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75-634: The Sierra Nevada Logging Museum tells the history of loggers and logging-related industries in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California – from the discovery of gold in 1848 and California Gold Rush to the present day. The geographic scope of the Museum encompasses the 18 counties of the Sierra Nevada range, from Lassen County in the North to Kern County in the South. The Sierra Nevada Logging Museum

150-418: A bicycle chain , but without rollers ) features small, sharp, cutting teeth. Each tooth takes the form of a folded tab of chromium-plated steel with a sharp angular or curved corner and two beveled cutting edges, one on the top plate and one on the side plate. Left-handed and right-handed teeth are alternated in the chain. Chains are made in varying pitch and gauge; the pitch of a chain is defined as half of

225-491: A corduroy road . One such street in Seattle was named Skid Road. This street later became frequented by people down on their luck, and both the name and its meaning morphed into the modern term. Among the living history museums that preserve and interpret the forest industry are: Tomczik (2008) has investigated the lifestyle of lumberjacks from 1840 to 1940, using records from mostly Maine and Minnesota logging camps. In

300-444: A hiking trail all the way around White Pines Lake, passing the site of the old Blagen Sawmill and its log pond . 38°15′57″N 120°20′39″W  /  38.26587°N 120.34417°W  / 38.26587; -120.34417 Lumberjack Lumberjack is a mostly North American term for workers in the logging industry who perform the initial harvesting and transport of trees. The term usually refers to loggers in

375-507: A skidder or forwarder can pull, carry, or shovel the logs. Cable systems "cars" can pull logs to the landing. Logs can also be flown to the landing by helicopter. Logs are commonly transported to the sawmill using trucks. Harvesting methods may include clear cutting or selective cutting . Concerns over the environmental impact have led to controversy about modern logging practices. In certain areas of forest loggers re-plant their crop for future generations. A Wall Street Journal survey on

450-537: A two-stroke single-cylinder gasoline (petrol) internal combustion engine (usually with a cylinder volume of 30 to 120 cm ) or an electric motor driven by a battery or electric power cord. In a petrol chainsaw, fuel is generally supplied to the engine by a carburetor at the intake. Two-stroke engines have been preferred for chainsaws due to their higher power-to-weight ratio and simplicity. Hydraulic power may be used for chainsaws for underwater use. To allow use in any orientation, modern gas chainsaws use

525-473: A 1930s-era logging camp family cabin , and touch-screen displays of logging sights and sounds are highlights of the museum. Interpretive trails guide visitors to historic artifacts: a Willamette Steam donkey that first operated in Tuolumne County, a "two-man" sawmill, a 1920 Shay logging locomotive (under restoration), several enormous logging arches, three caterpillar tractors from the 1930s,

600-464: A cut is complete. The chainsaw operator may be trapped or crushed. Similarly, timber falling in an unplanned direction may harm the operator or other workers, or an operator working at a height may fall or be injured by falling timber. Like other hand-held machinery, the operation of chainsaws can cause vibration white finger , tinnitus , or industrial deafness . These symptoms were very common before vibration dampening using rubber or steel spring

675-519: A decaying splash dam exists near the Old Roach site as well. There, tie hacks attempted to float logs down to the Laramie River for the annual spring tie drives, and the splash dam was used to collect winter snow-melt to increase the water flow for the tie drive. Modern technology changed the job of the modern logger considerably. Although the basic task of harvesting trees is still the same,

750-443: A diaphragm carburetor, which draws fuel from the tank using the alternating pressure differential within the crankcase. Early engines used carburetors with gravity fed float chambers , which caused the engine to stall when tilted. The carburetor may need to be adjusted to maintain an appropriate idle speed and air-fuel ratio , such as when moving to a higher/lower altitude or as the air filter clogs. Carburetors are adjusted either by

825-474: A drum. On this drum sits either a fixed sprocket or an exchangeable one. The clutch has three jobs: When the engine runs idle (typically 2500–2700 rpm) the chain does not move. When the clutch is engaged and the chain stops in the wood for another reason, it protects the engine. Most importantly, it protects the operator in case of a kickback. Here, the chain brake stops the drum, and the clutch releases immediately. A guide bar, typically an elongated bar with

