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65-669: Both men and women sometimes shave their chest hair , abdominal hair , leg hair , underarm hair , pubic hair , or any other body hair. Head shaving is much more common among men. It is often associated with religious practice, the armed forces , and some competitive sports such as swimming , bodybuilding , and extreme sports . Historically, head shaving has also been used to humiliate, punish, for purification or to show submission to an authority. In more recent history, head shaving has been used in fund-raising efforts, particularly for cancer research organizations and charitable organizations which serve cancer patients. The shaving of head hair

130-508: A barbershop and self-shaving with a straight razor were still common in the early 1900s. The popularisation of self-shaving changed this. According to an estimate by New York City barber Charles de Zemler, barbers' shaving revenue dropped from about 50 percent around the time of the Spanish–American War to 10 percent in 1939 due to the invention of the safety razor and electric razor. Safety razors have existed since at least 1876 when

195-402: A perfume , and a moisturizer to soften the facial skin. The electric shaver (electric razor) consists of a set of oscillating or rotating blades, which are held behind a perforated metal screen which prevents them from coming into contact with the skin and behaves much like the second blade in a pair of scissors. When the razor is held against the skin, the whiskers poke through the holes in

260-544: A straight razor or safety razor (called 'manual shaving' or 'wet shaving') or an electric razor (called 'dry shaving') or beard trimmer. The removal of a full beard often requires the use of scissors or an electric (or beard) trimmer to reduce the mass of hair, simplifying the process. There are two types of manual razors: straight razor and safety razors. Safety razors are further subdivided into double-edged razors, single edge, injector razors, cartridge razors and disposable razors. Double-edge razors are named so because

325-1053: A Bic exhibition, which included 150 works created with the Bic collection. The exhibition included works from works by Alberto Giacometti , René Magritte and Fernand Léger , Martin Parr and Mamadou Cissé. The Bic Cristal is exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art in New York and the Center Pompidou in Paris. In 2020, the Bic Corporate Foundation was recognized in the Netflix Documentary On Est Ensemble . The film follows French social entrepreneur Stephane de Freitas on his journey to meet social change worldwide, introducing viewers to

390-471: A Canadian semi-permanent tattoo brand, for $ US65 million. Soon after, in August 2022, BIC also acquired Tattly, a company that produces high-quality temporary tattoos designed by artists. In 2023, BIC launched EasyRinse, a razor with the first-of-its-kind reverse blade design and patented anti-clog technology. Bic's earliest lighters were mentioned in 1972 by Time as test marketed disposable lighters with

455-586: A factory specifically for manufacturing lighters in Redon , made up of 400 employees who produce 750 million lighters yearly. During the 1980s, Bic shaving products reached US$ 52 million in sales and had 22.4% of the market. In 1981, Bic began a subsidiary called Bic Sport, which manufactured and sold water sports products. Bic announced the sale of Bic Sport to the Estonian company Tahe Outdoor in 2019. In 1989, Bic attempted further product diversification with

520-492: A four-blade Quattro razor later the same year, and in 2006 Gillette launched the five-blade Fusion. Since then, razors with six and seven blades have been introduced. Wholly disposable razors gained popularity in the 1970s after Bic brought the first disposable razor to market in 1974. Other manufacturers, Gillette included, soon introduced their own disposable razors, and by 1980 disposables made up more than 27 percent of worldwide unit sales for razors. Shaving can be done with

585-472: A hot wet towel to soften the skin and hair. Dry hair is difficult to cut, and the required cutting force is reduced significantly once the hair is hydrated. Fully hydrated hair requires about 65% less force to cut, and hair is almost fully hydrated after two minutes of contact with room temperature water. The time required for hydration is reduced when using higher temperature water. A lathering or lubricating agent such as cream , shaving soap , gel, foam or oil

650-474: A lifespan of 3,000 lights. The following year, Bic's lighters were commercially introduced in order to compete with Gillette 's Cricket lighters. These lighters, made using plastic, initially had only five colours, but they were competitively sold at a low price, which ultimately led to Gillette leaving the lighter market. At the time, Bic lighters accounted for around 65% of disposable lighter sales, and they still continue to be cheap and popular. Bic operates

