62-485: Shelby County may refer to: Counties [ edit ] Shelby County, Alabama Shelby County, Illinois Shelby County, Indiana Shelby County, Iowa Shelby County, Kentucky Shelby County, Missouri Shelby County, Ohio Shelby County, Tennessee Shelby County, Texas Other uses [ edit ] The U.S. Supreme Court case Shelby County v. Holder [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
124-479: A symbiotic relationship with the bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum ( syn. Rhizobium japonicum ; Jordan 1982). This ability to fix nitrogen allows farmers to reduce nitrogen fertilizer use and increase yields when growing other crops in rotation with soy. There may be some trade-offs, however, in the long-term abundance of organic material in soils where soy and other crops (for example, corn ) are grown in rotation. For best results, though, an inoculum of
186-520: A common pest in soybean fields, living in burrows underground and feeding nearby. One den of groundhogs can consume a tenth to a quarter of an acre of soybeans. Chemical repellents or firearms are effective for controlling pests in soybean fields. Soybeans suffer from the fungus Pythium spinosum in Arkansas and Indiana (United States), and China. In Japan and the United States,
248-570: A cost of $ 300,000. Shelby County has a long history in agriculture , and since about 1990, it has become an important location for growing soybeans , which has exceeded cotton as the most important crop grown there. Shelby County was the home of an early inland waterway , the Coosa River , and it was also the location of a very early east–west railroad in Alabama that connected Atlanta, Georgia , with locations to its west. Shelby County
310-611: A couple of offices. It was not until the election of 2010, and specifically the results in Alabama House of Representatives District 42, that Republicans held every partisan elected office with jurisdiction or residency (or both) in Shelby County. (In Alabama, municipal officials are elected on a non-partisan basis.) In 2013, the county was the plaintiff in Shelby County v. Holder , which struck down portions of
372-488: A different genus. It originated in Africa and is now a widespread pasture crop in the tropics. Like some other crops of long domestication, the relationship of the modern soybean to wild-growing species can no longer be traced with any degree of certainty. It is a cultigen with a very large number of cultivars . Like many legumes, soybeans can fix atmospheric nitrogen , due to the presence of symbiotic bacteria from
434-542: A female householder with no husband present, and 25.70% were non-families. 21.70% of households were one person and 5.20% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.04. The age distribution was 26.30% under the age of 18, 8.20% from 18 to 24, 33.70% from 25 to 44, 23.40% from 45 to 64, and 8.50% 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.60 males. The median household income
496-535: A female householder with no husband present, and 27.5% were non-families. 23.2% of households were one person and 6.2% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.08. The age distribution was 25.6% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% 65 or older. The median age was 36.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.0 males. The median household income
558-505: A former East India Company sailor who had visited China in conjunction with James Flint , the first Englishman legally permitted by the Chinese authorities to learn Chinese. The first "New World" soybean crop was grown on Skidaway Island, Georgia , in 1765 by Henry Yonge from seeds given him by Samuel Bowen. Bowen grew soy near Savannah, Georgia , possibly using funds from Flint, and made soy sauce for sale to England. Although soybean
620-445: A national level the county often supported Republicans even during the " Solid South " era – it was one of four counties in Alabama to vote for Theodore Roosevelt over Woodrow Wilson in 1912. The county has not supported a Democrat for president since 1960, but Democrats continued to hold most offices for some time. Between 1984 and 1992, the county saw a complete reversal from Democratic dominance to Republicans in control of all but
682-526: A pair of single blades . Subsequent to this first pair, mature nodes form compound leaves with three blades. Mature trifoliolate leaves, having three to four leaflets per leaf, are often between 6 and 15 cm ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 and 6 in) long and 2 and 7 cm (1 and 3 in) broad. Under ideal conditions, stem growth continues, producing new nodes every four days. Before flowering, roots can grow 2 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 in) per day. If rhizobia are present, root nodulation begins by
