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40-635: The name derives from Evenki shilki 'narrow valley.' It originates as the confluence of the rivers Onon and Ingoda . Its confluence with the Argun on the Russia- China border gives rise to the Amur . The river is navigable for its entire length. The town Sretensk lies on the Shilka. The largest tributaries of the Shilka are, from source to mouth: This Zabaykalsky Krai location article

80-698: A pinyin -like Latin spelling. They published an Evenki–Mongolian–Chinese dictionary ( Kesingge, Cidaltu & Alta 1983 ) with Evenki words spelled in IPA, a pinyin-like orthography, and Mongolian script, as well as a collection of folk songs in IPA and Mongolian script (and Chinese-style numbered musical notation ). The orthographic system developed by Chinese Evenki scholars reflects differences between Evenki and Mongol phonology . It uses both ᠬ and ᠭ (usually romanised from Mongolian as q and ɣ ) for /g/ . The system uses double letters in both Mongolian and Latin to represent most long vowels; however for /ɔː/ ao

120-455: A "pioneer treatise" in the field of Tungusology. The exact internal structure of the Tungusic family is a matter of some debate. Some scholars propose two sub-families: one for Manchu, and another for all the other Tungusic languages, including Evenki. SIL International 's Ethnologue divides Tungusic into two sub-families, Northern and Southern, with Evenki alongside Even and Negidal in

160-469: A "poor ability to speak their mother tongue...". The Evenki language varies considerably among its dialects, which are divided into three large groups: the northern, the southern and the eastern dialects. These are further divided into minor dialects. A written language was created for Evenkis in the Soviet Union in 1931, first using a Latin alphabet , and from 1937 a Cyrillic one. In China, Evenki

200-555: A classical five-vowel system with distinctions between long and short vowels (except in /e/ ) and the addition of a long and short /ə/ , while Nedjalkov claims that there are 13 vowel phonemes. Evenki has a moderately small consonant inventory; there are 18 consonants (21 according to Nedjalkov 1997) in the Evenki language and it lacks glides or semivowels. Below are tables of Evenki consonant phonemes, including those identified by Nedjalkov (1997) in italics. The phoneme ( /β/ ) has

240-413: A given situation is often predictable from the phonetic context, with such allophones being called positional variants , but some allophones occur in free variation . Replacing a sound by another allophone of the same phoneme usually does not change the meaning of a word, but the result may sound non-native or even unintelligible. Native speakers of a given language perceive one phoneme in the language as

280-497: A phoneme must be pronounced using a specific allophone in a specific situation or whether the speaker has the unconscious freedom to choose the allophone that is used. If a specific allophone from a set of allophones that correspond to a phoneme must be selected in a given context, and using a different allophone for a phoneme would cause confusion or make the speaker sound non-native, the allophones are said to be complementary . The allophones then complement each other, and one of them

320-525: A single distinctive sound and are "both unaware of and even shocked by" the allophone variations that are used to pronounce single phonemes. The term "allophone" was coined by Benjamin Lee Whorf circa 1929. In doing so, he is thought to have placed a cornerstone in consolidating early phoneme theory. The term was popularized by George L. Trager and Bernard Bloch in a 1941 paper on English phonology and went on to become part of standard usage within

360-452: A single phoneme. These descriptions are more sequentially broken down in the next section. Peter Ladefoged , a renowned phonetician , clearly explains the consonant allophones of English in a precise list of statements to illustrate the language behavior. Some of these rules apply to all the consonants of English; the first item on the list deals with consonant length, items 2 through 18 apply to only selected groups of consonants, and

400-529: A word-final allophone , [f] , as well as an intervocalic variant, [w] . Likewise, some speakers pronounce intervocalic /s/ as [h] . Speakers of some dialects also alternate /b/ and /β/ . Consonant inventories given by researchers working on dialects in China are largely similar. The differences noted: Chaoke and Kesingge et al. give /h/ instead of /x/ and lack /β/ , /ɣ/ , or /ɲ/ ; furthermore, Kesingge et al. give /dʐ/ instead of /dʒ/ . Below