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900-406: A drying-yard lumber carrier, a historic Adams horse-drawn grader used for road clearing in the woods, and many others. The 7 acres (28,000 m) location is for recreational as well as educational use. An amphitheater , picnic tables, and barbecue pits in the forest and along the lakefront. From the museum, easy walking trails lead to swimming, boating and fishing at White Pines Park, and to

975-432: A floating log while "rolling" the log by walking, was another skill much in demand among lumberjacks. Spiked boots known as "caulks" or "corks" were used for log rolling and often worn by lumberjacks as their regular footwear. The term " skid row ", which today means a poor city neighbourhood frequented by homeless people, derives from a way harvested logs were once transported. Logs would be "skidded" down hills or along

1050-515: A guide frame was granted to Samuel J. Bens of San Francisco on January 17, 1905, his intent being to fell giant redwoods. The first portable chainsaw was developed and patented in 1918 by Canadian millwright James Shand. After he allowed his rights to lapse in 1930, his invention was further developed by what became the German company Festo in 1933. The company, now operating as Festool , produces portable power tools. Other important contributors to

1125-445: A metropolitan-heterosexual man who values appearances, apparel and aesthetics. Unlike the metrosexual, the lumbersexual is a man who adopted the stylistic traits of outdoor gear, namely a beard , plaid shirt, and work boots, in urban environments. Media reports show lumbersexuals adorned by neck and sleeve tattoos. Whereas commentators discussed whether the lumbersexual is an attempt to "reclaim masculinity", researchers show that

1200-535: A migratory life, following timber harvesting jobs as they opened. Being a lumberjack was seasonal work. Lumberjacks were exclusively men. They usually lived in bunkhouses or tents. Common equipment included the axe and cross-cut saw . Lumberjacks could be found wherever there were vast forests to be harvested and a demand for wood, most likely in Scandinavia, Canada, and parts of the United States. In

1275-686: A mountainside with no regard for what is in the way. In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has resources dedicated for logging safety, and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has identified logging as a priority area of safety research under the National Occupational Research Agenda . The sport of Loggersports grew out of competitions in lumber camps aimed at determining

1350-464: A period of industrial development and modernization in urban areas, logging remained a traditional business in which the workers exhibited pride in their craft, masculinity, and closely-guarded individualism. Their camps were a bastion of the traditional workplace, as they intentionally defied modern rationalized management. At the peak in 1906 there were 500,000 lumberjacks. Logging camps were located in isolated areas that provided room and board as well as

1425-411: A round end of wear-resistant alloy steel typically 40 to 90 cm (16 to 36 in) in length, is used. An edge slot guides the cutting chain. Specialized, loop-style bars, called bow bars, were also used at one time for bucking logs and clearing brush, although they are now rarely encountered due to increased hazards of operation. All guide bars have some elements for operation: The lower part of

1500-472: A smaller wound and protect the adjacent muscles, nerves, and veins. While symphysiotomy had too many complications for most obstetricians, Jeffray's ideas about the excision of the ends of bones became more accepted, especially after the widespread adoption of anaesthetics. For much of the 19th century the chainsaw was a useful surgical instrument, but it was superseded in 1894 by the Gigli twisted-wire saw , which

1575-480: A tall tree in the landing area of the logging site, he would chop off limbs as he climbed, chop off the top of the tree, then attach pulleys and rigging to the tree for the yarder. High climbers and whistle punks began to be phased out in the 1960s to early 1970s when portable steel towers began to replace spar trees and radio equipment supplemented whistles for communication. The choker setters attached steel cables (or chokers) to downed logs so they could be dragged into

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1650-562: A variety of events. Lumberjack Tours - United States There are also lumberjack shows which tour the United States, demonstrating traditional logging practices to the general public. The annual Lumberjack World Championships have been held in Hayward, Wisconsin since 1960. Over 12,000 visitors come to the event each year in late July to watch men and women compete in 21 different events, including log rolling, chopping, timed hot (power) and bucksaw cutting, and tree climbing . In 2014,

