from
2006-725: The mainland. The increasing use of simplified characters has led to concern among residents regarding protecting what they see as their local heritage. Taiwan has never adopted simplified characters. The use of simplified characters in government documents and educational settings is discouraged by the government of Taiwan. Nevertheless, with sufficient context simplified characters are likely to be successfully read by those used to traditional characters, especially given some previous exposure. Many simplified characters were previously variants that had long been in some use, with systematic stroke simplifications used in folk handwriting since antiquity. Traditional characters were recognized as
2065-682: The majority of Chinese text in mainland China are simplified characters , there is no legislation prohibiting the use of traditional Chinese characters, and often traditional Chinese characters remain in use for stylistic and commercial purposes, such as in shopfront displays and advertising. Traditional Chinese characters remain ubiquitous on buildings that predate the promulgation of the current simplification scheme, such as former government buildings, religious buildings, educational institutions, and historical monuments. Traditional Chinese characters continue to be used for ceremonial, cultural, scholarly/academic research, and artistic/decorative purposes. In
2124-983: The merging of previously distinct character forms. Many Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between these character sets. Traditional characters are known by different names throughout the Chinese-speaking world. The government of Taiwan officially refers to traditional Chinese characters as 正體字 ; 正体字 ; zhèngtǐzì ; 'orthodox characters'. This term is also used outside Taiwan to distinguish standard characters, including both simplified, and traditional, from other variants and idiomatic characters . Users of traditional characters elsewhere, as well as those using simplified characters, call traditional characters 繁體字 ; 繁体字 ; fántǐzì ; 'complex characters', 老字 ; lǎozì ; 'old characters', or 全體字 ; 全体字 ; quántǐzì ; 'full characters' to distinguish them from simplified characters. Some argue that since traditional characters are often
2183-446: The movie when the title characters were trained in martial arts by their father figure, Master Splinter (voiced by Jackie Chan, who played smaller roles in few Shaw Brothers films), by showing them various video clips containing martial arts techniques, including clips from The 36th Chamber of Shaolin , Dirty Ho , The Magnificent Ruffians and Mad Monkey Kung Fu . Many Shaw Brothers classic films have been bootlegged due to
2242-1171: The newly established People's Republic of China gave way to public housing estates , mixed with private residential, commercial, and industrial areas. The area of reclaimed land now known as West Kowloon was once home to a dockyard for the Royal Navy . The 1911 census recorded a population of 7,306, with most being Hakka . The invasion of China by Japan in 1937 caused the population of Kowloon to grow drastically. Between 1937 and 1939, 750,000 refugees arrived in Kowloon and nearby areas, with many not having residence. As of 2011 , 2,108,419 people lived in Kowloon. About 94.2% of Kowloon's residents are of Han Chinese ethnicity. The largest ethnic minority groups are Indonesians (1.8%), Filipinos (1.5%), Indians (0.5%), Nepalese (0.4%), and British (0.3%). Around 86% of Kowloon's residents use Cantonese as their usual language, while 2.3% use English and 1.2% use Mandarin . Kowloon comprises these localities of Hong Kong: Lists of primary and secondary schools in Kowloon by district: Kowloon
2301-556: The official script in Singapore until 1969, when the government officially adopted Simplified characters. Traditional characters still are widely used in contexts such as in baby and corporation names, advertisements, decorations, official documents and in newspapers. The Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative in Southeast Asia regarding simplification. Although major public universities teach in simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications such as
2360-700: The original standard forms, they should not be called 'complex'. Conversely, there is a common objection to the description of traditional characters as 'standard', due to them not being used by a large population of Chinese speakers. Additionally, as the process of Chinese character creation often made many characters more elaborate over time, there is sometimes a hesitation to characterize them as 'traditional'. Some people refer to traditional characters as 'proper characters' ( 正字 ; zhèngzì or 正寫 ; zhèngxiě ) and to simplified characters as 簡筆字 ; 简笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'simplified-stroke characters' or 減筆字 ; 减笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'reduced-stroke characters', as
