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30-622: Siegmund Salfeld (24 March 1843 – May 1926) was a German rabbi and writer. He was born at Stadthagen , Schaumburg-Lippe . Having received his degree of Ph.D. from the University of Berlin in 1870, he became in the same year rabbi of Dessau, Anhalt . In 1880 he was chosen rabbi of Mainz . He collaborated on Meyers Konversations-Lexikon and the Jewish Encyclopedia . He died in Mainz, aged 83. Stadthagen Stadthagen

60-609: A new text removed from the intended Old Testament setting. The titles of artworks depicting Jewish people, such as Klimt's famous Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer were changed (" The Lady in Gold") to erase their Jewish connection. The heads of the public 'Landessippenämter' (state offices of mores) and in particular the Protestant pastors and the Evangelical Lutheran Church played an important role in

90-641: Is located on the German Timber-Frame Road . Count Adolf III of Holstein created a new settlement at the foot of the Bückeberg around 1224. Its site near the Hellweg route testifies to his strategic and commercial wisdom. After the successful clearances of the Dülwald forest around 1224, a new settlement by the name of indago comitis (the count's enclosure - the same name as The Hague)

120-552: Is one of the most notable examples of an Early Renaissance castle in Lower Saxony. The official entrance was built in 1553 at the then Upper Gate. In 1607 Prince Ernst of Schaumburg moved his residence from Stadthagen to Bückeburg. The year 1609 saw the erection of the count's mausoleum at the back of the St Martini church, a domed heptagon with a famous resurrection group by Adriaen de Vries . The grammar school of 1610

150-458: The Holocaust . Two phases have generally been identified: a first phase in which the theft from Jewish victims was concealed under a veneer of legality, and a second phase, in which property was more openly confiscated. In both cases, Aryanization corresponded to Nazi policy and was defined, supported, and enforced by Germany's legal and financial bureaucracy. Michael Bazyler wrote that

180-433: The " Kristallnacht " pogroms , the pressure of Aryanization was drastically increased. On 12 November 1938, Jews were forbidden to function as business managers, forcing Jewish owners to install "Aryan" surrogates. These people, who were often promoted by the party, first took over the office, and soon thereafter usually the whole business. "Compliant Aryans" ( Gefälligkeitsarier ) were threatened with punishment according to

210-1016: The 50,000 Jewish-owned stores that existed in 1933, only 9,000 remained in 1938." Starting in 1933, through the Aryan paragraph and later the Nuremberg Laws , Jews were largely excluded from public life in Germany. Jews were removed from jobs in the public sector, such as the civil service and teaching, and further restrictions were introduced through the Nazi period. Jewish university faculty were removed from departments in German universities in cities including Hamburg , Berlin , Frankfurt am Main , Breslau , Heidelberg , Bonn , Cologne , Würzburg , and Jena . Later on, an increasing number were incarcerated in Nazi concentration camps , and finally deported to

240-564: The Aryanization process was encouraged by tax incentives, as well as outright confiscation. Hardliners complained that some Jews were able to evade the regulations by transferring their businesses to Romanian owners (only on paper). Although Aryanization was to an extent inspired by similar policies in Germany, the Romanian authorities made the key decisions with regards to the implementation of Aryanization. Aryanization also occurred in

270-586: The Hagemeyer store). During World War II the RAF bombed the city twice at night. Two bombs fell behind city hall, and six bombs parallel to Windmuehlenstrasse. On 9 April 1945 the town was captured without opposition by American troops, and thus escaped war damage. In 1948 Stadthagen became the administrative centre of the newly formed district of Schaumburg-Lippe and in 1977 of the new district of Schaumburg. The population of Stadthagen increased to 23,000 in 1973 due to

300-506: The Holocaust was "both the greatest murder and the greatest theft in history". Between $ 230 and $ 320 billion (in 2005 US dollars) was stolen from Jews across Europe, with hundreds of thousands of businesses Aryanized. Before Hitler came to power, Jews owned 100,000 businesses in Germany. By 1938, boycotts, intimidation, forced sales, and restrictions on professions had largely forced Jews out of economic life. According to Yad Vashem , "Of

330-691: The Italians to be descendants of the Aryan race. In October 1938, it was followed by the Racial Laws in the Kingdom of Italy , which stripped the Jews of Italian citizenship and governmental and professional positions. The aim of these measures was to achieve the "Aryanization" of Italian society by excluding Jews from various areas of economy, education and social life and having to emigrate. In Romania ,

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360-588: The Jewish population caused by Aryanization often stood in the way of its goal – promoting emigration through persecution – because those affected lacked the means to emigrate. They became victims of the Final Solution . Many important businesses were sold and re-sold in the course of the process, some of which (such as the Hertie department store ) played an important role during

390-568: The Nazis claimed that 35,000 French businesses had already been Aryanized. Since the 1990s, there has been considerable research on the subject, and several monographs have been published. Large and small businesses, including art galleries, were transferred to non-Jews. Examples of companies Aryanized in France include Galeries Lafayette . In July 1938, the Manifesto of Race , which declared

420-650: The Regulation against Complicity with the Camouflage of Jewish Firms (22 April 1938). Because the Jews were burdened with heavy payments as "atonement" for the damage done by the SA and antisemitic mobs during Kristallnacht , the selling off of Jewish property was only a question of time. On 3 December 1938, the value of Jewish landed property was frozen at the lowest level, and valuables and jewels were permitted to be sold only through state offices. The impoverishment of

450-586: The Third Reich in the Anschluss on March 12, 1938, Austrian Jews were plundered and thousands of properties seized through Aryanization. Major landmarks owned by Jews, like the Wiener Riesenrad , which had belonged to Eduard Steiner , were Aryanized and their owners murdered. Large and small businesses, from the biggest banks to the smallest family run businesses, were seized from Jews under

