Misplaced Pages

#274725

61-527: Due to its primary usage in isolated regions where communication is limited to the local area, Hakka has developed numerous varieties or dialects , spoken in different provinces, such as Guangdong , Guangxi , Hainan , Fujian , Sichuan , Hunan , Jiangxi , Guizhou , as well as in Taiwan , Singapore , Malaysia , Thailand and Indonesia . Hakka is not mutually intelligible with Yue , Wu , Min , Mandarin or other branches of Chinese, and itself contains

122-677: A shang tone). In Taiwan , there are two main dialects: Sixian and Hailu (alternatively known as Haifeng; Hailu refers to Haifeng County and Lufeng County ). Most Hakka speakers in Taiwan can trace their ancestry to these two regions. Sixian speakers come from Jiaying Prefecture, mainly from the four counties of Chengxiang (now Meixian District ), Zhengping (now Jiaoling ), Xingning and Pingyuan . Most dialects of Taiwanese Hakka , except Sixian and Dabu, preserved postalveolar consonants ( [tʃ] , [tʃʰ] , [ʃ] and [ʒ] ), which are uncommon in other southern Chinese varieties. Ethnologue reports

183-402: A standard variety , some lect that is selected and promoted prescriptively by either quasi-legal authorities or other social institutions, such as schools or media. Standard varieties are accorded more sociolinguistic prestige than other, nonstandard lects and are generally thought of as "correct" by speakers of the language. Since the selection is an arbitrary standard , standard forms are

244-402: A variety , also known as a lect or an isolect , is a specific form of a language or language cluster . This may include languages , dialects , registers , styles , or other forms of language, as well as a standard variety . The use of the word variety to refer to the different forms avoids the use of the term language , which many people associate only with the standard language, and

305-724: A Hakka Chinese radio break which broadcasts to the southeast coast of Mainland China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific and Japan. On Radio The Greater Bay(大灣區之聲) , Sihai Kejia Channel has also joined. In 2023, The Learning Power(學習強國) Platform under the supervision of the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party had added automatic broadcasting in Hakka Chinese. Variety (linguistics) In sociolinguistics ,

366-414: A few mutually unintelligible varieties. It is most closely related to Gan and is sometimes classified as a variety of Gan, with a few northern Hakka varieties even being partially mutually intelligible with southern Gan. There is also a possibility that the similarities are just a result of shared areal features . Taiwan designates Hakka as one of its national languages , thus regarding the language as

427-760: A history of contact, and Hakka language has entered the She language in large numbers. The name of the Hakka people who are the predominant original native speakers of the variety literally means "guest families" or "guest people": Hak (Mandarin: kè ) means "guest", and ka (Mandarin: jiā ) means "family". Among themselves, Hakka people variously called their language Hak-ka-fa ( -va ), Kak-ka-fa ( -va ), Hak-fa ( -va ), Kak-fa ( -va ), Tu-gong-dung-fa ( -va ), literally "Native Guangdong language", and Ngai-fa ( -va ), "My/our language". In Tonggu County , Jiangxi province, people call their language Huai-yuan-fa . It

488-401: A particular region is called a regional dialect (regiolect, geolect ); some regional varieties are called regionalects or topolects, especially to discuss varieties of Chinese . In addition, there are varieties associated with particular ethnic groups (sometimes called ethnolects ), socioeconomic classes (sometimes called sociolects ), or other social or cultural groups. Dialectology is

549-553: A significant number of distinctively Min words that may be traced back to proto-Min. In some cases a semantic shift has occurred in Min or the rest of Chinese: Norman and Mei Tsu-lin have suggested an Austroasiatic origin for some Min words: However, Norman and Mei Tsu-lin's suggestion is rejected by Laurent Sagart (2008), with some linguists arguing that the Austroasiatic predecessor of the modern Vietnamese language originated in

610-587: A similar process has not taken place. For Hokkien, competing systems exist. Given that Min combines the Chinese of several different periods and contains some non-Chinese substrate vocabulary, an author literate in Mandarin (or even Classical Chinese) may have trouble finding the appropriate Chinese characters for some Min vocabulary. In the case of Taiwanese , there are also indigenous words borrowed from Formosan languages (particularly for place names), as well as