2419-411: The other hand, was slight and wiry and often played the sarcastic antihero to Lung's standard archetype. Chang Cheh, with his stars Ti Lung and David Chiang, were known as the cinematic "Iron Triangle" throughout Southeast Asia. In the middle of that decade, the duo was overshadowed by the rise of Alexander Fu Sheng , who had played supporting roles opposite them on many occasions. Fu was killed in 1983 in
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2478-459: The popularity of particular kung fu/martial arts titles. Celestial Pictures acquired rights to the Shaw Studio's legacy and is releasing, on DVD , 760 out of the nearly 1,000 films with restored picture and sound quality. Many of these DVDs have come under controversy, however, for remixing audio and not including the original mono soundtracks. Karmaloop TV, a multi-platform programming network designed to help operators "reclaim" viewership among
2537-620: The precursor to the parent company, Shaw Organisation . Runme and Run Run took over the film production business of its Hong Kong –based sister company, Shaw & Sons Ltd; in 1958, a new company, "Shaw Brothers," was set up. In the 1960s, Shaw Brothers established what was once the largest privately-owned studio in the world, Movietown. The company's most famous works include The Love Eterne (1963), Come Drink with Me (1966), The One-Armed Swordsman (1967), King Boxer (1972), Executioners from Shaolin (1977), The 36th Chamber of Shaolin and Five Deadly Venoms (both 1978). Over
2596-833: The predominant forms. Simplified characters as codified by the People's Republic of China are predominantly used in mainland China , Malaysia, and Singapore. "Traditional" as such is a retronym applied to non-simplified character sets in the wake of widespread use of simplified characters. Traditional characters are commonly used in Taiwan , Hong Kong , and Macau , as well as in most overseas Chinese communities outside of Southeast Asia. As for non-Chinese languages written using Chinese characters, Japanese kanji include many simplified characters known as shinjitai standardized after World War II, sometimes distinct from their simplified Chinese counterparts . Korean hanja , still used to
2655-521: The set of traditional characters is regulated by the Ministry of Education and standardized in the Standard Form of National Characters . These forms were predominant in written Chinese until the middle of the 20th century, when various countries that use Chinese characters began standardizing simplified sets of characters, often with characters that existed before as well-known variants of
2714-636: The traditional character set used in Taiwan ( TC ) and the set used in Hong Kong ( HK ). Most Chinese-language webpages now use Unicode for their text. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends the use of the language tag zh-Hant to specify webpage content written with traditional characters. In the Japanese writing system , kyujitai are traditional forms, which were simplified to create shinjitai for standardized Japanese use following World War II. Kyūjitai are mostly congruent with
2773-985: The traditional characters in Chinese, save for minor stylistic variation. Characters that are not included in the jōyō kanji list are generally recommended to be printed in their traditional forms, with a few exceptions. Additionally, there are kokuji , which are kanji wholly created in Japan, rather than originally being borrowed from China. In the Korean writing system , hanja —replaced almost entirely by hangul in South Korea and totally replaced in North Korea —are mostly identical with their traditional counterparts, save minor stylistic variations. As with Japanese, there are autochthonous hanja, known as gukja . Traditional Chinese characters are also used by non-Chinese ethnic groups. The Maniq people living in Thailand and Malaysia use Chinese characters to write
2832-518: The ubiquitous Unicode standard gives equal weight to simplified and traditional Chinese characters, and has become by far the most popular encoding for Chinese-language text. There are various input method editors (IMEs) available for the input of Chinese characters . Many characters, often dialectical variants, are encoded in Unicode but cannot be inputted using certain IMEs, with one example being
2891-587: The words for simplified and reduced are homophonous in Standard Chinese , both pronounced as jiǎn . The modern shapes of traditional Chinese characters first appeared with the emergence of the clerical script during the Han dynasty c. 200 BCE , with the sets of forms and norms more or less stable since the Southern and Northern dynasties period c. the 5th century . Although