480-552: The Upper and Lower Streets in 1825. In 1847 the building of the Hanover–Minden railway line commenced, and the current station was built. In 1864 the first street lighting, in the form of lanterns directed at the street, was installed. There followed gas lighting in 1899 and electric lighting in 1955. At the end of the 19th century work commenced to change the rampart area into a park with trees. The Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe

510-446: The amalgamation with surrounding communities under the local government reform. Subsequently, in 1982, the town's new administrative centre was built on the site of the former town brewery. Between 1980 and 1990 the streets in the town centre were converted to pedestrian zones . Aryanization (Nazism) Aryanization ( German : Arisierung ) was the Nazi term for the seizure of property from Jews and its transfer to non-Jews, and

540-583: The east where they were murdered directly in death camps or shot by the Einsatzgruppen . By 1 January 1938, German Jews were prohibited from operating businesses and trades and offering goods and services. On 26 April 1938, Jews were ordered to report all wealth over 5,000 Reichsmarks , and their access to bank accounts was restricted. On 14 June 1938, the Interior Ministry ordered the registration of all Jewish businesses. The state set

570-514: The final analysis, Aryanization amounted to almost compensation-free confiscation. In the autumn of 1938, only 40,000 of the formerly 100,000 Jewish businesses were still in the hands of their original owners. Aryanization was completed on 12 November 1938 with the enactment of a regulation, the Verordnung zur Ausschaltung der Juden aus dem deutschen Wirtschaftsleben (Regulation for the elimination of Jews from German economic life), through which

600-710: The forced expulsion of Jews from economic life in Nazi Germany , Axis-aligned states , and their occupied territories. It entailed the transfer of Jewish property into " Aryan " or non-Jewish hands. "Aryanization" is, according to Kreutzmüller and Zaltin in Dispossession: Plundering German Jewry, 1933-1953 , "a Nazi slogan that was used to camouflage theft and its political consequences." The process started in 1933 in Nazi Germany with transfers of Jewish property and ended with

630-679: The guise of Aryanisation. The Vugesta Nazi looting organisation played a key role in disposing of assets of plundered Jews. In Vichy France , Aryanization was governed by a July 22, 1941 law of the French state, which was following the October 18, 1940 Nazi ordinance for the occupied zone. Historian Henry Rousso gives the number 10,000 for the Aryanized businesses. In 1942, the Jewish Telegraphc Agency (JTA) reported that

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660-617: The instigator of the disputation. The rabbi refuted all the arguments of Edzard from Jewish Scripture and the Midrash and under full approval of the court declined to answer under oath the question as to which religion was the best: "We condemn no creed based upon the belief in the Creator of heaven and earth. We believe what we have been taught; let the Christians adhere to what they have been taught". The first drains were installed in

690-547: The post-war Wirtschaftswunder years in West Germany . After the war, the Federal Republic of Germany paid some restitution for the material losses. The term Aryanization is sometimes used to refer to eviction of Jewish scientists and people engaged in the cultural sector and in a context of cultural appropriation , for example the Nazi project to provide works such as Handel's Judas Maccabaeus with

720-415: The preparation of Aryanization. They were responsible for Aryan evidence, family and rural farm research, migration movements as well as biographical and local cultural research. In these functions, they were significantly involved as desk clerks and responsible for the ideological propaganda of the Nazi regime in general and the implementation of Nazi racial policy in particular. After Austria merged into

750-471: The remaining businesses were transferred to non-Jewish owners and the proceeds taken by the state. Jewelry, stocks , real property , and other valuables had to be sold. Either by direct force, government interventions such as sudden tax claims, or the weight of the circumstances, Jewish property changed hands mostly below fair market value. Jewish employees were fired, and self-employed people were prohibited from working in their respective professions. After

780-459: The sales value of Jewish firms at a fraction of their market worth, and used various pressure tactics to ensure sales only to desired persons. Among the largest "Aryanization profiteers" were IG Farben , the Flick family , and large banks. The proceeds from "Aryanized" firms had to be deposited in savings accounts, and were made available to their Jewish depositors only in limited amounts, so that in

810-581: The tower at the Cattle Market, a small tower at the Castle, and sections of the town wall. In 1501 coal mining began nearby, and lasted until 1961. In 1559 the resident Count Otto IV introduced the Lutheran denomination. His predecessor Count Adolf XI had commissioned the current castle from architect Jörg Unkair of Tübingen. It was built between 1534 and 1538 on the site of the previous castle, and

840-535: Was elevated to the status of a university in 1620, although this soon moved to Rinteln. About 1700, at the ducal court of Hanover, in the presence of the duke , the dowager duchess , the princes, clergy, and all the distinguished personages of the city, Landesrabbiner Joseph Stadthagen (born in Metz about 1645, died in Stadthagen in 1715), disputed against the conversionist purposes of Eliezer Edzard, who had been

870-450: Was first recorded in 1244 when it was described as a city and fort . In 1287 the town changed its name to Grevenalveshagen (Count Adolf's enclosure) and it finally acquired its current name of Stadthagen in 1378. Further highlights of the town's early history are the acquisition of the town seal in 1320 and the bestowal of the privileges of a town in 1344. Around 1400 stone fortifications were erected. The surviving remnants of these include

900-478: Was founded after the end of the monarchy in 1918. As in many German towns, on 9 November 1938, the " Kristallnacht ", the Nazis burnt down the synagogue of the Jewish community in the Lower Street, which had been built in 1857. Immediately afterwards, Jewish citizens were excluded from public life and society. Thus the store of Elias Lion was " aryanised " after numerous boycotts and taken over by Thomas (today

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