440-747: Is assimilation , in which a phoneme is to sound more like another phoneme. One example of assimilation is consonant voicing and devoicing , in which voiceless consonants are voiced before and after voiced consonants, and voiced consonants are devoiced before and after voiceless consonants. An allotone is a tonic allophone, such as the neutral tone in Standard Mandarin . There are many allophonic processes in English: lack of plosion, nasal plosion, partial devoicing of sonorants, complete devoicing of sonorants, partial devoicing of obstruents, lengthening and shortening vowels, and retraction. Because

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480-476: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in the Russian Far East is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Evenki language Evenki ( / eɪ ˈ v ɛ ŋ k i / ay- VEN -kee ), formerly known as Tungus , is the largest member of the northern group of Tungusic languages , a group which also includes Even , Negidal , and

520-505: Is a chart of Evenki vowels found among Russian dialects, including those identified by Nedjalkov (1997) in italics. The vowel inventory of the Chinese dialects of Evenki, however, is markedly different (Chaoke, 1995, 2009): Like most Tungusic languages , Evenki employs back-front vowel harmony—suffix vowels are matched to the vowel in the root. However, some vowels – /i, iː, u, uː/ – and certain suffixes no longer adhere to

560-418: Is easily recognizable and carries only one piece of meaning. Evenki pronouns distinguish between singular and plural as well as inclusive and exclusive in the first person. The Evenki language has a rich case system — 13 cases, though there is some variation among dialects — and it is a nominative–accusative language. Evenki differentiates between alienable and inalienable possession: alienable possession marks

600-449: Is not used in a situation in which the usage of another is standard. For complementary allophones, each allophone is used in a specific phonetic context and may be involved in a phonological process. In other cases, the speaker can freely select from free-variant allophones on personal habit or preference, but free-variant allophones are still selected in the specific context, not the other way around. Another example of an allophone

640-416: Is spelled eweŋki , despite Mongolian orthography usually prohibiting the letter combination ŋk . The vowel inventory of this system is also rather different from that of Chaoke (1995, 2009). Du (2007) uses a different version of Latin script, which distinguishes certain vowels and consonants more clearly than the system of Kesingge et al. : Evenki is highly agglutinating and suffixing: Each morpheme

680-442: Is used only inconsistently in printed works, due to typographical limitations. Boldyrev's dictionary uses ң instead. Some editions use the digraph нг. Other sounds found in Evenki but not Russian, such as /dʒ/ , lack devoted letters. Instead д stands in for both /d/ and /dʒ/ ; when the latter pronunciation is intended, it is followed by one of Cyrillic's iotated letters, similar to the way those letters cause palatalization of

720-524: Is written experimentally in the Mongolian script . The language is generally considered endangered . Evenki is a member of the Tungusic family . Its similarity to Manchu , the best-documented member of the family, was noted hundreds of years ago, first by botanist P. S. Pallas in the late 18th century, and then in a more formal linguistic study by M. A. Castren in the mid-19th century, regarded as

760-453: Is written instead of oo . The same scholars' collection of songs has some orthographic differences from the table below; namely, long vowels are occasionally written not just doubled but also with an intervening silent ᠭ ( ɣ ), showing clear orthographic influence from the Mongolian language . In medial and final positions, t is written in the Manchu script form ᡨ . Evenki itself

800-519: The Greek ἄλλος , állos , 'other' and φωνή , phōnē , 'voice, sound') is one of multiple possible spoken sounds – or phones  – used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language. For example, in English, the voiceless plosive [ t ] (as in stop [ˈstɒp] ) and the aspirated form [ tʰ ] (as in top [ˈtʰɒp] ) are allophones for

840-723: The "Imperial History of the National Languages of Liao, Jin, and Yuan" ( Chinese : 欽定遼金元三史國語解 ; pinyin : Qīndìng liáo jīn yuán sān shǐ guóyǔ jiě ) commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor , the Manchu alphabet is used to write Evenki words. Evenki in China is now written in the Latin script and experimentally in the Mongolian script . Evenki scholars made an attempt in the 1980s to create standard written forms for their language, using both Mongolian script and

