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59-638: The city was created on 21 June 2001 by separation from Bengkayang Regency . It is bordered to the east and south by Bengkayang Regency, to the west by the South China Sea, and to the north by Sambas Regency . It covers an area of 504 km and had a population of 186,462 at the 2010 Census and 235,064 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 246,112 (comprising 125,788 males and 120,324 females). Singkawang ( in chinese : 山口洋 ) name came from one of chinese language ( Hakka language)The word "San" (山) which means Mountain and Forest,

118-451: A tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy rainfall year-round. 1°04′09″N 109°39′50″E  /  1.0691°N 109.6639°E  / 1.0691; 109.6639 Dayak people The Dayak ( / ˈ d aɪ . ə k / ; older spelling : Dajak ) or Dyak or Dayuh are one of the native groups of Borneo . It is a loose term for over 200 riverine and hill-dwelling ethnic groups, located principally in

177-453: A major cultural influence. Some of the beads only being used for ritualistic practices and are worn during such ceremonies. While heirloom beads (known as pesaka) are regarded as an important family heirloom and oftentimes being inherited from one generation to another. Metalworking is elaborately developed in making mandaus (machetes – parang in Malay and Indonesian). The blade

236-420: A majority of these foreign clients to pay an amount exceedingly more than what is requested by the brokers and most payments are at an average of 30 million rupiahs (about US$ 2,250). Contracts are often drawn between the brokers and the clients. It is a fact that each contract includes a time period clause and most of these marriages are contractually bound for 2 to 4 years, some for even shorter periods of time. It

295-596: A noble ( kamang ) dies. Due to the institutionalization of Kaharingan beliefs in Indonesia, Kaharingan practices in Kalimantan have been recently codified and remolded into more organized religion, such as with codification of Panaturan as scripture of Kaharingan in 1971, creation of official Kaharingan body Hindu Kaharingan Religion Council ( Majelis Agama Hindu Kaharingan ) in 1980, and standarization of its house of worship buildings called Balai Basarah . Over

354-521: A peace resolution. In the meeting that is reputed to take several months, the Dayak people throughout the Kalimantan agreed to end the headhunting tradition as it believed the tradition caused conflict and tension between various Dayak groups. The meeting ended with a peace resolution by the Dayak people. Subsequently, the headhunting began to surface again in the mid-1940s, when the Allied powers encouraged

413-600: A river that flows from upstream to downstream and empties into the mouth of the river (estuary). Coincidentally or not, the name San Khew Jong given by the Hakka Chinese immigrants has the same sound and meaning as the name Sakawokng, which was first named by the Salako Dayak ancestors. This shows that there has been a well-established interaction since time immemorial between the Chinese Hakka community and

472-626: A slightly chewy translucent skin and is steamed to perfection. There are also have several Malay food such as Bubur Paddas (Malay's spicy porridge ), Pedak (fermented shrimp paste ) and Nasi Lemak . Kopi tiam (咖啡店; local coffee shop) with strong bitter robusta coffee can be found every where. Peaceful and safe feeling for everyone makes Singkawang to be one of the cities with lively night. One may enjoy various food in Pasar Hongkong from porridge, kwetiau, fried rice, nasi lemak, rujak (fruit & vegetables salad), cakes coffee stall. And

531-877: A unifying term for Dayaks in Kalimantan. In Malaysia , the term Dayak generally reserves as an almost exclusively reference to the natives of Sarawak , namely Iban (previously referred as Sea Dayaks) and Bidayuh (known as Land Dayak in the past). Dayaks do not speak just one language. Their indigenous languages belong to different subgroups of the Malayo-Polynesian languages , such as Land Dayak , Malayic , Sabahan , and Barito languages. Nowadays most Dayaks are bilingual, in addition to their native language, are well-versed in Indonesian and Malay , depending on their country of origin. Many of Borneo's languages are endemic (which means they are spoken nowhere else). This cultural and linguistic diversity parallels

590-468: Is Hakka people (locally called as "Hakka-nyin" who speak Guangdong -Hakka dialect). The other major group of Chinese descent is Chaozhou People which is better known as Teochew. The rest are Malay , Dayak , Javanese , and other ethnicities. The total population was 235,064 at the 2020 Census. Religion in Singkawang (2022) The distribution of the religion practically follows the distribution of

649-483: Is also common for these relationships to not be legally bound marriages. Indonesian police actively arrest the offender of mail order bride. Bengkayang Regency Bengkayang Regency ( Chinese : 孟嘉影 ) is a regency (" kabupaten ") in West Kalimantan Province of Indonesia , (on the island of Borneo ). The area was originally a part of Sambas Regency , but following the expansion of