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#1732764741181744-608: A range of soluble carbohydrates protecting the seed's cell viability. Patents were awarded to him in the early 1990s on techniques for protecting biological membranes and proteins in the dry state. Together, protein and soybean oil content account for 56% of dry soybeans by weight (36% protein and 20% fat . The remainder consists of 30% carbohydrates , 9% water and 5% ash . Soybeans comprise approximately 8% seed coat or hull, 90% cotyledons and 2% hypocotyl axis or germ. The genus Glycine may be divided into two subgenera, Glycine and Soja . The subgenus Soja includes
806-516: A result, for example, in 2012 only 18 cultivars out of 807 recommended by the Iowa State University Extension had any ancestry outside of PI 88788. By 2020 the situation was still about the same: Of 849 there were 810 with some ancestry from PI 88788, 35 from Peking, and only 2 from PI 89772. (On the question of exclusively PI 88788 ancestry, that number was not available for 2020.) That was speculated to be in 2012 —and
868-451: A wide variety of sizes and hull colors such as black, brown, yellow, and green. Variegated and bicolored seed coats are also common. The hull of the mature bean is hard, water-resistant, and protects the cotyledon and hypocotyl (or "germ") from damage. If the seed coat is cracked, the seed will not germinate . The scar, visible on the seed coat, is called the hilum (colors include black, brown, buff, gray and yellow) and at one end of
930-425: Is triggered by day length , often beginning once days become shorter than 12.8 hours. This trait is highly variable however, with different varieties reacting differently to changing day length. Soybeans form inconspicuous, self-fertile flowers which are borne in the axil of the leaf and are white, pink or purple. Though they do not require pollination, they are attractive to bees, because they produce nectar that
992-719: Is a species of legume native to East Asia , widely grown for its edible bean , which has numerous uses. Traditional unfermented food uses of soybeans include soy milk , from which tofu and tofu skin are made. Fermented soy foods include soy sauce , fermented bean paste , nattō , and tempeh . Fat-free (defatted) soybean meal is a significant and cheap source of protein for animal feeds and many packaged meals . For example, soybean products, such as textured vegetable protein (TVP), are ingredients in many meat and dairy substitutes. Soybeans contain significant amounts of phytic acid , dietary minerals and B vitamins . Soy vegetable oil , used in food and industrial applications,
1054-458: Is another product of processing the soybean crop. Soybean is a common protein source in feed for farm animals that in turn yield animal protein for human consumption. The word "soy" derives from the Japanese soi , a regional variant of shōyu , meaning "soy sauce". The name of the genus, Glycine , comes from Linnaeus . When naming the genus, Linnaeus observed that one of the species within
1116-582: Is considered a tertiary gene centre particularly the area encompassing Madhya Pradesh which is also the country largest soybean producer. In 1603, " Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam ", a famous Japanese-Portuguese dictionary, was compiled and published by Jesuit priests in Nagasaki. It contains short but clear definitions for about 20 words related to soyfoods—the first in any European language. The Luso-Hispanic traders were familiar with soybeans and soybean product through their trade with Far East since at least
1178-418: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Shelby County, Alabama Shelby County is a county located in the central portion of the U.S. state of Alabama . As of the 2020 census the population was 223,024, making it the sixth-most populous county in Alabama. The county seat is Columbiana . Its largest city is Alabaster . The county
1240-702: Is drained either by the Cahaba River , which flows along the northern edge of the county, and then to the southwest, or by the Coosa River , whose valley includes the eastern end of the county. These are both important rivers in Alabama. Much farther south, both the Cahaba River and the Coosa River flow into the Alabama River , and thence to the Gulf of Mexico . To be more precise, the Coosa River and
1302-535: Is high in sugar content. Depending on the soybean variety, node growth may cease once flowering begins. Strains that continue nodal development after flowering are termed " indeterminates " and are best suited to climates with longer growing seasons. Often soybeans drop their leaves before the seeds are fully mature. The fruit is a hairy pod that grows in clusters of three to five, each pod is 3–8 cm (1–3 in) long and usually contains two to four (rarely more) seeds 5–11 mm in diameter. Soybean seeds come in