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880-485: The American structuralist tradition. Whenever a user's speech is vocalized for a given phoneme, it is slightly different from other utterances, even for the same speaker. That has led to some debate over how real and how universal phonemes really are (see phoneme for details). Only some of the variation is significant, by being detectable or perceivable, to speakers. There are two types of allophones, based on whether

920-766: The Evenki alphabet began in the 1920s. In May 1928, researcher G. M. Vasilevich prepared for the Evenk students who studied in Leningrad the Memo to Tungus-vacationers . It was a small textbook duplicated on the glass. It used the Vasilyevich Evenki alphabet on a Latin graphic basis. A year later, she compiled the First Book for Reading in the Tungus Language ( əwənkil dukuwuntin ). This alphabet had

960-708: The Northern sub-family, and the Southern family itself subdivided into Southwestern (among which Manchu) and Southeastern ( Nanai and others). Others propose three or more sub-families, or at the extreme a continuum with Manchu at one end and Evenki at the other. Bulatova enumerated 14 dialects and 50 sub-dialects within Russia, spread over a wide geographical area ranging from the Yenisei River to Sakhalin . These may be divided into three major groups primarily on

1000-419: The allophones is simple to transcribe, in the sense of not requiring diacritics, that representation is chosen for the phoneme. However, there may be several such allophones, or the linguist may prefer greater precision than that allows. In such cases, a common convention is to use the "elsewhere condition" to decide the allophone that stands for the phoneme. The "elsewhere" allophone is the one that remains once

1040-683: The basis of phonology: Evenks in China also speak several dialects. According to Ethnologue , the Hihue or Hoy dialect is considered the standard; Haila'er, Aoluguya (Olguya), Chenba'erhu (Old Bargu), and Morigele (Mergel) dialects also exist. Ethnologue reports these dialects differ significantly from those in Russia. Some works focused on individual Russia dialects include Gortsevskaya 1936 (Barguzin), Andreeva 1988 (Tommot), and Bulatova 1999 (Sakhalin). The Evenki language typically has CV syllables but other structures are possible. Bulatova and Grenoble list Evenki as having 11 possible vowel phonemes;

1080-452: The choice among allophones is seldom under conscious control, few people realize their existence. English-speakers may be unaware of differences between a number of (dialect-dependent) allophones of the phoneme /t/ : In addition, the following allophones of /t/ are found in (at least) some dialects of American(ised) English; However, speakers may become aware of the differences if – for example – they contrast

1120-497: The conditions for the others are described by phonological rules. For example, English has both oral and nasal allophones of its vowels. The pattern is that vowels are nasal only before a nasal consonant in the same syllable; elsewhere, they are oral. Therefore, by the "elsewhere" convention, the oral allophones are considered basic, and nasal vowels in English are considered to be allophones of oral phonemes. In other cases, an allophone may be chosen to represent its phoneme because it

1160-426: The distinction. One may notice the (dialect-dependent) allophones of English /l/ such as the (palatal) alveolar "light" [l] of leaf [ˈliːf] as opposed to the velar alveolar "dark" [ɫ] in feel [ˈfiːɫ] found in the U.S. and Southern England. The difference is much more obvious to a Turkish -speaker, for whom /l/ and /ɫ/ are separate phonemes, than to an English speaker, for whom they are allophones of

1200-508: The following composition: Aa Bb Çç HH Dd Ӡӡ Ee Әә Gg Hh Ii Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Ww Yy ; it also included diacritical marks: a macron to indicate the longitude of the sound and a sub-letter comma to indicate palatalization. In 1930, it was decided to create a written language for the majority of the peoples of the North of the USSR. The Latin alphabet was chosen as its graphic basis. In

1240-401: The last item deals with the quality of a consonant. These descriptive rules are as follows: There are many examples for allophones in languages other than English. Typically, languages with a small phoneme inventory allow for quite a lot of allophonic variation: examples are Hawaiian and Pirahã . Here are some examples (the links of language names go to the specific article or subsection on