715-418: A naturally tapered end as it emerges from the skin's hair follicle , whereas, after cutting, there is no taper. The cut hair may thus appear to be thicker, and feel coarser as a result of the sharp edges on each cut strand. The fact that shorter hairs are "harder" (less flexible) than longer hairs also contributes to this effect. Hair can also appear darker after it grows back because hair that has never been cut

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780-474: A new line of temporary tattoo markers called BodyMark by BIC. Soon after, in 2019, Bic launched the Made For You grooming line, a line of shaving products without gender labels. In 2020, BIC purchased Djeep, a manufacturer of high-end and personalized lighters. The acquisition allowed Bic to expand its customizable lighter range. That same year, Bic acquired Rocketbook, a smart reusable notebook brand in

845-482: A node on the upper sternum , the hair above which points up and the hair below which points down. Some individuals have spirals on their upper pectoral regions (several inches from the nipple towards the neck) which run clockwise on the left breast and counter-clockwise on the right. Considering an individual occurrence of chest hair as abnormal is usually not due to medical indications but primarily to cultural and social attitudes. An excessive growth of terminal hair on

910-642: A professional cycling team in the 1960s, led by Tour de France winners Jacques Anquetil and Luis Ocaña . The company began sponsoring the Tour again in 2011 as an "official supporter", which they have continued to do to the present day. Bic also sponsored the Alain Prost –led Prost Grand Prix team in Formula One from 1997 to 2000. The corporate logo comprises two parts; a rhomboid with curved corners, left and right sides angled upward and containing

975-496: A rotary blade that operates similarly to the blade assembly of a reel-type lawn mower . The first electric razor was built by Jacob Schick in 1928. The main disadvantages of electric shaving are that it may not cut the whiskers as closely as razor shaving does and it requires a source of electricity, usually a rechargeable battery . The advantages include fewer cuts to the skin, quicker shaving, and no need for water and lather sources (a wet shave). The initial cost of electric shaving

1040-408: A trimmer, unlike shaving tools, is that longer beards can be trimmed to a short length efficiently and effectively, including as preparation for shaving. Shaving can have numerous side effects, including cuts, abrasions, and irritation. Many side effects can be minimized by using a fresh blade, applying plenty of lubrication, shaving in the direction of hair growth, and avoiding pressing the razor into

1105-427: A warm, wet cloth on one's skin helps as well, by softening hairs. This can also be done by using pre-shave oil before the application of shaving cream. Essential oils such as coconut oil, tea-tree oil, peppermint oil, and lavender oil help to soothe skin after shaving. They have anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and antibacterial properties. In some cases multi-bladed razors can cause skin irritation by shaving too close to

1170-529: Is also sometimes done by cancer patients when their treatment may result in hair loss, and by people experiencing male pattern baldness . Before the advent of razors, hair was sometimes removed using two shells to pull the hair out or using water and a sharp tool. Around 3000 BC when copper tools were developed, copper razors were invented. The idea of an aesthetic approach to personal hygiene may have begun at this time, though Egyptian priests may have practiced something similar to this earlier. Alexander

1235-560: Is generally done in more than one pass with the blade. The goal is to reduce the amount of hair with each pass, instead of trying to eliminate all of it in a single pass. This also reduces the risks of cuts, soreness, and ingrown hairs . Alum blocks and styptic pencils are used to close cuts resulting from the shave. An aftershave lotion or balm is sometimes used after finishing shaving. It may contain an antiseptic agent such as isopropyl alcohol , both to prevent infection from cuts and to act as an astringent to reduce skin irritation,

1300-430: Is higher, due to the cost of the shaver itself, but the long-term cost can be significantly lower, since the cutting parts do not need replacement for several months and a lathering product is not required. Some people also find they do not experience ingrown hairs ( pseudofolliculitis barbae , also called razor bumps), when using an electric shaver. In contrast to wet shaving, electric shave lotions are intended to stiffen

1365-405: Is normally applied after this. Lubricating and moisturizing the skin to be shaved helps prevent irritation and damage known as razor burn. Many razor cartridges include a lubricating strip, made of polyethylene glycol , to function instead of or in supplement to extrinsic agents. It also lifts and softens the hairs, causing them to swell. This enhances the cutting action and sometimes permits cutting

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1430-488: Is often lighter from sun exposure. In addition, as humans grow older, hair tends to grow coarser and in more places on the face and body. For example, teenagers may start shaving their face or legs at around 16, but as they age, hair will start to grow more abundantly and thicker, leading some to believe this was due to the shaving, but in reality is just part of the maturation process. Hindu , Jain and Buddhist (usually only monks or nuns) temples have ceremonies of shaving