671-435: A single language. Variation at the level of the lexicon , such as slang and argot , is often considered in relation to particular styles or levels of formality (also called registers ), but such uses are sometimes discussed as varieties as well. O'Grady et al. define dialect : "A regional or social variety of a language characterized by its own phonological , syntactic , and lexical properties." A variety spoken in

SECTION 10

#1732765071275

732-425: A specific community". More recently, sociolinguists have adopted the concept of the community of practice , a group of people who develop shared knowledge and shared norms of interaction, as the social group within which dialects develop and change. Sociolinguists Penelope Eckert and Sally McConnell-Ginet explain: "Some communities of practice may develop more distinctive ways of speaking than others. Thus, it

793-685: A subject for its study and preservation. Pronunciation differences exist between the Taiwanese Hakka dialects and mainland China's Hakka dialects; even in Taiwan, two major local varieties of Hakka exist. The Meixian dialect (Moiyen) of northeast Guangdong in mainland China has been taken as the "standard" dialect by the government of mainland China. The Guangdong Provincial Education Department created an official romanization of Moiyen in 1960, one of four languages receiving this status in Guangdong. The She ethnic group and Hakka people have

854-511: A substantial number of loan words from Japanese . The Min ( Hokkien , Teochew , Hainanese , Luichow , Hinghwa , Hokchew , Hokchia , Haklau / Hai Lok Hong ) spoken in Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia has borrowed heavily from Malay (or Indonesian for Indonesia) and, to a lesser extent, from Singaporean or Malaysian English and other languages. Meanwhile, the Hokkien spoken in

915-528: Is Hokkien , a variety of Southern Min which has its origin in southern Fujian. Amoy Hokkien is the prestige dialect of Hokkien in Fujian, while a majority of Taiwanese speak a dialect called Taiwanese Hokkien or simply Taiwanese. The majority of Chinese Singaporeans , Chinese Malaysians , Chinese Filipinos , Chinese Indonesians , Chinese Thais , Chinese Cambodians are of Southern Min-speaking background (particularly Hokkien and/or Teochew ), although

976-755: Is a broad group of Sinitic languages with about 70 million native speakers. These languages are spoken in Fujian province as well as by the descendants of Min-speaking colonists on the Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan and by the assimilated natives of Chaoshan , parts of Zhongshan , three counties in southern Wenzhou , the Zhoushan archipelago , Taiwan and scattered in pockets or sporadically across Hong Kong , Macau , and several countries in Southeast Asia , particularly Singapore , Malaysia ,

1037-516: Is called Kienning Colloquial Romanized (Gṳ̿ing-nǎing Lô̤-mǎ-cī ), for Hainanese it is called Bǽh-oe-tu (BOT). These systems were developed by British , Irish , Danish , and American Protestant Christian missionaries over the course of the 19th century. In 2006, Tâi-lô ( Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn ) which was derived from Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) was officially promoted by Taiwan 's Ministry of Education (MOE). Some publications use mixed writing, with mostly Chinese characters but using

1098-482: Is commonly believed that Hakka people have their origins in several episodes of migration from northern China into southern China during periods of war and civil unrest dating back as far as the end of Western Jin . The forebears of the Hakka came from present-day Central Plains provinces of Henan and Shaanxi , and brought with them features of Chinese varieties spoken in those areas during that time. (Since then,

1159-428: Is defined as "the language use typical of an individual person". An individual's idiolect may be affected by contact with various regional or social dialects, professional registers and, in the case of multilinguals , various languages. For scholars who view language from the perspective of linguistic competence , essentially the knowledge of language and grammar that exists in the mind of an individual language user,

1220-619: Is general social acceptance that gives us a workable arbitrary standard, not any inherent superiority of the characteristics it specifies." Sociolinguists generally recognize the standard variety of a language as one of the dialects of that language. In some cases, an authoritative regulatory body , such as the Académie Française , maintains and codifies the usage norms for a standard variety. More often, though, standards are understood in an implicit, practice-based way. Writing about Standard English, John Algeo suggests that

1281-514: Is that adapting Chinese characters to write Min requires a substantial effort to choose characters for a significant portion of the vocabulary. Other approaches to writing Min rely on romanization or phonetic systems such as Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols or historically during Japanese rule over Taiwan , Taiwanese kana was also used for Taiwanese Hokkien in some Taiwanese-Japanese dictionaries made during that time. Since 1987, Taiwanese Hangul also exists for Taiwanese Hokkien. Some Min speakers use