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708-510: Is famous in West Kalimantan, also Kembang Tahu (腐皮; silky smooth tofu with sugar gravy) is very popular in this city. Singkawang is also famous for its cakes. The variety of cakes is surprising and available from early morning till midnight. Choi Pan (菜粄:Steamed vegetable dumplings) is one of the many special traditional Chinese delicacies. Believed to be of Hakka origin, it consists mainly of fragrantly stir-fried yam bean wrapped in

767-506: Is in the town of Bengkayang. Bengkayang is in northern West Kalimantan, sharing a border with Sarawak in Malaysia . With arable land and favourable relief, the agricultural sector is the main economic source. Bengkayang is also rich in natural resources. Bengkayang is still lagging in term of economic development, but there is a hope that providing local autonomy will catalyze development. A water processing plant has been developed, so

826-407: Is made of softer iron, to prevent breakage, with a narrow strip of a harder iron wedged into a slot in the cutting edge for sharpness in a process called ngamboh (iron-smithing). In headhunting, it was necessary to be able to draw the parang quickly. For this purpose, the mandau is fairly short, which also better serves the purpose of trail cutting in dense forests. It is holstered with

885-745: Is not due to the similarities in the theological system, but because Kaharingan is the oldest belief in Kalimantan. Unlike the development in Indonesian Kalimantan, Kaharingan is not used as a religious designation in Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore, thus the traditional Dayak belief system is categorized as a form of folk animism or paganism outside of the Indonesian border. The practice of Kaharingan differs from group to group, but shamans, specialists in ecstatic flight to other spheres, are central to Dayak religion and serve to bring together

944-442: Is not standard Indonesian, but has some Malay influence on vocabulary as Malay is the closest language to Indonesian and the Singkawang people have for years been accustomed to Malay. At present there is no airport at Singkawang, and served by Supadio International Airport . It is connected by road, can be reached by bus or taxi from Pontianak covering a distance of 150 km. It is also connected by road to Kuching in Malaysia via

1003-546: The Ngaju people . They have adopted a positive attitude towards the label "Dayak" and self-identify as Muslim Dayaks . Historically, most of the Dayak people are swidden cultivators who supplement their incomes by seeking forest products, both for subsistence (ferns, medicinal plants, fibers, and timber) and for sale; by fishing and hunting and by periodic wage labor. Presently, many modern-day Dayaks are also actively engaged in many contemporary economic activities, especially in

1062-778: The Royal Scots or the Gurkha soldiers. The Sarawak Rangers were absorbed into the British Army as the Far East Land Forces which could be deployed anywhere in the world but upon the formation of Malaysia in 1963, it formed the basis of the present-day Royal Ranger Regiment . While in Indonesia, Tjilik Riwut was remembered as he led the first airborne operation by the Indonesian National Armed Forces on 17 October 1947. The team

1121-423: The central and southern interior of Borneo , each with its own dialect, customs, laws, territory, and culture, although common distinguishing traits are readily identifiable. The Dayak were animist ( Kaharingan and Folk Hindus) in belief; however, since the 19th century there has been mass conversion to Christianity as well as Islam due to the spreading of Abrahamic religions. It is commonly assumed that

1180-464: The urban areas of Borneo. In the Indonesian archipelago , toplessness was the norm among the Dayak people, Javanese , and Balinese people of Indonesia before the introduction of Islam and contact with Western cultures. In Javanese and Balinese societies, women worked or rested comfortably topless. Among the Dayak, only big-breasted women or married women with sagging breasts covered their breasts because they interfered with their work. With

1239-586: The 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (a total of 122 rural desa and 2 urban kelurahan - the latter both in Bengkayang District), and its post code. Note: (a) includes coastal part of mainland Kalimantan as well as 12 offshore islands. (b) comprising 2 kelurahan (Sebalo and Bumi Emas) and 4 desa . Bengkayang has

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1298-475: The 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the number of urban villages ( kelurahan ) in each district, and its post codes. Note: (a) including offshore island of Pulau Simping . Singkawang has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round. Most of the population are of Chinese descent (around 42% of whole population). The largest group of Chinese descent

1357-457: The 8th century and that Candi Agung, one of the archeological sites where Nan Sarunai's age was derived, was not built by Nan Sarunai according to Hikayat Banjar and was instead built by the polity established by the invader, ( Negara Dipa ) in the 14th century. If the radiocarbon results are correct, the ownership of the older site of which Candi Agung was built by Nan Sarunai is also debatable as they did not leave written records. In Indonesia,