1495-464: Is shaved off as part of a set of religious rites ( samskaras ) Leading classical Islāmic jurist and theologian Abdullāh b. Abī Zayd says in his ' Risalah ', "and the Prophet ordered that the beard be left alone and allowed to grow abundantly and that it not be trimmed. Malik said: “And there is no objection in trimming from its length when it becomes very long.” And what Malik said, more than one of

1560-555: Is the tungsten carbide one that was the key feature in Bic's new ballpoint pens in 1960. The schoolboy was designed by Raymond Savignac who also developed the product's "Nouvelle Bille" (new ballpoint) advertising campaign , which was intended to attract the attention of children. When the Bic Boy was added to the left of the rhomboid one year later in 1961, both changed to the newly adopted official corporate colour of orange ( Pantone 1235C). In 2018, Centquatre-Paris featured

1625-880: The Marne-la-Vallée factory opened. Two years later, the company launched BIC Sport kayaks, and the BIC Comfort 3 & BIC Soleil razors were both released soon after. In 2004, BIC acquired Stypen SA and Kosaido Shoji. In the summer of 2008, Bic launched the Bic Phone , marketed primarily in France and Belgium. It was advertised as a ready-to-use phone with one hour of communication and integrated SIM card and charged battery. The SIM card came loaded with 10 minutes of prepaid calls. In December 2015, BIC acquired 100 percent ownership in Cello Writing, India, and

1690-509: The ballpoint pen from Hungarian inventor László Bíró , and using Swiss watchmaking tools, he devised a manufacturing process that produced stainless-steel balls for the tip of the pen. Bich soon perfected the design of the ballpoint pen, and the Bic Cristal ballpoint pen became the company's first product in 1950. The Bic Cristal has sold over one hundred billion units since its launch in 1950. Bich formed Société Bic in 1953, and

1755-562: The genetic disposition, the hormonal status and the age of the person. The genes primarily determine the amount, patterns and thickness of chest hair. Some men are very hairy, while others have no chest hair at all. All ranges and patterns of hair growth are normal. The areas where terminal hair may grow are the periareolar areas ( nipples ), the centre and sides of the chest and the clavicle collarbone. The direction of growth of hair can make for interesting patterns, akin to depictions of mathematical vector fields . Typical males will exhibit

1820-540: The head hair , it is therefore a secondary sexual characteristic . Men tend to be covered with far more terminal hair, particularly on the chest, the abdomen , and the face . The development of chest hair begins normally during late puberty, usually between the ages of 12 and 18. It can also start later, between the age of 20 and 30, so that many men in their twenties have not yet reached their full chest hair development. The growth continues subsequently. The individual occurrence and characteristics of chest hair depend on

1885-419: The 'bonded blade' razor, which consisted of a single blade housed in a plastic cartridge. Gillette followed in 1971 with its Trac II cartridge razor that utilised two blades. Gillette built on this twin blade design for a time, introducing new razors with added features such as a pivoting head, lubricating strip, and spring-mounted blades until their 1998 launch of the triple-bladed Mach3 razor. Schick launched

1950-404: The 1960s defines 15 patterns of chest hair. In this study, four parts of the chest in which terminal hair occurs were identified: Chest hair may occur on each of these areas independent from the others, making for a total of 15 combinations in addition to the apilose (bare) pattern. Hair is said to occur on both the pectoral and circumareolar areas when there is hair around the nipples and on

2015-573: The Companions and the Successors also said.”" Muslim jurists have unanimously agreed that shaving the entire head, and, to a lesser degree, cutting it during pilgrimage is preferable. It is proven that Muhammad shaved his entire head, and he prayed for those who shaved their heads or cut their hair. Islām also teaches followers to shave/pluck body hair such as pubic and armpit hair on a regular basis (40 days). Shī'a and Sunnī narrations from

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2080-567: The First World War, the company changed the pricing of its razor from a premium $ 5 to a more affordable $ 1 (equivalent to $ 85 and $ 17 in 2023, respectively), leading to another big surge in popularity. The Second World War led to a similar increase in users when Gillette was ordered to dedicate its entire razor production and most blade production to the U.S. military. During the war, 12.5 million razors and 1.5 billion blades were provided to servicemen. In 1970, Wilkinson Sword introduced