1725-762: A wheeled power unit to drive the cutting bar. After World War II, improvements in aluminum and engine design lightened chainsaws to the point where one person could carry them. In some areas, the chainsaw and skidder crews have been replaced by the feller buncher and harvester . Chainsaws have almost entirely replaced simple man-powered saws in forestry. They are made in many sizes, from small electric saws intended for home and garden use, to large "lumberjack" saws. Members of military engineer units are trained to use chainsaws, as are firefighters to fight forest fires and to ventilate structure fires. Three main types of chainsaw sharpeners are used: handheld file, electric chainsaw, and bar-mounted. The first electric chainsaw

1800-538: A workplace. There were usually few women present other than the wives of cooks and foremen. Men earned praise for their skill, competitiveness, and aggression. When not at work, they played rough games, told tall tales , and built up their reputations by consuming large amounts of food . By 1940, the business was undergoing major changes, as access roads and automobiles ended residential logging camps, chain saws replaced crosscut saws, and managers installed industrial methods of logging. A specialty form of logging involving

1875-399: Is a common source of damage to chainsaws, and tends to lead to rapid wear of the bar, or the chain seizing or coming off the bar. In addition to being quite thick, chain oil is particularly sticky (due to " tackifier " additives) to reduce the amount thrown off the chain. Although motor oil is a common emergency substitute, it is lost even faster, so leaves the chain under-lubricated. The oil

1950-532: Is a portable handheld power saw that cuts with a set of teeth attached to a rotating chain driven along a guide bar. Modern chainsaws are typically gasoline or electric and are used in activities such as tree felling , limbing , bucking , pruning , cutting firebreaks in wildland fire suppression , harvesting of firewood , for use in chainsaw art and chainsaw mills , for cutting concrete, and cutting ice. Precursors to modern chainsaws were first used in surgery, with patents for wood chainsaws beginning in

2025-411: Is adjusted so that it neither binds on nor comes loose from the guide bar. The tensioner for doing so is either operated by turning a screw or a manual wheel. The tensioner is either in a lateral position underneath the exhaust or integrated into the clutch cover. Lateral tensioners have the advantage that the clutch cover is easier to mount, but the disadvantage that it is more difficult to reach nearby

2100-615: Is located in the community of White Pines on a 7-acre (28,000 m) site, originally occupied by the historic logging and mill workers' camp of the Blagen Lumber Company, which operated from 1938 to 1962. The museum is in a 2,400-square-foot (220 m) building, on a forested slope above White Pines Lake (elevation 4,000 feet). It has an indoor exhibit space, as well as outdoor exhibits of large logging equipment and artifacts. Museum exhibits highlight economic, technological, social, and cultural contributions made throughout

2175-430: Is normally lubricated for life. Most modern gasoline-operated saws today require a fuel mix of 2% (1:50). Gasoline that contains ethanol can result in problems for the equipment because ethanol dissolves plastic, rubber, and other material. This leads to problems, especially on older equipment. A workaround for this problem is to run fresh fuel only and run the saw dry at the end of the work. Separate chain oil or bar oil

2250-515: Is pumped from a small pump to a hole in the bar. From there, the lower ends of each chain drive link take a portion of the oil into the gauge towards the bar nose. The pump outlet and bar hole must be aligned. Since the bar is moving out and inwards depending on the chain length, the oil outlet on the saw side has a banana-style long shape. Chains must be kept sharp to perform well. They become blunt rapidly if they touch soil, metal, or stones. When blunt, they tend to produce powdery sawdust, rather than

2325-407: Is pumped, typically each tank filling to keep the nose sprocket well lubricated. Here, one or two bolts from the saw run through. The clutch cover is put on top of the bar and it is secured through these bolts. The number of bolts is determined by the size of the saw. Different bar types are available: Usually, each segment in a chain (which is constructed from riveted metal sections similar to

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2400-459: Is used for the lubrication of the bar and chain on all types of chainsaws. The chain oil is depleted quickly because it tends to be thrown off by chain centrifugal force , and it is soaked up by sawdust. On two-stroke chainsaws, the chain oil reservoir is usually filled up at the same time as refueling. The reservoir is normally large enough to provide sufficient chain oil between refueling. Lack of chain oil, or using an oil of incorrect viscosity ,