1416-506: The Aruk/Biawak border and Sambas. A toll road to Pontianak is under consideration. A new international airport , which will serve Singkawang and become an alternative for Pontianak airport, is under construction. It will be built in two phases, out of which the first phase is expected to be completed by the end of 2024. Places of interest around the city are: There have been allegations of human trafficking in Singkawang, based upon

1475-831: The Dayak indigenous religion has been given the name Kaharingan and may be said to be a form of animism . In 1945, during the Japanese occupation , the Japanese referred to Kaharingan as the religion of the Dayak people. During the New Order in the Suharto regime in 1980, the Kaharingan is registered as a form of Hinduism in Indonesia , as the Indonesian state only recognises 6 forms of religion i.e. Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism respectively. The integration of Kaharingan with Hinduism

1534-794: The Dayaks were feared for their ancient tradition of headhunting practices (the ritual is also known as Ngayau by the Dayaks). Among the most prominent legacies during the colonial rule in the Dutch Borneo (present-day Kalimantan) is the Tumbang Anoi Agreement held in 1894 in Damang Batu, Central Kalimantan (the seat of the Kahayan Dayaks ). It is a formal meeting that gathered all the Dayak tribes in Kalimantan for

1593-635: The Dutch and Germans, with James Brooke preferring to use the term Dayak for only two distinct groups, the Land (Bidayuh) and Sea Dayaks (Iban). The Dutch classification from the 19th century has since continued in Indonesia as a catch-all term for indigenous, often non-Muslim tribes on the island until today. The term gained traction in the early 1900s among rising middle class and intellectual figures (such as Hausman Baboe ) from those tribes and being used as

1652-604: The Muslim faith is equated with Malayisation (Indonesian/Malay: masuk Melayu ), i.e. assimilation into the broader Malay ethnicity . There are, however, several Dayak sub-ethnicities (mainly in Central Kalimantan ) that predominantly adhere to Islam, but self-identify as Dayaks. These include e.g. the Bakumpai people , who converted to Islam in the 19th century, but still have strong linguistic and cultural ties to

1711-565: The Sakawokng area through small rivers in the Sado (Sedau) area. At first, the Singkawang area was still a vast wilderness filled with swamps. Due to its geographical location, the Hakka Chinese immigrants named this area in Hakka as "San Khew Jong" (山口洋) . These three syllables really describe the geographical location of Singkawang which is surrounded by mountains and adjacent to the sea and has

1770-591: The administrative centre of Sambas Regency was moved back to Sambas from the city on 15 July. The city was formed as an autonomous city on 21 June 2001 by separation from Bengkayang Regency. Prior to decentralization in which time during Singkawang as an administrative city within Sambas Regency before it established as a independent city in 2001, the city had three administrative districts, Roban, Pasiran and Tujuhbelas. These three districts were previously part of undivided Singkawang district until 1981. In 2003,

1829-429: The ancient bead cultures of Borneo with the introduction of colourful glass beads . These early beads are usually small, in basic colours of red, yellow, white, turquoise, and black. These were followed by multicolored beads around the 1500s-1600s. Traditional beadworks have occupied a pivotal status in various Dayak communities. In many Dayak cultures, beads are not solely regarded as ornamental objects, but they are

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1888-438: The availability of shirts, toplessness was abandoned. In many Dayak societies, a tattoo is regarded as a sacred creation that consolidates together the images of humans, flora, and fauna into a single body art. The tattoo is used as a spiritual expression of life, to unify the living, the spiritual powers, and the universe. Traditionally, there are various reasons why a Dayak man or woman would choose body art. For some, it

1947-522: The city. They still practice their culture in any ceremony or official events, from weddings to funeral ceremonies. The culture is seen as the closest to the original tradition of Chinese people (mostly refers to Hakka ), making Singkawang known as the Indonesian Chinatown. Because over 70% of the population of this city is of Chinese Indonesian descent, most people in this city speak Chinese (Hakka). And Singkawang people use Indonesian as

2006-408: The cutting edge facing upwards and at that side, there is an upward protrusion on the handle, so it can be drawn very quickly with the side of the hand without having to reach over and grasp the handle first. The hand can then grasp the handle while it is being drawn. The combination of these three factors (short, cutting edge up, and protrusion) makes for an extremely fast drawing-action. In the past,