2145-588: The Great strongly promoted shaving the beard for Macedonian soldiers before battle because he feared the enemy would grab them. In some Native American tribes, at the time of contact with British colonists, it was customary for men and women to remove all body hair . Straight razors have been manufactured in Sheffield, England since the 18th century. In the United States, getting a straight razor shave in

2210-566: The Prophet state that: "God's Prophet (May God bless him) said: 'Anyone who believes in God and the Hereafter should not postpone shaving the pubic hair for more than forty days.'" According to the Shia scholars, the length of beard should not exceed the width of a fist. Trimming of facial hair is allowed, however, shaving it is Haram (forbidden). Observant Jewish men are subject to restrictions on

2275-644: The U.S., in order to bring together analogue and digital writing. Among the eco-friendly products introduced in 2021 as part of the BIC ReVolution product line includes three ballpoint pen products, including one made of 73% recycled ocean plastic , mechanical pencils made of 65% recycled plastic, permanent markers made of 51% recycled plastic, as well as correction tape made of 56% recycled plastic. In May 2021, BIC launched an ad campaign featuring Martha Stewart and Snoop Dogg to promote their new EZ Reach lighter. In January 2022, BIC acquired Inkbox,

2340-782: The United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Scandinavia in 1957. In 1958, the takeover of the American Waterman Pen Company allowed BIC to establish itself in the United States while continuing its development in Africa and the Middle East. In 1959, BIC acquired the Swedish company Ballograf . On November 20, 1962, BIC launched a range of three luxury ballpoint pens: Chrome, Luxury, and Grand Luxury. In 1969, Bic launched its advertising campaign in

2405-421: The United States. A year later, the four-color Bic was launched. The four-color pen allowed one to change the ink color without changing the pen. Bic's ability to mass produce the manufacturing of their pens resulted in low prices. The Conté company was acquired by BIC in 1979. In 1981, BIC launched "BIC Sport", which specializes in windsurfing boards. In 1985, the "BIC Mini lighter" was launched and, in 1991,

2470-444: The blade that they use has two sharp edges on opposite sides of the blade. Current multi-bladed cartridge manufacturers attempt to differentiate themselves by having more or fewer blades than their competitors, each arguing that their product gives a greater shave quality at a more affordable price. Before wet shaving, the area to be shaved is usually doused in warm to hot water by showering or bathing or covered for several minutes with

2535-435: The blade's cutting axis or by regular / orthogonal shaving over prominent bumps on the skin (which the blade incises). As such, the presence of acne can make shaving cuts more likely, and extra care must be exercised. The use of a fresh, sharp blade as well as proper cleaning and lubrication of skin can help prevent cuts. Some razor blade manufacturers include disposal containers or receptacles to avoid injuries to anyone handling

2600-419: The body is called hypertrichosis . This medical term has to be distinguished from hirsutism that just affects women. These women can develop terminal hair on the chest following the male pattern as a symptom of an endocrine disease. There have been occasional studies documenting patterns of chest hair in men and occurrence of these patterns. A study of 1,400 white men aged 17 to 71 conducted by L.R. Setty in

2665-517: The breast, but these areas are not connected. A C CI CS CP CPI CPS CPSI CSI I P PI PS PSI S SI The pecto-sterno-infraclavicular pattern, in which the breast, sternum and medial end of the clavicle is covered with terminal hair, is most common (57%). Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9 Bic Société Bic S.A. , commonly called Bic and stylized as BiC , is a French manufacturing corporation based in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine . It

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2730-479: The company launched the "BIC Electronic" lighter. The group began its expansion into Eastern Europe in 1995, and, in 1996, BIC Graphic Europe was formed. In 1997, BIC acquired the Tipp-Ex brand as well as Sheaffer. The company further expanded into Asia. In 1992, Bic purchased Wite-Out Products , an American brand of correction products, and subsequently reintroduced the correction fluid as Bic Wite Out. In 2000,

2795-588: The company was listed on the Paris Stock Exchange in 1972. The design of the pen has remained mostly unchanged since its initial launch, and as of 2021, remains the best-selling pen in the world. Between 1950 and the 1970s, BIC expanded globally into Italy , the Netherlands , Austria , Switzerland , and Spain . In 1956, the company established itself in Brazil, and soon after expanded into