2475-792: The American Lumberjack . He often wrote colourfully about lumberjacks in his subsequent books, romanticizing them as hard-drinking, hard-working men. Logging camps were slowly phased out between World War II and the early 1960s as crews could by then be transported to remote logging sites in motor vehicles. Despite the common perception that all loggers cut trees, the actual felling and bucking of trees were specialized job positions done by fallers and buckers. Faller and bucker were once two separate job titles, but they are now combined. The natural division of labour in lumber camps led to other specialized jobs on logging crews, such as whistle punk, high climber, and chaser. The whistle punk's job

2550-592: The U.S., many lumberjacks were of Scandinavian ancestry, continuing the family tradition. American lumberjacks were first centred in north-eastern states such as Maine. They then followed the general westward migration on the continent to the Upper Midwest , and finally the Pacific Northwest . Stewart Holbrook documented the emergence and westward migration of the classic American lumberjack in his first book, Holy Old Mackinaw: A Natural History of

2625-401: The bar. Tensioners through the clutch cover are easier to operate, but the clutch cover is more difficult to attach. When turning the screw, a hook in a bar hole moves the bar either out (tensioning) or in, making the chain loose. Tension is right when it can be moved easily by hand and not hanging loose from the bar. When tensioning, hold the bar nose up and pull the bar nuts tight. Otherwise,

2700-474: The best jobs in the United States ended by listing being a logger as the "worst" 3D's job, citing "work instability, poor income, and pure danger ". According to a Wall St. review studying the 71 most dangerous jobs, the most dangerous job was identified as that of logging workers in 2020. Lumberjacks and loggers have one of the most dangerous jobs in the United States. The constant danger of being around heavy equipment and chainsaws in unsafe areas maximizes

2775-629: The best woodcutters. Today, these competitions are used to acknowledge the rich history of forestry and logging and to keep traditions alive. STIHL Timbersports Series - Worldwide The STIHL Timbersports Series was founded in 1985, and brings competitors from across the world to compete in six woodsman or wood chopping competitions. The events are broadcast worldwide on a variety of networks, including ESPN, ABC, and Eurosport. Squamish Days Loggers Sports - Canada In Canada , Squamish Days Loggers Sports in Squamish, British Columbia , attracts

2850-404: The chain breaks during operation due to poor maintenance or attempting to cut inappropriate materials. Gasoline-powered chainsaws expose operators to harmful carbon monoxide gas, especially indoors or in partially enclosed outdoor areas. Drop starting, or turning on a chainsaw by dropping it with one hand while pulling the starting cord with the other, is a safety violation in most states in

2925-422: The chain might derail. The underside of each link features a small, metal finger called a "drive link", which locates the chain on the bar, helps to carry lubricating oil around the bar, and engages with the engine's drive sprocket inside the body of the saw. The engine drives the chain around the track by a centrifugal clutch, engaging the chain as engine speed increases under power, but allowing it to stop as

3000-447: The chain runs in the gauge. Here, the lubrication oil is pulled by the chain to the nose. This is basically the thickness of the drive links. The end of the saw power head has two oil holes, one on each side. These holes must match with the outlet of the oil pump. The pump sends the oil through the hole in the lower part of the gauge. Saw bar producers provide a large variety of bars matching different saws. Through this hole, grease

3075-494: The danger. Proper protective equipment consists of eye protection, head protection, ear protection , long sleeves, chaps (if working with a chainsaw), and steel toe boots. When entering this profession, it is emphasized to be on one's toes because individuals are responsible for their own safety to guard against many uncontrollable hazards in the timber. For example, the weather can cause a dangerous situation quicker than one may realize. Additionally, logs and trees often plummet down

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3150-457: The edges set at an angle; the chain was moved around a guiding blade by turning the handle of a sprocket wheel. As the name implies, this was used to cut bone. One of the earliest patents for an "endless chain saw" comprising a chain of links carrying saw teeth was granted to Frederick L. Magaw of Flatlands, New York in 1883, apparently for the purpose of producing boards by stretching the chain between grooved drums. A later patent incorporating

3225-480: The engine speed slows to idle speed. Consistent improvement to overall chainsaw design, including adding safety features , has taken place over the years. These include chain-brake systems, better chain design, and lighter, more ergonomic saws, including fatigue-reducing antivibration systems. As chainsaw carving has become more popular, manufacturers are making special short, narrow-tipped bars (called "quarter-tipped" "nickel-tipped", or "dime-tipped" bars, based on