SECTION 20

#1732765071275

1342-477: Is within communities of practice that linguistic influence may spread within and among speech communities." The words dialect and accent are often used synonymously in everyday speech, but linguists define the two terms differently. Accent generally refers to differences in pronunciation , especially those that are associated with geographic or social differences, whereas dialect refers to differences in grammar and vocabulary as well. Many languages have

1403-602: The Hong Kong dialect lacks the [-u-] medial, so whereas the Meixian dialect pronounces the character 光 as [kwɔŋ˦] , the Hong Kong Hakka dialect pronounces it as [kɔŋ˧] , which is similar to the Hakka spoken in neighbouring Shenzhen . Tones also vary across the dialects of Hakka. The majority of Hakka dialects have six tones. However, there are dialects which have lost all of their checked tones ( rusheng ), and

1464-571: The Latin alphabet to represent words that cannot easily be represented by Chinese characters. In Taiwan, a mix of Chinese characters and Latin letters written in Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) or Tâi-lô has recently been practised. In Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia, some also occasionally write Hokkien and/or Teochew using Latin letters via ad-hoc means using the writer's knowledge of

1525-619: The Philippines , Indonesia , Thailand , Myanmar , Cambodia , Vietnam , Brunei . The name is derived from the Min River in Fujian, which is also the abbreviated name of Fujian Province. Min varieties are not mutually intelligible with one another nor with any other variety of Chinese (such as Mandarin , Cantonese , Wu , Gan , Xiang , or Hakka ). There are many Min speakers among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia . The most widely spoken variety of Min outside of mainland China

1586-463: The Song Dynasty . In Hakka and southern Gan, Sagart (2002) identifies a non-Chinese substratum that is possibly Hmong-Mien , an archaic layer, and a more recent Late Middle Chinese layer. Lexical connections between Hakka, Kra-Dai, and Hmong-Mien have also been suggested by Deng (1999). Due to the migration of its speakers, Hakka may have been influenced by other language areas through which

1647-657: The South China Sea . Most subsequent migration from north to south China passed through the valleys of the Xiang and Gan rivers to the west, so that Min varieties have experienced less northern influence than other southern groups. As a result, whereas most varieties of Chinese can be treated as derived from Middle Chinese —the language described by rhyme dictionaries such as the Qieyun (601 AD)—Min varieties contain traces of older distinctions. Linguists estimate that

1708-512: The Sui – Tang dynasties. The Min languages are believed to have a significant linguistic substrate from the languages of the inhabitants of the region before its sinicization . The Min homeland of Fujian was opened to Han Chinese settlement by the defeat of the Minyue state by the armies of Emperor Wu of Han in 110 BC. The area features rugged mountainous terrain, with short rivers that flow into

1769-403: The "correct" varieties only in the sense that they are tacitly valued by higher socio-economic strata and promoted by public influencers on matters of language use , such as writers, publishers, critics, language teachers, and self-appointed language guardians. As Ralph Harold Fasold puts it, "The standard language may not even be the best possible constellation of linguistic features available. It

1830-479: The Church Romanization ( simplified Chinese : 教会罗马字 ; traditional Chinese : 教會羅馬字 ; pinyin : Jiàohuì Luómǎzì ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Kàu-hoē Lô-má-jī ). For Hokkien the romanization is called Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ), for Fuzhounese it is called Foochow Romanized ( Bàng-uâ-cê , BUC), for Putian dialect it is called Hinghwa Romanized ( Hing-hua̍ Báⁿ-uā-ci̍ ), for Jian'ou dialect it

1891-907: The Hainan dialects have complex tone sandhi systems. Although they have far fewer speakers, the inland varieties show much greater variation than the coastal ones. Pan and colleagues divided the inland varieties into two groups: The Language Atlas of China (1987) included a further group: Although coastal varieties can be derived from a proto-language with four series of stops or affricates at each point of articulation (e.g. /t/ , /tʰ/ , /d/ , and /dʱ/ ), inland varieties contain traces of two further series, which Norman termed "softened stops" due to their reflexes in some varieties. Inland varieties use pronouns and negatives cognate with those in Hakka and Yue . Inland varieties have little or no tone sandhi. Most Min vocabulary corresponds directly to cognates in other Chinese varieties, but there are also