2860-713: The company was renamed as "BIC Cello (India)". Cello was founded in 1995 and, as of December 2015, is India's largest manufacturer and distributor of writing instruments. In 2019 BIC inaugurated a new facility located in Nairobi, Kenya , which serves the East Africa region. As of May 2021, BIC has over 25 factories around the world. BIC's global headquarters remains in Clichy, outside of Paris, France. Its U.S. headquarters are in Shelton, Connecticut . In 2018, BIC introduced

2925-497: The double-edged safety razor, with cheap disposable blades sharpened from two sides. It took him until 1901 to build a working, patentable model, and commercial production began in 1903. The razor gained popularity during World War I when the U.S. military started issuing Gillette shaving kits to its servicemen: in 1918, the Gillette Safety Razor Company sold 3.5 million razors and 32 million blades. After

2990-459: The garbage. Razor burn is an irritation of the skin caused by using a blunt blade or not using proper technique. It appears as a mild rash 2–4 minutes after shaving (once hair starts to grow through sealed skin) and usually disappears after a few hours to a few days, depending on severity. In severe cases, razor burn can also be accompanied by razor bumps , where the area around shaved hairs get raised red welts or infected pustules . A rash at

3055-462: The grain. Ways to prevent razor burn include keeping the skin moist, using a shaving brush and lather, using a moisturizing shaving gel, shaving in the direction of the hair growth, resisting the urge to shave too closely, applying minimal pressure, avoiding scratching or irritation after shaving, avoiding irritating products on the shaved area ( colognes , perfumes , etc.) and using an aftershave cream with aloe vera or other emollients . Putting

3120-408: The hair from the scalp of priests, nuns, and certain followers, as a symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion and esteem. Amish men and some other plain peoples shave their beard until they are married , after which they allow it to grow but continue to shave their mustaches. Tonsure is the practice of some Christian churches. In Hinduism , in certain communities, a child's birth hair

3185-453: The hairs slightly below the surface of the skin. Additionally, during shaving, the lather indicates areas that have not been addressed. When soap is used, it is generally applied with a shaving brush , which has long, soft bristles. It is worked up into a usable lather by the brush, either against the face, in a shaving mug , bowl, scuttle, or palm of the hand. Since cuts are more likely when using safety razors and straight razors, wet shaving

3250-765: The introduction of pocket-sized perfume spritzers. The perfumes were withdrawn in 1991. Bic's shaving portfolio expanded throughout the 1990s and 2000s, adding the Soleil, a brand of razors for women, in 2004, and increasing the number of blades until the Flex 5 launched, with five blades, in January 2015 in the United States. In 2021, Bic introduced an eco-friendly stationery product line called Bic ReVolution. Products sold under this line, including ball and stick pens, mechanical pencils , permanent markers and correction tape, were made using at least 50% recycled plastic, as well as

3315-409: The letters "BiC" with "i" the only one in lower case , and the Bic Boy to its left. The rhomboid , which debuted in 1950 to coincide with the launch of the Bic Cristal , was originally red with white letters. The font of the letters remains unchanged. The Bic Boy is described on the corporation's website as "a schoolboy, with a head in the shape of a ball, holding a pen behind his back." The ball

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3380-496: The organization's work in Brazil to educate and empower women. In July 2021, Bic partnered with iconic French 19th-century department store La Samaritaine to create a limited-edition collection of products inspired by the façade for which it is famous. Additionally, in August 2021, to celebrate more than 70 years of the Cristal Ballpoint Pen, Bic has collaborated with luxury French malletier, Pinel et Pinel, on

3445-727: The paperboard used in all of the packaging being made of 100% recycled material. In 2022, Bic joined One Percent for the Planet , an environmental organization in which its members contribute at least one percent of their annual revenue to protect the environment. As a part of joining, one percent of annual sales from BIC ReVolution goes towards supporting environmental nonprofits. By 2025, Bic plans on having 100% of its packaging use reusable, recyclable or compostable material. Additionally, Bic's products will contain 50% non-virgin plastic by 2030. The Bich family owns about 46% of issued shares and controls 63% of its voting power. Bic sponsored