3300-445: The era before 1945 in the United States, when trees were felled using hand tools and dragged by oxen to rivers. The work was difficult, dangerous, intermittent, low-paying, and involved living in primitive conditions. However, the men built a traditional culture that celebrated strength, masculinity , confrontation with danger, and resistance to modernization. The term lumberjack is of Canadian derivation. The first attested use of

3375-413: The existing machinery was steam powered. Animal or steam-powered skidders could be used to haul harvested logs to nearby rail roads for shipment to sawmills . Horse driven logging wheels were a means used for moving logs out of the woods. Another way for transporting logs to sawmills was to float them down a body of water or a specially-constructed log flume . Log rolling , the art of staying on top of

3450-617: The felling of trees for the production of railroad ties was known as tie hacking. These lumberjacks, called tie hacks, used saws to fell trees and cut to length, and a broad-axe to flatten two or all four sides of the log to create railroad ties. Later, portable saw mills were used to cut and shape ties. Tie hacking was an important form of logging in Wyoming and northern Colorado and the remains of tie hacking camps can be found on National Forest land. The remains of flumes can be seen near Dubois, Wyoming , and Old Roach , Colorado. In addition,

3525-687: The finest competitors to its weekend festival in August each year. The event has entertainers such as Johnny Cash , who, in 1991, performed at the 5,000-seat Loggers Sports grounds during his Roadshow tour. The Woodsmen's Days - New York, United States The Woodsmen's Days events at Tupper Lake, New York commemorate the lumberjack with logging competitions and demonstrations during mid-July. Many colleges have woodsmen teams or forestry clubs who compete regionally, nationally, and internationally. The Association of Southern Forestry Clubs, for example, sponsors an annual Forestry Conclave with 250 contestants and

3600-755: The forerunner of Pioneer Saws Ltd and part of Outboard Marine Corporation , the oldest manufacturer of chainsaws in North America. In 1944, Claude Poulan was supervising German prisoners cutting pulpwood in East Texas. Poulan used an old truck fender and fashioned it into a curved piece used to guide the chain. The "bow guide" now allowed the chainsaw to be used by a single operator. McCulloch in North America started to produce chainsaws in 1948. The early models were heavy, two-person devices with long bars. Often, chainsaws were so heavy that they had wheels like dragsaws . Other outfits used driven lines from

3675-415: The help of another lumberjack and a crosscut saw, as opposed to the modern chainsaw. The most famous depiction of a lumberjack in folklore is Paul Bunyan . Several towns claim to have been Paul Bunyan's home and have constructed statues of Bunyan and his blue ox "Babe". Known for their many exploits, many real life loggers have become renowned for their extraordinary strength, intuition, and knowledge of

3750-413: The idea of a saw "with joints like the chain of a watch" independently very soon after Park's original 1782 publication, but that he was not able to have it produced until 1790, after which it was used in the anatomy lab and occasionally lent out to surgeons. Park and Moreau described successful excision of diseased joints, particularly the knee and elbow, and Jeffray explained that the chainsaw would allow

3825-406: The landing by the yarder, and still do today. The chasers remove the chokers once the logs are at the landing. Choker setters and chasers are often entry-level positions on logging crews, with more experienced loggers seeking to move up to more skill-intensive positions such as yarder operator or supervisory positions such as hook tender. Before the era of modern diesel or gasoline powered equipment,

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3900-469: The large forces involved in the work, from the fast-moving, sharp chain, or the vibration and noise of the machinery. A common accident arises from "kickback" when a chain tooth at the tip of the guide bar catches on wood without cutting through it. This throws the bar (with its moving chain) in an upward arc toward the operator, which can cause serious injury or even death. Another dangerous situation occurs when heavy timber begins to fall or shift before

3975-557: The late 19th century. A chainsaw comprises an engine, a drive mechanism, a guide bar, a cutting chain, a tensioning mechanism, and safety features. Various safety practices and working techniques are used with chainsaws. The origin of chainsaws in surgery is debated. A "flexible saw", consisting of a fine serrated link chain held between two wooden handles, was pioneered in the late 18th century ( c.  1783 –1785) by two Scottish doctors, John Aitken and James Jeffray , for symphysiotomy and excision of diseased bone, respectively. It

