Ski jumping is a winter sport in which competitors aim to achieve the farthest jump after sliding down on their skis from a specially designed curved ramp . Along with jump length, competitor's aerial style and other factors also affect the final score. Ski jumping was first contested in Norway in the late 19th century, and later spread through Europe and North America in the early 20th century. Along with cross-country skiing , it constitutes the traditional group of Nordic skiing disciplines.
46-494: The ski jumping venue , commonly referred to as a hill , consists of the jumping ramp ( in-run ), take-off table, and a landing hill. Each jump is evaluated according to the distance covered and the style performed. The distance score is related to the construction point (also known as the K-point ), which is a line drawn in the landing area and serves as a "target" for the competitors to reach. The score of each judge evaluating
92-509: A "sailing" effect of the ski jumping suit, material, thickness and relative size of the suit are regulated. Each jump is divided into four parts: in-run, take-off (jump), flight, and landing. By using the V-style , firstly pioneered by Swedish ski jumper Jan Boklöv in the mid-1980s, modern skiers are able to exceed the distance of the take-off hill by about 10% compared to the previous technique with parallel skis. Previous techniques included
138-532: A combination of the parallel and V-styles, in which the skis are spread very wide apart and held parallel in an "H" shape. It is prominently used by Domen Prevc . Skiers are required to touch the ground in the Telemark landing style ( Norwegian : telemarksnedslag ), named after the Norwegian county of Telemark . This involves the landing with one foot in front of the other with knees slightly bent, mimicking
184-572: A fixed number of points in each event according to their ranking, and the overall winner is the one with most accumulated points. FIS Ski Flying World Cup is contested as a sub-event of the World Cup, and competitors collect only the points scored at ski flying hills from the calendar. The ski jumping at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was first contested in 1925. The team event was introduced in 1982, while
230-414: A hill is measured in the hill size . Hills with a hill size exceeding HS185 are designated ski flying hills; there are five such hills in the world. The top of the hill is the start. This allows the jury to regulate the speed of the jumpers in varying wind conditions, by shortening or lengthening the distance along the in-run. The platform has a bar across it, which the jumper sits on. By leaning forward,
276-600: A non-official event near Akureyri on Iceland , in April 2024 Ryōyū Kobayashi achieved a distance of 291 m (955 ft) after 10 seconds in the air and landing smoothly. It was an unofficial world record which is not being counted as a ski flying world record by the FIS. In 2015 in Vikersund, Dimitry Vassiliev reached 254 m (833 ft) but fell upon landing; his jump is another unofficial record. Silje Opseth holds
322-419: Is a line across a ski jumping hill . It is used to calculate the number of points granted for a given jump. It is also called calculation point or calculation line . The distance between the construction point and the take-off table, measured in meters, was formerly used to classify the size of a ski jumping hill. Since mid-2004, the hills have been categorized by the hill size . Nearly all competitions in
368-444: Is calculated based on the technical data of a hill based on radius, angle of inclination and record distance. The calculation point or K-point is slightly further up in the hill and denotes the point where the landing slope is the steepest. It is still used for the calculation of distance points, which along with style points determine the winner of an event. For hills up to large, the scoring system grants 60 points to jumps which reach
414-404: Is followed by an out-run , a substantial flat or counter-inclined area that permits the skier to safely slow down. The out-run area is fenced and surrounded by a public auditorium. The slopes are classified according to the distance that the competitors travel in the air, between the end of the table and the landing. Each hill has a construction point ( K-point ), which serves as a "target" that
460-432: Is measured between the takeoff and the point where the feet came in full contact with the landing slope (for abnormal landings, touchpoint of one foot, or another body part is considered). Jumps are measured with accuracy of 0.5 meters for all competitions. During the competition, five judges are based in a tower to the side of the expected landing point. They can award up to 20 points each for jumping style, based on keeping
506-523: Is regarded as the "father" of the modern ski jumping, won the first-ever ski jumping competition with prizes, which was held in Høydalsmo in 1866. The first larger ski jumping competition was held on Husebyrennet hill in Oslo , Norway, in 1875. Due to its poor infrastructure and the weather conditions, in 1892 the event was moved to Holmenkollen , which is today still one of the main ski jumping events in
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#1732800883380552-676: The 2022-23 season, women competed for the first time ever in ski flying. The historic event was held in Vikersundbakken in Vikersund the 19th March 2023. It was won by Slovenian jumper Ema Klinec In 2006, the International Ski Federation proposed that women could compete at the 2010 Winter Olympics , but the proposal was rejected by the IOC because of the low number of athletes and participating countries at