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#17327647411811364-577: Is named in honor of Isaac Shelby , Governor of Kentucky from 1792 to 1796 and again from 1812 to 1816. Shelby County is included in the Birmingham – Hoover , AL Metropolitan Statistical Area . Shelby County was established on February 7, 1818, and it was named for the Revolutionary War hero and the first Governor of Kentucky , Isaac Shelby . Beginning in 1820, the first county seat was located at Shelbyville. This long defunct settlement
1426-426: Is the first stage of root growth and occurs within the first 48 hours under ideal growing conditions. The first photosynthetic structures, the cotyledons , develop from the hypocotyl , the first plant structure to emerge from the soil. These cotyledons both act as leaves and as a source of nutrients for the immature plant, providing the seedling nutrition for its first 7 to 10 days. The first true leaves develop as
1488-503: Is the worst pest of soybean in the US. Losses of 30% or 40% are common even without symptoms. The corn earworm moth and bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) is a common and destructive pest of soybean growth in Virginia. Soybeans are consumed by whitetail deer which may damage soybean plants through feeding, trampling and bedding, reducing crop yields by as much as 15%. Groundhogs are also
1550-544: The Cerrado region of Brazil into highly productive cropland that could grow profitable soybeans. Human sewage sludge can be used as fertilizer to grow soybeans. Soybeans grown in sewage sludge likely contain elevated concentrations of metals. Soybean plants are vulnerable to a wide range of bacterial diseases , fungal diseases , viral diseases , and parasites. The primary bacterial diseases include bacterial blight , bacterial pustule and downy mildew affecting
1612-522: The Rhizobia group. Cultivation is successful in climates with hot summers, with optimum growing conditions in mean temperatures of 20 to 30 °C (70 to 85 °F); temperatures of below 20 °C (70 °F) and over 40 °C (105 °F) stunt growth significantly. They can grow in a wide range of soils, with optimum growth in moist alluvial soils with good organic content. Soybeans, like most legumes, perform nitrogen fixation by establishing
1674-633: The Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV) causes a disease in soybeans and is transmitted by aphids. Resistant varieties are available. In Indian cultivars, Nataraj et al. 2020 find that anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum truncatum is resisted by a combination of 2 major genes. The vast majority of cultivars in the US have soybean cyst nematode resistance (SCN resistance), but rely on only one breeding line (PI 88788) as their sole source of resistance. (The resistance genes provided by PI 88788, Peking , and PI 90763 were characterized in 1997.) As
1736-543: The Tallapoosa River flow together at Wetumpka, Alabama , to form the Alabama River, and then the Cahaba River is a tributary to that one farther to the west. Waxahatchee Creek , a major tributary of the Coosa River, forms the southeastern portion of the border between Shelby County and Chilton County. As of the 2020 census , there were 223,024 people, 84,241 households, and 60,985 families residing in
1798-786: The United States Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 810 square miles (2,100 km ), of which 785 square miles (2,030 km ) is land and 25 square miles (65 km ) (3.0%) is water. Parts of Shelby County are crossed by the southernmost extensions of the Appalachian Mountains , such as Oak Mountain and Double Oak Mountain. However, large parts of Shelby County are much flatter, giving good land for farms and pastures. Shelby County also has lowlands along two rivers, and one large man-made reservoir , Lay Lake , which also borders Coosa , Talladega and Chilton counties. Most of Shelby County
1860-641: The Voting Rights Act of 1965 as unconstitutional. Shelby County Schools operates public schools in the county. Alabaster City Schools operates the six public schools in Alabaster. In 2014, Pelham began operating their own school system with three schools taken over from the Shelby County School System: Pelham High School, Riverchase Middle School, and Valley Elementary School. On May 5, 2015, ground
1922-608: The 13th century, the soybean had arrived and cultivated in Indonesia; it probably arrived much earlier however, carried by traders or merchants from Southern China. The earliest known reference to it as " tempeh " appeared in 1815 in the Serat Centhini manuscript. The development of tempeh fermented soybean cake probably took place earlier, circa 17th century in Java. By the 1600s, soy sauce spread from southern Japan across