4050-422: The length spanned by any three consecutive rivets (e.g., 8 mm, 0.325 inch), while the gauge is the thickness of the drive link where it fits into the guide bar (e.g., 1.5 mm, 0.05 inch). The conventional "full complement" chain has one tooth for every two drive links. "Full skip" chain has one tooth for every three drive links. Built into each tooth is a depth gauge or "raker", which rides ahead of

4125-407: The longer, clean shavings characteristic of a sharp chain; a sharp saw also needs very little force from the operator to push it into the cut. Specially-hardened chains (made with tungsten carbide ) are used for applications where the soil is likely to contaminate the cut, such as for cutting through roots . A clear sign of a blunt chain is the vibrations of the saw. A sharp chain pulls itself into

4200-402: The machinery and tasks are no longer the same. Many of the old job specialties on logging crews are now obsolete. Chainsaws, harvesters , and feller bunchers are now used to cut or fell trees. The tree is turned into logs by removing the limbs (delimbing) and cutting it into logs of optimal length (bucking). The felled tree or logs are moved from the stump to the landing. Ground vehicles such as

4275-524: The modern chainsaw are Joseph Buford Cox and Andreas Stihl ; the latter patented and developed an electric chainsaw for use on bucking sites in 1926 and a gasoline-powered chainsaw in 1929, and founded a company to mass-produce them. In 1927, Emil Lerp , the founder of Dolmar , developed the world's first gasoline-powered chainsaw and mass-produced them. World War II interrupted the supply of German chainsaws to North America, so new manufacturers sprang up, including Industrial Engineering Ltd (IEL) in 1939,

4350-661: The most common type, but they faced competition from cordless lithium battery powered chainsaws from the late 2010s onwards. Although most cordless chainsaws are small and suitable only for hedge trimming and tree surgery , Husqvarna and Stihl began manufacturing full size chainsaws for cutting logs during the early 2020s. Battery powered chainsaws should eventually see increased market share in California due to state restrictions planned to take effect in 2024 on gas powered gardening equipment. A chainsaw consists of several parts: Chainsaw engines are traditionally either

4425-405: The operator or, in some saws, automatically by an electronic control unit . To prevent vibration induced injury and reduce user fatigue, saws generally have an anti-vibration system to physically decouple the handles from the engine and bar. This is achieved by constructing the saw in two pieces, connected by springs or rubber in the same way an automobile suspension isolates the chassis from

4500-403: The region by loggers and the logging industry. Interior displays include working models of sawmills and logging camps, historic logging photos, dioramas illustrating the evolution of logging from the 1850s to the present day, and a large collection of logging tools such as handsaws , drag saws and chainsaws , peaveys and canthooks , broadaxes and felling axes . Also, a full-size scene of

4575-509: The regional woodhick of Pennsylvania, United States. In Australia, the occupation is referred to as timber cutter or cool cutters. A logger employed in driving logs down a river was known locally in northern North America as a river pig , river hog , river rat , or catty-man . The term lumberjill has been used for a woman lumberjack; for example, in Britain during World War II. Lumberjacks worked in lumber camps and often lived

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4650-414: The salutary restraint of laws." The term lumberjack is primarily historical, and of colloquial contemporary usage; logger is commonly used by workers in the 21st century. When lumberjack is used, it usually refers to a logger from an earlier time before the advent of chainsaws , feller-bunchers and other modern logging equipment. Other terms for the occupation include woodcutter , shanty boy and

4725-417: The size of their tips). Some chainsaws are built specifically for carving applications. Echo sponsors a carving series. Today's chainsaws have multiple safety features to protect the operator. These include: ‹The template How-to is being considered for merging .›   Two-stroke chainsaws require about 2–5% of oil in the fuel to lubricate the engine, while the motor in electrical chain-saws

4800-469: The term " lumbersexual " emerged in online culture due to an observation that outdoor gear was used because of its aesthetics, not function. Whereas similar terms such as "the Urban Woodsman" existed since 2012, the term "lumbersexual" became popular in fashion magazines and online outlets during 2015 and 2016. The term "lumbersexual" is a near antonymous play on the earlier " metrosexual ",