Hakka Chinese - Misplaced Pages Continue

1952-605: The Hakka-speaking forebears migrated. For instance, common vocabulary is found in Hakka, Min , and the She (Hmong–Mien) languages. Today, most She people in Fujian and Zhejiang speak She , which is closely related to Hakka. A regular pattern of sound change can generally be detected in Hakka, as in most Chinese varieties, of the derivation of phonemes from earlier forms of Chinese. Some examples: Hakka has as many regional dialects as there are counties with Hakka speakers as

2013-604: The Meixian government. On April 10th, 1950, the Voice of Hakka(客家之聲) started broadcasting. It broadcast nine hours of Hakka Chinese programs every day through shortwave radio and online radio, targeting countries and regions where Hakka people gather, such as Japan, Indonesia, Mauritius, Reunion Island, Australia, Hong Kong and Taiwan. In 1988, Meizhou Television Station(梅州電視臺) was founded. In 1994, Hakka Public Channel , also known as Meizhou TV-2 had started broadcasting. Hakka Chinese began to appear in television programs. In 2021, it

2074-520: The Philippines has also borrowed a few terms from Spanish , Tagalog ( Filipino ), and English over the recent centuries. In Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien , spoken in Kelantan state of Malaysia to Pattani province of Thailand , a mix of Southern Thai and Kelantan Malay is also used with the local Kelantan Hokkien of Peranakans and Chinese Malaysians in Northern Malaya . The result

2135-557: The characters originally of this tone class are distributed across the non- ru tones. An example of such a dialect is Changting , which is situated in Western Fujian province. Moreover, there is evidence of the retention of an earlier Hakka tone system in the dialects of Haifeng and Lufeng , situated in coastal southeastern Guangdong province. They contain a yin-yang splitting in the qu tone, giving rise to seven tones in all (with yin-yang registers in ping and ru tones and

2196-701: The course of a communicative event as the relationship between speakers changes, or different social facts become relevant. Speakers may shift styles, as their perception of an event in progress changes. Consider the following telephone call to the Embassy of Cuba in Washington, DC . Caller: ¿Es la embajada de Cuba? ( Is this the Cuban embassy? ) Receptionist: Sí. Dígame. ( Yes, may I help you? ) Caller: Es Rosa. ( It's Rosa. ) Receptionist: ¡Ah Rosa! ¿Cóma anda eso? ( Oh, Rosa! How's it going? ) At first,

2257-443: The dialects of Hakka as being Yue-Tai (Meixian, Wuhua, Raoping, Taiwan Kejia: Meizhou above), Yuezhong (Central Guangdong), Huizhou, Yuebei (Northern Guangdong), Tingzhou (Min-Ke), Ning-Long (Longnan), Yugui, and Tonggu. Like other southern Chinese varieties, Hakka retains many single syllable words from earlier stages of Chinese; thus, a large number of syllables are distinguished by tone and final consonant. This reduces

2318-416: The farthest extent of any non-Mandarin variety, to the extent that pure Cantonese vernacular can be unambiguously written using Chinese characters. Contrary to popular belief, a vernacular written in this fashion is not in general comprehensible to a Mandarin speaker, due to significant changes in grammar and vocabulary and the necessary use of a large number of non-Mandarin characters. For most Min varieties,

2379-466: The following sentence as an example of a nonstandard dialect that is used with the technical register of physical geography: There was two eskers what we saw in them U-shaped valleys. Most speakers command a range of registers, which they use in different situations. The choice of register is affected by the setting and topic of speech, as well as the relationship that exists between the speakers. The appropriate form of language may also change during

2440-465: The idiolect, is a way of referring to the specific knowledge. For scholars who regard language as a shared social practice, the idiolect is more like a dialect with a speech community of one individual. Min Chinese Min ( simplified Chinese : 闽语 ; traditional Chinese : 閩 語 ; pinyin : Mǐnyǔ ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Bân-gú / Bân-gír / Bân-gí / Mân-ú ; BUC : Mìng-ngṳ̄ )

2501-520: The local mainstream orthography they grew up being literate in, such as Singaporean or Malaysian English orthography (descended from British English ), Malay orthography / Indonesian orthography , Mandarin Pinyin for those in Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia, then Philippine English orthography (descended from American English ), Filipino orthography , Mandarin Pinyin , and sometimes Spanish orthography (for older writings), for those in