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1984-541: The 17th century through their trade with Far East, soybeans and its products were traded by European traders (Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch) in Asia, and reached Indian Subcontinent by this period. By the 18th century, soybeans were introduced to the Americas and Europe from China. Soy was introduced to Africa from China in the late 19th century, and is now widespread across the continent. The cultivation of soybeans began in
2046-850: The 17th century. However, it was not until the late 19th century that the first attempt to cultivate soybeans in the Iberian peninsula was undertaken. In 1880, the soybean was first cultivated in Portugal in the Botanical Gardens at Coimbra (Crespi 1935). In about 1910 in Spain the first attempts at Soybean cultivation were made by the Count of San Bernardo, who cultivated soybeans on his estates at Almillo (in southwest Spain) about 48 miles east-northeast of Seville. Soybeans were first introduced to North America from China in 1765, by Samuel Bowen ,
2108-471: The Amazon not covered by the moratorium, such as the Cerrado region. Roughly one-fifth of deforestation can be attributed to expanding land use to produce oilseeds, primarily for soy and palm oil , whereas the expansion of beef production accounts for 41%. The main driver of deforestation is the global demand for meat, which in turn requires huge tracts of land to grow feed crops for livestock. Around 80% of
2170-619: The Early Mumun period Okbang site in Korea indicated soybean was cultivated as a food crop in around 1000–900 BC. Soybeans from the Jōmon period in Japan from 3000 BC are also significantly larger than wild varieties. Soybeans were mentioned as kadêlê (modern Indonesian term: kedelai ) in an old Javanese manuscript, Serat Sri Tanjung , which dates to 12th- to 13th-century Java . By
2232-500: The ancient Chinese myth, in 2853 BC, the legendary Emperor Shennong of China proclaimed that five plants were sacred: soybeans, rice, wheat, barley, and millet . Early Chinese records mention that soybeans were a gift from the region of Yangtze River delta and Southeast China. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia claims soybean cultivation originated in China about 5000 years ago. Some scholars suggest that soybean originated in China and
2294-435: The correct strain of bacteria should be mixed with the soybean (or any legume) seed before planting. Modern crop cultivars generally reach a height of around 1 m (3 ft), and take 80–120 days from sowing to harvesting. Soil scientists Edson Lobato (Brazil), Andrew McClung (U.S.), and Alysson Paolinelli (Brazil) were awarded the 2006 World Food Prize for transforming the ecologically biodiverse savannah of
2356-438: The county was 83.0% White, 10.6% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 2.8% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. 5.9% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. The largest self-identified ancestry groups in Shelby County were Of the 74,072 households 34.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.7% were married couples living together, 9.4% had
2418-438: The county. The population density was 283.9 inhabitants per square mile (109.6/km ) There were 89,060 housing units. As of the 2010 census , there were 195,085 people, 74,072 households, and 53,733 families living in the county. The population density was 249 people per square mile (96 people/km ). There were 80,970 housing units at an average density of 103 units per square mile (40 units/km ). The racial makeup of
2480-402: The county. The population density was 180 people per square mile (69 people/km ). There were 59,302 housing units at an average density of 75 units per square mile (29 units/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 89.80% White, 7.40% Black or African American, 0.33% Native American, 1.03% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.71% from other races, and 0.72% from two or more races. 2.03% of
2542-574: The cultivated soybean, G. max , and the wild soybean, treated either as a separate species G. soja , or as the subspecies G. max subsp. soja . The cultivated and wild soybeans are annuals . The wild soybean is native to China , Japan , Korea and Russia . The subgenus Glycine consists of at least 25 wild perennial species: for example, G. canescens and G. tomentella , both found in Australia and Papua New Guinea . Perennial soybean ( Neonotonia wightii ) belongs to