2065-492: The districts later reorganized by splitting the Tujuhbelas district into three new districts (East Singkawang and North Singkawang, while Tujuhbelas district renamed as South Singkawang), while residual districts of Roban and Pasiran were renamed as Central Singkawang and West Singkawang, respectively. The city is divided into five administrative districts ( kecamatan ), listed below with their areas and their populations at

2124-444: The districts of that regency into seven. In 2002, three new districts were established ( Monterado district was split off from the western part of Samalantan district, Teriak district was split off from the eastern part of Bengkayang district, and Suti Semarang district was split off from the western part of Ledo district), increasing the districts into 10. In 2004, another four new districts were established ( Capkala district

2183-411: The ethnic groups; the largest groups are Islam followed by Buddhism , Catholic , Protestant and Confucianism . Chinese food especially Hakka style dominates the food stalls or small restaurants, but Teochew style is also available. Minang style food can also be found here. Unique food like Rujak Ju Hie (鱿鱼炒; rojak with dried squid) is one of delicacies in Singkawang. Tofu (bean curd) Singkawang

2242-501: The high biodiversity and related traditional knowledge of Borneo. It is estimated that around 170 languages and dialects are spoken on the island and some by just a few hundred people, thus posing a serious risk to the future of those languages and related heritage. In 1954, Tjilik Riwut classified the various Dayak groups into 18 tribes throughout the island of Borneo, with 403 sub-tribes according to their respective native languages, customs, and cultures. However, he did not specify

2301-399: The indigenous Dayak Salako Sakawokng, especially in terms of language and culture. Singkawang was previously used to be as the administrative centre of Sambas Regency under the status of Singkawang district. On 12 December 1981, Singkawang became administrative city within that regency. On 27 April 1999, when Bengkayang Regency was established, Singkawang became part of that regency, while

2360-417: The initial stage, her ears will be pierced by an earring, so that the hisang (a special heavy silver or bronze earring) can be worn on her ears. A new hisang will gradually added with age. After a woman is married, her hisang potentially be up to 20 pieces per-ear. As the hisang was sourced from precious and expansive metals like silver and bronze, it can signify her status , wealth, and social standing within

2419-695: The last two centuries, many Dayaks have converted to Christianity, making them the majority of Christians in Borneo, abandoning certain cultural rites and traditional practices in the process. Christianity was introduced by European missionaries in Borneo by Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft (later followed up by the Basler Mission ). Religious differences between Muslim and Christian natives of Borneo have led, at various times, to communal tensions. Relations, however between all religious groups are generally good. Traditionally, in many parts of Borneo, embracing

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2478-475: The name of the sub-tribes in his publication: Ngaju Ma'anyan Lawangan Dusun 53 8 21 8 Kenyah Kayan Bahau 24 10 26 Iban 11 Klemantan Ketungau 47 40 Basap Punan Ot 20 24 5 Idaan / Dusun Murut Tidung 6 10 28 Ot Danum 61 Religion of Dayak People in Indonesia The existence of this kingdom

2537-467: The name originates from the Bruneian and Melanau word for "interior people", without any reference to an exact ethnic group. The term was adopted by Dutch and German authors as an umbrella term for any non-Muslim natives of Borneo. Thus, historically, the difference between Dayaks and non-Dayaks natives could be understood as a religious distinction. English writers disapproved the classification made by

2596-413: The people residing in the longhouse are governed by the customs and traditions of the longhouse. Based on the archeological records in Borneo, it was discovered that the early inhabitants of the island had used organic materials to make simple beads . The beads were originally sourced from stones, bones, teeth, and shells. When the foreign traders arrived between the 8th-9th century, they further enhanced

2655-501: The population can enjoy access to clean water. When Bengkayang Regency was established, it originally composed into 10 districts (including three districts from administrative city of Singkawang), with the most recent at that time was Jagoi Babang , which was split off from the northern part of Seluas district in 1996 when the regency is still part of Sambas Regency. On 21 June 2001, Singkawang officially established as an autonomous city by splitting off from Bengkayang Regency, reducing

2714-485: The population in that area, Sambas Regency was divided into a smaller Sambas Regency and a new Bengkayang Regency on 20 April 1999, and then Singkawang City was subsequently cut out of Bengkayang Regency on 21 June 2001. The regency now covers an area of 5,382.74 km , and had a population of 215,277 at the 2010 Census and 286,366 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 298,979 (comprising 155,140 males and 143,860 females). The administrative centre