Hakka Chinese - Misplaced Pages Continue

2562-407: The majority. Some of these Hakka dialects are not mutually intelligible with each other. Meixian is surrounded by the counties of Pingyuan , Dabu , Jiaoling , Xingning , Wuhua , and Fengshun . Each county has its own special phonological points of interest. For instance, Xingning lacks the codas [-m] and [-p] . These have merged into [-n] and [-t] , respectively. Further away from Meixian,

2623-403: The meanings in Hakka are different, 'to stutter' and 'be thirsty' respectively. Hakka Chinese is typically written using Chinese characters ( 漢字 , 漢字 Hon-sṳ ). Various dialects of Hakka such as Taiwanese Hakka , is sometimes written in the Latin script or Pha̍k-fa-sṳ . Dialects of Hakka have been written in a number of Latin orthographies, largely for religious purposes, since at least

2684-574: The mid-19th century. The popular The Little Prince has also been translated into Hakka (2000), specifically the Miaoli dialect of Taiwan (itself a variant of the Sixian dialect ). This also was dual-script, albeit using the Tongyong Pinyin scheme. In 1950, China Central People's Broadcasting Station recruited the first Hakka broadcaster, Zhang Guohua, based on a radius of two kilometers from

2745-450: The middle Yangtze has been largely abandoned in most circles and left unsupported by the majority of Austroasiatic specialists. Rather, recent movements of analyzing archeological evidence, posit an Austronesian layer, rather than an Austroasiatic one. Min languages by number of native speakers (as of 2004) Min is usually described as one of seven or ten groups of varieties of Chinese but has greater dialectal diversity than any of

2806-645: The mountainous region in Central Laos and Vietnam, rather than in the region north of the Red River delta . In other cases, the origin of the Min word is obscure. Such words include: When using Chinese characters to write a non-Mandarin form, a common practice is to use characters that correspond etymologically to the words being represented, and for words with no evident etymology, to either invent new characters or borrow characters for their sound or meaning. Written Cantonese has carried this process out to

2867-545: The need for compound words. However, like other Chinese varieties, it does have words of more than one syllable. Hakka, as well as numerous other Chinese varieties such as Min and Cantonese, prefers the verb [kɔŋ˧˩] 講 when referring to 'saying', rather than the Mandarin shuō 說 (Hakka [sɔt˩] / [ʃɔt˩] ). Hakka uses 食 ( [sɘt˥] / [ʃit˥] ) for the verb 'to eat' and 'to drink', unlike Mandarin which prefers chī 吃 (Hakka [kʰɛt˩] / [kʰiɛt˩] ) as 'to eat' and hē 喝 (Hakka [hɔt˩] ) as 'to drink' where

2928-603: The oldest layers of Min dialects diverged from the rest of Chinese around the time of the Han dynasty . However, significant waves of migration from the North China Plain occurred: Jerry Norman identifies four main layers in the vocabulary of modern Min varieties: Laurent Sagart (2008) disagrees with Norman and Mei Tsu-lin's analysis of an Austroasiatic substratum in Min. The hypothesis proposed by Jerry Norman and Mei Tsu-lin arguing for an Austroasiatic homeland along

2989-414: The other groups. The varieties used in neighbouring counties, and in the mountains of western Fujian even in adjacent villages, are often mutually unintelligible. Early classifications, such as those of Li Fang-Kuei in 1937 and Yuan Jiahua in 1960, divided Min into Northern and Southern subgroups. However, in a 1963 report on a survey of Fujian, Pan Maoding and colleagues argued that the primary split

3050-418: The receptionist uses a relatively formal register, as befits her professional role. After the caller identifies herself, the receptionist recognizes that she is speaking to a friend, and she shifts to an informal register of colloquial Cuban Spanish . The shift is similar to metaphorical code-switching , but since it involves styles or registers, it is considered an example of style-shifting. An idiolect

3111-570: The rise of Mandarin has led to a decline in the use of Min Chinese. Communities speaking Eastern Min , Pu-Xian Min , Haklau Min , Leizhou Min , and Hainanese can also be found in parts of the Chinese diaspora, such as in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Many Min languages have retained notable features of the Old Chinese language , and there is linguistic evidence that not all Min varieties are directly descended from Middle Chinese of