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2604-498: The eastern half of northern China by 2000 BC, but is almost certainly much older. The earliest documented evidence for the use of Glycine of any kind comes from charred plant remains of wild soybean recovered from Jiahu in Henan province China, a Neolithic site occupied between 9000 and 7800 calendar years ago (cal bp). An abundance of archeological charred soybean specimens have been found centered around this region. According to
2666-457: The genus had a sweet root. Based on the sweetness, the Greek word for sweet, glykós , was Latinized. The genus name is not related to the amino acid glycine . Like most plants, soybeans grow in distinct morphological stages as they develop from seeds into fully mature plant. The first stage of growth is germination , a method which first becomes apparent as a seed's radicle emerges. This
2728-592: The global soybean crop is used to feed livestock. Soybeans were a crucial crop in East Asia long before written records began. The origin of soy bean cultivation remains scientifically debated. The closest living relative of the soybean is Glycine soja (previously called G. ussuriensis ), a legume native to central China. There is evidence for soybean domestication between 7000 and 6600 BC in China, between 5000 and 3000 BC in Japan and 1000 BC in Korea. The first unambiguously domesticated, cultigen -sized soybean
2790-518: The hilum is the micropyle , or small opening in the seed coat which can allow the absorption of water for sprouting. Some seeds such as soybeans containing very high levels of protein can undergo desiccation , yet survive and revive after water absorption. A. Carl Leopold began studying this capability at the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research at Cornell University in the mid-1980s. He found soybeans and corn to have
2852-518: The industry has been primarily fueled by large increases in worldwide demand for meat products, particularly in developing countries like China, which alone accounts for more than 60% of imports. In spite of the Amazon "Soy Moratorium", soy production continues to play a significant role in deforestation when its indirect impacts are taken into account, as land used to grow soy continues to increase. This land either comes from pasture land (which increasingly supplants forested areas), or areas outside
2914-426: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. The largest self-reported ancestry groups in Shelby County are: English (16.3%), Irish (13.3%), American (mostly English and Scots-Irish) (11.5%), German (11.0%), Italian (4.2%), Scots-Irish (4.2%) and Scottish (3.9%). Of the 54,631 households 36.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.60% were married couples living together, 8.10% had
2976-585: The region through the Dutch East India Company (VOC). While the origins and history of Soybean cultivation in the Eastern Himalayas is debated, it was potentially introduced from southern China , more specifically Yunnan province. Alternatively, it could have reached here through traders from Indonesia via Myanmar . Northeast India is viewed as a passive micro-centre within the soybean secondary gene centre. Central India
3038-445: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelby_County&oldid=732165073 " Category : United States county name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
3100-414: The soybean plant. The Japanese beetle ( Popillia japonica ) poses a significant threat to agricultural crops, including soybeans, due to its voracious feeding habits. Found commonly in both urban and suburban areas, these beetles are frequently observed in agricultural landscapes where they can cause considerable damage to crops like corn, soybeans, and various fruits. Soybean cyst nematode (SCN)
3162-461: The time the third node appears. Nodulation typically continues for 8 weeks before the symbiotic infection process stabilizes. The final characteristics of a soybean plant are variable, with factors such as genetics, soil quality , and climate affecting its form; however, fully mature soybean plants are generally between 50 and 125 cm (20 and 50 in) in height and have rooting depths between 75 and 150 cm (30 and 60 in). Flowering
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#17327647411813224-487: Was $ 55,440 and the median family income was $ 64,105. Males had a median income of $ 45,798 versus $ 31,242 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 27,176. About 4.60% of families and 6.30% of the population were below the poverty line , including 7.10% of those under age 18 and 8.20% of those age 65 or over. Prior to the early 1980s, the Democratic Party dominated Shelby County politics, although at