2950-511: The works of Jin Yong ), One-Armed Swordsman , and other classics of Wuxia and Wushu film. Almost equally as famous was fight-choreographer -turned-director Lau Kar-leung, who would produce such highly regarded kung fu films as The 36th Chamber of Shaolin and The Eight Diagram Pole Fighter , while P. Ramlee was known for Malay style romantics and comedy such as Nujum Pa' Belalang , Seniman Bujang Lapok and Do Re Mi . Shaw Brothers
3009-413: The world, with 15 stages, two permanent sets, state-of-the-art film-making equipment and facilities, and 1,300 employees. Period and music dramas were popular in the 1960s, and later in the decade Kung fu films also became popular. Some of Shaw Brothers' most notable films were made in this period, including The Magnificent Concubine , The Love Eterne , as well as One-Armed Swordsman , which broke
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#17327729260703068-419: The years, the film company produced around 1,000 films, some becoming the most popular and significant Chinese-language films of the period. It also popularized the kung fu genre of films. In 1987, the company suspended film production in order to concentrate on the television industry through its subsidiary, TVB . Film production resumed in limited capacity in 2009. In 2011, Shaw Brothers was reorganized into
3127-516: Was accelerated as the Nanjing government had issued a ban on martial arts films as well as Cantonese films, and two years later, they moved the entire film production operation from Shanghai to Hong Kong. Tianyi was reorganized into Nanyang (南洋) Productions with Runde Shaw as the studio head. They also announced plan for their first film production studio in Singapore in 1937 to make films in Malay;
3186-539: Was also part of the Venom Mob , which numbered over 15 actors who appeared in almost all of the Venom movies. In the first half of the 1970s, two other stars were particularly renowned and favored by the "Million-Dollar Director" Chang Cheh in his movies: Ti Lung and David Chiang . He is also accredited as a capable actor who reinforced his muscular glamor with strong characterization over his many films. Chiang, on
3245-529: Was an early director who is best remembered for his film, Come Drink with Me , a martial arts film which differed from those of Chang Cheh in that it featured a capable female protagonist and revolved around romance in the martial arts world, rather than fast-paced action and the tales of brotherhood which Chang Cheh would later popularize. Chang Cheh, who was more fond of the latter components, would go on to be Shaw Studio's best-known director, with such films as Five Deadly Venoms , The Brave Archer (based on
3304-593: Was demolished in 1993. The same area was called Kwun Fu Cheung ( 官富場 ) during the Song dynasty (960–1279). "New Kowloon" has remained part of the New Territories . Statutorily, "Kowloon" is only the area south of Boundary Street and Stonecutters Island, but in common use, New Kowloon is not regarded as part of the New Territories, but as an integral part of the Kowloon urban area whether north or south of Boundary Street. Large-scale development of Kowloon began in
3363-723: Was launched in 1967. In 1969, Shaw Brothers (HK) issued shares and became a public listed company. In the 1970s, Shaw Brothers faced a strong challenge from a new studio, Golden Harvest , which had considerable success internationally with the martial arts film, Enter the Dragon starring Bruce Lee . Shaw Brothers then also began to co-produce films with Western producers for the international market and invest in films such as Meteor and Blade Runner . However, Shaw Brothers ceased film production in 1986 because of competition from Golden Harvest and increasing piracy, focusing instead on TV production. In 1986, Movietown became TV City, which
3422-470: Was leased to TVB for TV production. In 1988, the company was reorganized under the umbrella of the Shaw Organization. In the 1990s, Shaw again started making a few films, but no longer on the same scale as before. Shaw has since relocated to a new site in Tseung Kwan O , Hong Kong. Shaw Brothers is noted for film directors such as King Hu , Lau Kar-leung , P. Ramlee and Chang Cheh . King Hu
3481-505: Was modeled after the classic Hollywood system, with hundreds of actors signed to exclusive contracts. While other studios rotated cast members, Shaw Brothers assigned certain groups of actors to work exclusively with certain directors. Shaw Brothers productions during the late 1950s to early 1960s were dominated by actresses like Li Li-Hua , Ivy Ling Po , Linda Lin Dai , Betty Loh Ti , Li Ching in dramatic and romantic features. In particular,
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