SECTION 50

#1732765071275

3172-471: The speech in those regions has evolved into dialects of modern Mandarin ). The presence of many archaic features occur in modern Hakka, including final consonants -p -t -k , as are found in other modern southern Chinese varieties, but which have been lost in Mandarin. Laurent Sagart (2002) considers Hakka and southern Gan Chinese to be sister dialects that descended from a single common ancestral language (Proto-Southern Gan) spoken in central Jiangxi during

3233-566: The standard variety "is simply what English speakers agree to regard as good". A register (sometimes called a style ) is a variety of language used in a particular social setting. Settings may be defined in terms of greater or lesser formality, or in terms of socially recognized events, such as baby talk , which is used in many western cultures to talk to small children or as a joking register used in teasing or playing The Dozens . There are also registers associated with particular professions or interest groups; jargon refers specifically to

3294-456: The study of dialects and their geographic or social distribution. Traditionally, dialectologists study the variety of language used within a particular speech community , a group of people who share a set of norms or conventions for language use. In order to sidestep the vexing problem of distinguishing dialect from language , some linguists have been using the term communalect – defined as "a neutral term for any speech tradition tied to

3355-401: The term dialect , which is often associated with non-standard language forms thought of as less prestigious or "proper" than the standard. Linguists speak of both standard and non-standard ( vernacular ) varieties as equally complex, valid, and full-fledged forms of language. Lect avoids the problem in ambiguous cases of deciding whether two varieties are distinct languages or dialects of

3416-559: The vast majority of speakers, and have spread from their homeland in Fujian and eastern Guangdong to the islands of Taiwan and Hainan , to other coastal areas of southern China, and to Southeast Asia. Pan and colleagues divided them into three groups: The Language Atlas of China (1987) distinguished two further groups, which had previously been included in Southern Min: Coastal varieties feature some uniquely Min vocabulary, including pronouns and negatives. All but

3477-489: The vocabulary associated with such registers. Unlike dialects, which are used by particular speech communities and associated with geographical settings or social groupings, registers are associated with particular communicative situations, purposes, or levels of formality, and can constitute divisions within a single regional lect or standardized variety. Dialect and register may thus be thought of as different dimensions of linguistic variation . For example, Trudgill suggests

3538-484: Was between inland and coastal groups. A key discriminator between the two groups is a group of words that have a lateral initial /l/ in coastal varieties, and a voiceless fricative /s/ or /ʃ/ in inland varieties, contrasting with another group having /l/ in both areas. Norman reconstructs these initials in Proto-Min as voiceless and voiced laterals that merged in coastal varieties. The coastal varieties have

3599-513: Was launched. It used Mandarin, Cantonese and Hakka. In 2001, Meizhou Television Station merged with Meizhou People’s Broadcasting Station and was renamed Meizhou Radio and Television Station(MRT, 梅州廣播電視臺) . In 2004, the station had officially completed its establishment. In 2003, Taiwan Broadcasting System (TBS, 臺灣公共廣播電視集團) established a Hakka satellite cable channel " Hakka TV ". In Taiwan, there are seven Hakka Chinese radio channels. In 2005, Meixian Radio and Television Station(梅縣廣播電視臺)

3660-545: Was renamed Hakka Life Channel(客家生活頻道) . In 1991, Meizhou People’s Broadcasting Station(梅州人民廣播電臺) , also known as Meizhou Wired Broadcasting Station(梅州有線廣播電臺) officially started broadcasting. Meizhou Radio News: FM94.8 or urban FM101.9. Meizhou Radio Traffic Channel: FM105.8 MHz. Meizhou Radio Private Car Channel: FM94.0 or urban FM103.9. Until now, Hakka Chinese is still used for news program, radio drama program, emotional program, entertainment program and cultural program. In 1999, 3CW Chinese Radio Australia(3CW澳大利亞中文廣播電臺)

3721-683: Was reorganized after the separation of the National Cultural System Reform Bureau. It is a public institution under the jurisdiction of the Meixian County Party Committee and County Government. The channel can be watched in Meizhou and surrounding area with an audience of over 4 million people. In 2012, Voice of Hong Kong(香港之聲) started broadcasting. Hakka Chinese is used on Sihai Kejia Channel. In 2019, Shenzhou Easy Radio(神州之聲) added

SECTION 60

#1732765071275
#274725