2773-588: The practice against the Japanese occupation of Borneo. It also slightly surged in the late 1960s when the Indonesian government encouraged Dayaks to purge the Chinese from interior Kalimantan who were suspected of supporting communism in mainland China, and in a period of high tension between Madurese emigrants and Dayak during the Sambas and Sampit conflicts around the turn of the century. The Dayak soldiers or trackers are regarded as equivalent in bravery to

2832-643: The prices of the food are surprisingly cheap. Local people enjoy the night with their friends discussing the local hottest issues, singing, or playing cards. Besides being well known as the City of Thousands Temples, as there are many small and large temples in any part of the Singkawang region, Singkawang is also known as one of the Indonesian Chinatowns since the majority of the population is of Chinese descent, consisting of mostly Hakka and some other sub-group of Han Chinese. Theye reside in all areas in

2891-417: The primary language not only in conversation or trading, but they also use their own mother tongue. As Singkawang consists of three major ethnic groups, Chinese , Malays and Dayak , Hakka people , almost all of the Singkawang people use either Indonesian or Hakka Chinese for conversation; even some members of other ethnic groups use it, too. The Indonesian used in Singkawang commonly for daily conversation

2950-427: The societal architectural expression. This large building, sometimes exceeding 200 meters in length, may be divided into independent household apartments. The building is also equipped with communal areas for cooking, ceremonies, socializing, and blacksmithing. The superstructure is not solely about architecture and design. It is a part of the Dayak traditional political entity and administrative system. Thus, culturally

3009-470: The society. Thus, the longer her earlobes, the more important she is to the community. Presently, the practice of having stretched earlobes is almost limited to the elderly, as the practice of applying hisang amongst newborn babies has been rare since the 1960s. In the traditional Dayak society, the long house or Lamin House , is regarded as the heart of the community, it functions as the village, as well as

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3068-399: The town's mail order bride illegal business. Most of the men who travel to Singkawang looking for young women to marry are from Taiwan , Mainland China , or Singapore . These men arrive and get in touch with brokers, these brokers then approach families with suitably aged daughters and generally offers these parents about 6 million rupiahs (about US$ 450) for each girl. It is most normal for

3127-483: The various realms of Heaven (Upper-world) and earth, and even Under-world, for example healing the sick by retrieving their souls which are journeying on their way to the Upper-world land of the dead, accompanying and protecting the soul of a dead person on the way to their proper place in the Upper-world, presiding over annual renewal and agricultural regeneration festivals, etc. Death rituals are most elaborate when

3186-437: The word "Khew" (口) which means the mouth of the river, and the word "Jong" (洋) which means the sea. The miners and traders who came mostly from China, before they headed towards Monterado, first rested in Singkawang, while gold miners from Monterado often rested in Singkawang to remove their tiredness, while Singkawang also served as the transit point for the transportation of gold dust. At that time, they called Singkawang with

3245-629: The word Sakawokng (Salakko Dayak language) , which means a very wide swampy swamp area located on the beach. Dayak Salako are part of the soldiers and intelligence of the Sultanate of Sambas which was given territorial territory in Binua Sarauntung Sakawokng. Basically the Salako Dayak tribe has long inhabited the Sakawokng area before it became a bustling trading area. The Hakka Chinese who came from South China, who were mostly farmers, traders, and gold miners at that time entered

3304-501: Was based on several carved tombstones and the Dayak folk song Usak Jawa which is thought to refer to the Majapahit conquest of Nan Sarunai in the 13th to 14th centuries. It was suspected by archeologists from radiocarbon dating to exist since as early as 200 BC, several centuries earlier than the verified oldest kingdom in the archipelago, Kutai Kingdom. This is however disputed by historians, citing another result which yields date in

3363-420: Was cut out from the eastern part of Sungai Raya district, Sungai Betung district was cut out from the western part of Bengkayang district, Lumar district was cut out from the southern part of Ledo district, and Siding district was split off from the western part of Jagoi Babang district), increasing the number into 14 districts. In 2006, three more districts were established ( Sungai Raya Kepulauan district

3422-419: Was split off from the northern part of Sungai Raya district, Lembah Bawang district was split off from the northern part of Samalantan district, and Tujuh Belas district was re-established by splitting off from the eastern part of Sanggau Ledo district), increasing it into 17 districts. The regency is divided into seventeen districts ( kecamatan ), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at

3481-419: Was used to mark a person's ethnic origin and rank the society. For others, the tattoo served as an act of devotion, as a demonstration of skills, to commemorate a special occasion in life, or as a symbol for the rite of passage . Amongst several Dayak groups in the past, long female earlobes are regarded as a symbol of beauty. The elongation process usually begins when the child is about 4 years old. During

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