4875-544: The term combining its two components comes from an 1831 letter to the Cobourg, Ontario , Star and General Advertiser in the following passage: "my misfortunes have been brought upon me chiefly by an incorrigible, though perhaps useful, race of mortals called lumberjacks, whom, however, I would name the Cossacks of Upper Canada , who, having been reared among the oaks and pines of the wild forest, have never been subjected to

4950-490: The term is a media representation that very few people actually use for self identification. In popular culture , the stereotypical lumberjack is a strong, burly, usually bearded man who lives to brave the natural environment . He is depicted as wearing suspenders , a long-sleeved plaid flannel shirt, and heavy spiked caulk boots , and is often characterized as having a voracious appetite, especially for flapjacks . He works by cutting down trees with either an axe or with

5025-411: The tooth and limits the depth of cut, typically to around 0.5 mm (0.025"). Depth gauges are critical to safe chain operation. If left too high, they cause very slow cutting; if filed too low, the chain becomes more prone to kick back. Low depth gauges also cause the saw to vibrate excessively. Vibration is uncomfortable for the operator and is detrimental to the saw. The tension of the cutting chain

5100-482: The wheels and road. In cold weather, carburetor icing can occur, so many saws have a vent between the cylinders and carburetor which may be opened to allow hot air to pass. Cold temperature can also contribute to vibration-induced injury, and some saws have a small alternator connected to resistive heating elements in the handles and/or carburetor. Typically, a centrifugal clutch and sprocket are used. The centrifugal clutch expands with increasing speed, engaging

5175-485: The wood without pressing on the saw. Since the air intake filter tends to clog up with sawdust, it must be cleaned from time to time but is not a problem during normal operation. Protective clothing is designed to protect operators in the event of a moving chain touching their clothing by snarling the chain and sprocket, by using special synthetic fibers woven into the garment. Despite safety features and protective clothing, injuries can still arise from chainsaw use, from

5250-639: The woods. Men such as Jigger Johnson , the Maine woodsman who supposedly kicked knots off frozen logs barefooted, and Joseph Montferrand (better known as Big Joe Mufferaw ), the French-Canadian known for his physical prowess and desire to protect the French-speaking logger, have been celebrated as folk heroes throughout North America , and have contributed to the myths of the lumberjack. Chainsaw A chainsaw (or chain saw )

5325-491: Was illustrated in the second edition of Aitken's Principles of Midwifery, or Puerperal Medicine (1785) in the context of a pelviotomy . In 1806, Jeffray published Cases of the Excision of Carious Joints , which collected a paper previously published by H. Park in 1782 and a translation of an 1803 paper by French physician P. F. Moreau, with additional observations by Park and Jeffray. In it, Jeffray reported having conceived

5400-520: Was introduced. Heated handles are additional help. Newer, lighter, and easier to wield cordless electric chainsaws use brushless motors, which further decrease noise and vibration compared to traditional petroleum-powered models. The risks associated with chainsaw use mean that protective clothing such as chainsaw boots , chaps, and hearing protectors are normally worn while operating them, and many jurisdictions require that operators be certified or licensed to work with chainsaws. Injury can also result if

5475-415: Was invented by Stihl in 1926. Corded chainsaws became available for sale to the public from the 1960s onwards, but these were never as successful commercially as the older gas-powered type due to limited range, dependency upon the presence of an electrical socket , plus the health and safety risk of the blade's proximity to the cable. For most of the early 21st century petrol driven chainsaws remained

5550-415: Was substantially cheaper to manufacture, and gave a quicker, narrower cut, without risk of breaking and being entrapped in the bone. A precursor of the chainsaw familiar today in the timber industry was another medical instrument developed around 1830, by German precision mechanic and orthopaedist Bernhard Heine . This instrument, the osteotome , had links of a chain carrying small cutting teeth with

5625-463: Was to sound a whistle (usually at the Steam donkey ) as a signal to the yarder operator controlling the movement of logs. He also had to act as a safety lookout. A good whistle punk had to be alert and think fast as others' safety depended on him. The high climber (also known as a tree topper) established a spar tree so logs could be skidded into the landing. Using tree climbing gaffs and rope to ascend

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