3286-424: Was $ 68,380 and the median family income was $ 81,406. Males had a median income of $ 57,405 versus $ 41,692 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 33,978. About 5.4% of families and 7.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 10.3% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 census , there were 143,293 people, 54,631 households, and 40,590 families living in
3348-673: Was also crossed by an early north–south railroad, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad , that connected Louisville , Nashville , Decatur , Birmingham , and Montgomery . With the advent of the automobile and the truck, Shelby County was soon crossed from north to south by U.S. Highway 31 , the major one that followed the same route as the Louisville and Nashville Railroad did. (All odd-numbered U.S. Highways are north–south routes: e.g. U.S. 1, 11, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, and 71, 101, going from East to West) The eastern part of Shelby County
3410-497: Was broken for the construction of Pelham Ridge Elementary School which opened during the 2016–2017 school year. Also that year, Valley Elementary School closed and teachers relocated to Valley Intermediate School, renamed Pelham Oaks Elementary School (now serving kindergarten through fifth grade). 33°15′55″N 86°40′04″W / 33.26528°N 86.66778°W / 33.26528; -86.66778 Soybean The soybean , soy bean , or soya bean ( Glycine max )
3472-489: Was clearly by 2020 —producing SCN populations that are virulent on PI 88788. In 2020, world production of soybeans was over 353 million tonnes, led by Brazil and the United States combined with 66% of the total (table). Production has dramatically increased across the globe since the 1960s, but particularly in South America after a cultivar that grew well in low latitudes was developed in the 1980s. The rapid growth of
3534-564: Was discovered in Korea at the Mumun -period Daundong site. Prior to fermented products such as fermented black soybeans ( douchi ), jiang (Chinese miso), soy sauce , tempeh , nattō , and miso , soy was considered sacred for its beneficial effects in crop rotation , and it was eaten by itself, and as bean curd and soy milk . Soybeans were introduced to Java in Malay Archipelago circa 13th century or probably earlier. By
3596-453: Was domesticated about 3500 BC. Recent research, however, indicates that seeding of wild forms started early (before 5000 BC) in multiple locations throughout East Asia. Soybeans became an important crop by the Zhou dynasty (c. 1046–256 BC) in China. However, the details of where, when, and under what circumstances soybean developed a close relationship with people are poorly understood. Soybean
3658-548: Was introduced into North America in 1765, for the next 155 years, the crop was grown primarily for forage . In 1831, the first soy product "a few dozen India Soy" [sauce] arrived in Canada. Soybeans were probably first cultivated in Canada by 1855, and definitely in 1895 at Ontario Agricultural College . It was not until Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Burr Osborne showed that the nutritional value of soybean seeds could be increased by cooking, moisture or heat, that soy went from
3720-530: Was later crossed by U.S. Highway 231 and U.S. 280 . Decades later, Shelby County was crossed by Interstate Highway 65 . Hence, an important ingredient in the eventual growth of Shelby County has been its ready access to modern systems of transportation. Interstate 65 and U.S. Highway 31 have long provided strong connections between Shelby county and the more populous Jefferson County directly to its north, leading to suburban development in towns such as Pelham , Helena , Alabaster , and Chelsea . According to
3782-575: Was located within the modern city limits of Pelham . The first courthouse was built of logs. The seat was moved to Columbia, now Columbiana , in 1826. Initially housed in an old school building, a new brick courthouse building was completed in 1854. It is now known as the Old Shelby County Courthouse and houses the Shelby County Museum and Archives. The current limestone courthouse was built from 1905 to 1906, at
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#17327647411813844-907: Was unknown in South China before the Han period. From about the first century AD to the Age of Discovery (15–16th centuries), soybeans were introduced into across South and Southeast Asia. This spread was due to the establishment of sea and land trade routes. The earliest Japanese textual reference to the soybean is in the classic Kojiki ( Records of Ancient Matters ), which was completed in AD 712. The oldest preserved soybeans resembling modern varieties in size and shape were found in archaeological sites in Korea dated about 1000 BC. Radiocarbon dating of soybean samples recovered through flotation during excavations at
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