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1280-740: The more closely related Oroqen language . The name is sometimes wrongly given as "Evenks". It is spoken by the Evenki or Ewenkī(s) in Russia and China . In certain areas the influences of the Yakut and the Buryat languages are particularly strong. The influence of Russian in general is overwhelming (in 1979, 75.2% of the Evenkis spoke Russian, rising to 92.7% in 2002). Evenki children were forced to learn Russian at Soviet residential schools, and returned with

1320-399: The phenomenon): Since phonemes are abstractions of speech sounds, not the sounds themselves, they have no direct phonetic transcription . When they are realized without much allophonic variation, a simple broad transcription is used. However, when there are complementary allophones of a phoneme, the allophony becomes significant and things then become more complicated. Often, if only one of

1360-497: The phoneme /t/ , while these two are considered to be different phonemes in some languages such as Central Thai . Similarly, in Spanish , [ d ] (as in dolor [doˈloɾ] ) and [ ð ] (as in nada [ˈnaða] ) are allophones for the phoneme /d/ , while these two are considered to be different phonemes in English (as in the difference between dare and there ). The specific allophone selected in

1400-947: The possessor in the nominative case and the possessum in the possessed case , while inalienable possession is marked by personal indices. Below is a table of cases and suffixes in Evenki, following Nedjalkov (1997): LOCDIR:locative-directive case ALLLOC:allative-locative case ACD:accusative case, definite PRO:prolative case INS:instrumental case SEM:semblative case POS:possessed asatkan asatkan 'the girl' e-ja e-ja 'what?' bi I kete-ve much- ACD himmikte-ve cowberry - ACD tevle-che-v gather- PST - 1SG bi kete-ve himmikte-ve tevle-che-v I much-ACD cowberry -ACD gather-PST-1SG 'I gathered much cowberry ' hute-kle-vi child- LOCDIR - REF hute-kle-vi child-LOCDIR-REF 'to/for [her] own child' e:kun-ngi who- GEN e:kun-ngi who-GEN Allophone In phonology , an allophone ( / ˈ æ l ə f oʊ n / ; from

1440-483: The preceding consonant in Russian. However orthographic decisions like these have resulted in some confusion and transfer of Russian phonetics to Evenki among younger speakers. For example, the spellings ди and ды were intended to record [dʒi] and [di] (i.e. the same vowel sound). However, in Russian и and ы are respectively two different vowels, /i/ and /ɨ/ . Long vowels are optionally indicated with macrons. In

1480-461: The pronunciations of the following words: A flame that is held in front of the lips while those words are spoken flickers more for the aspirated nitrate than for the unaspirated night rate. The difference can also be felt by holding the hand in front of the lips. For a Mandarin -speaker, for whom /t/ and /tʰ/ are separate phonemes, the English distinction is much more obvious than for an English-speaker, who has learned since childhood to ignore

1520-432: The rules of vowel harmony. Knowledge of the rules of vowel harmony is fading, as vowel harmony is a complex topic for elementary speakers to grasp, the language is severely endangered (Janhunen), and many speakers are multilingual. Possible syllable structures include V, VC, VCC, CV, CVC, and CVCC. In contrast to dialects in Russia, dialects in China do not have /k/, /ŋ/, or /r/ in word-initial position. The creation of

1560-421: The same year, the project of the Evenki alphabet was proposed by Ya. P. Alcor. This project differed from Vasilevich's alphabet only by the presence of letters for displaying Russian borrowings ( C c, F f, J j, W w, Z z ), as well as using V v instead of W w . After some refinement, the letter Çç was replaced by C c , V v by W w , and the letter Y y was excluded. In May 1931, the Evenki romanized alphabet

1600-566: Was officially approved, and in 1932 regular publishing began on it. The basis of the literary language was laid the most studied Nepsky dialect (north of the Irkutsk region). The official Latinized Evenk alphabet, in which book publishing and schooling were conducted, looked like this: Today, the official writing system in Russia for the Evenki language is the Cyrillic script . The script has one additional letter, ӈ, to indicate /ŋ/ ; it

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