3510-500: The practice of keeping their hair uncut. Chest hair Chest hair is hair that grows on the chest in the region between the neck and the abdomen . Chest hair develops during and after puberty along with other types of androgenic hair . Although vellus hair is already present in the area in childhood, chest hair is the terminal hair that develops as an effect of rising levels of androgens (primarily testosterone and its derivatives) due to puberty . Different from

3575-484: The screen and are sliced by the moving blades. In some designs the blades are a rotating cylinder. In others they are one or more rotating disks or a set of oscillating blades. Each design has an optimum motion over the skin for the best shave and manufacturers provide guidance on this. Generally, circular or cylindrical blades (rotary-type shaver) move in a circular motion and oscillating blades (foil-type shaver) move left and right. Hitachi has produced foil-type shavers with

3640-492: The shaving of their beards, as Leviticus 19:27 forbids the shaving of the corners of the head and prohibits the marring of the corners of the beard . The Hebrew word used in this verse refers specifically to shaving with a blade against the skin; rabbis at different times and places have interpreted it in many ways. Tools like scissors and electric razors , which cut the hair between two blades instead of between blade and skin, are permitted. Observant Sikhs also follow

3705-422: The single-edge Star safety razor was patented by brothers Frederick and Otto Kampfe. The razor was essentially a small piece of a straight razor attached to a handle using a clamp mechanism. Before each shave the blade had to be attached to a special holder, stropped with a leather belt, and placed back into the razor. After a time, the blade needed to be honed by a cutler. In 1895, King Camp Gillette invented

3770-407: The skin smoothly decreasing the risk of the razor snagging or grabbing causing razor burn. Pseudofolliculitis barbae is a medical term for persistent inflammation caused by shaving. It is also known by the initials PFB or colloquial terms such as razor bumps. Shaving does not cause terminal hair to grow back thicker, coarser or darker. This belief arose because hair that has never been cut has

3835-400: The skin's surface, or grow a beard. Some anatomical parts, such as the scrotum , require extra care and more advanced equipment due to the uneven surface of the skin when the testicles shrivel during coldness , or its imbalance when the testicles hang low due to being warmer. Cuts from shaving can bleed for about fifteen minutes. Shaving cuts can be caused by blade movement perpendicular to

3900-501: The skin. A shaving brush can also help to lift the hair and spread the lubrication. The cosmetic market in some consumer economies offers many products to reduce these effects; they commonly dry the affected area, and some also help to lift out the trapped hair(s). Some people who shave choose to use only single-blade or wire-wrapped blades that shave farther away from the skin. Others have skin that cannot tolerate razor shaving at all; they use depilatory shaving powders to dissolve hair above

3965-407: The skin. Switching to a single- or double-bladed razor and not stretching the skin while shaving can mitigate this. One other technique involves exfoliating the skin before and after shaving, using various exfoliating products, included but not limited to, brushes, mitts, and loofah. This process removes dead skin cells, reducing the potential for ingrown hairs and allowing the razor to glide across

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4030-457: The spring is wound and do not require an electrical outlet or batteries. Such type of shaver, the "Monaco" brand, was used on American space flights in the 1960s and 1970s, during the Apollo missions. A trimmer has two adjacent blades, each with teeth on its cutting edge. One blade oscillates alongside a stationary blade so that the teeth cut any hair that falls between them. The main advantage of

4095-428: The time of shaving is usually a sign of lack of lubrication. Razor burn is a common problem, especially among those who shave coarse hairs on areas with sensitive skin like the bikini line , pubic hair , underarms , chest , and beard . The condition can be caused by shaving too closely, shaving with a blunt blade, dry shaving, applying too much pressure when shaving, shaving too quickly or roughly, or shaving against

4160-480: The whiskers. Stiffening is achieved by dehydrating the follicles using solutions of alcohols and a degreaser such as isopropyl myristate . Lotions are also sold to reduce skin irritation, but electric shaving does not usually require the application of any lubrication. This is called Dry Shaving. Mechanical shavers powered by a spring motor have been manufactured, although in the late 20th century they became rare. Such shavers can operate for up to two minutes each time

4225-405: Was founded in 1945 by French aristocrat Marcel Bich and produces specifically disposable items; namely stationery , lighters , and shaving razors . In 1942, Marcel Bich and his partner, Édouard Buffard, set up a business creating writing instrument parts in a factory in the Paris suburb of Clichy, where they began production of pen holders and pencil cases. Marcel Bich bought the patent for

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