598-563: The FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup , and FIS Women's Ski Jumping Continental Cup , both normal and large hills are used. In the Winter Olympics , there is one competition on the normal hill, one on the large hill, and a team competition on the large hill. Ski jumping competitions are based on a point system which combines points for length and style. The distance points plus the judges' marks result in
644-852: The FIS Ski Jumping World Cup use large hills with a construction point between 120 and 130. The largest is Mühlenkopfschanze in Germany . In addition, there is a bi-annual FIS Ski-Flying World Championship , which is held in one of the world's five ski flying hills: Vikersundbakken in Norway, Letalnica Bratov Gorišek in Slovenia, Čerťák in the Czech Republic, Heini Klopfer Ski Jump in Germany and Kulm in Austria. In
690-747: The Kongsberger technique , the Däescher technique and the Windisch technique . Until the mid-1960s, the ski jumper came down the in-run of the hill with both arms pointing forwards. This changed when the Däscher technique was pioneered by Andreas Däscher in the 1950s, as a modification of the Kongsberger and Windisch techniques. A lesser-used technique as of 2017 is the H-style which is essentially
736-459: The K-point is set at 90 meters and 120 meters, respectively. Competitors are awarded 60 points (normal and large hills) and 120 points (flying hills) if they land on the K-point. For every meter beyond or below the K-point, extra points are awarded or deducted; the typical value is 2 points per meter in small hills, 1.8 points in large hills and 1.2 points in ski flying hills. A competitor's distance
782-542: The Olympics has been held in 2014. All major ski jumping competitions are organised by the International Ski Federation . Stefan Kraft holds the official record for the world's longest ski jump with 253.5 metres (832 ft), set on the ski flying hill in Vikersund in 2017. Ski jumping can also be performed in the summer on an in-run where the tracks are made from porcelain and the grass on
828-688: The World Cup. Those events are traditionally held in a slightly different format than other World Cup events (first round is held as a knockout event between 25 pairs of jumpers), and the overall winner is determined by adding up individual scores from every jump. Other competitions organised by the International Ski Federation include the FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix (held in summer), Continental Cup , FIS Cup , FIS Race , and Alpen Cup . In January 1863 in Trysil , Norway, at that time 16 years old Norwegian Ingrid Olsdatter Vestby, became
874-473: The competition with the same number of points, they are given the same placing and receive same prizes. Ski jumpers below the minimum safe body mass index are penalised with a shorter maximum ski length, reducing the aerodynamic lift they can achieve. These rules have been credited with stopping the most severe cases of underweight athletes, but some competitors still lose weight to maximise the distance they can achieve. In order to prevent an unfair advantage due to
920-435: The competitors should reach. The classification of the hills are as follows: Competitors are ranked according to a numerical score obtained by adding up components based on distance, style, inrun length (gate factor) and wind conditions. In the individual event, the scores from each skier's two competition jumps are combined to determine the winner. Distance score depends on the hill's K-point. For K-90 and K-120 competitions,
966-428: The critical point. For ski flying hills, 120 points are granted for the critical point length. Based on the hill's length, distance points are calculated, which are added for each meter beyond the critical point and subtracted for each point shorter than the critical point. A meter has more distance points in smaller hills. Hills also have a fall line; a jumper who falls or otherwise touches the ground with their body after
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#17328008833801012-450: The fall line is not penalized. The measuring of a distance in a hill was traditionally done by people who were positioned along the hill, who would signal where the skier landed. This has been supplanted by an advanced video system, which allows measurements in 0.5-meter increments. Construction point The construction point ( German : Konstruktionspunkt ), also known as the K-point or K-spot and formerly critical point ,
1058-591: The first world champion. In the 2011–12 season, women competed for the first time in the World Cup . The first event was held on 3 December 2011 at Lysgårdsbakken at normal hill in Lillehammer , Norway. The first-ever female World Cup winner was Sarah Hendrickson , who also became the inaugural women's World Cup overall champion. Previously, women had only competed in Continental Cup seasons. In
1104-474: The first-ever known female ski jumper, who participated in the competition. Her distance is not recorded. Women began competing at the high level since the 2004–05 Continental Cup season. International Ski Federation organised three women's team events in this competition. Women's made a premiere FIS Nordic World Ski Championships performance in 2009 in Liberec . American ski jumper Lindsey Van became
1150-559: The ground. The skier will land on the landing slope, and the rules allow jumpers to land up to ten percent past the construction point. Past the landing slope is the outrun, which is either flat or even uphill, where the skier can slow down. The speed of the skier is normally measured about 10 meters (33 ft) before the end of the takeoff; jumpers can reach speeds of 95 kilometers per hour (59 mph) on large hills and 105 kilometers per hour (65 mph) on ski flying hills. The classic Nordic jump ramp for horizontal distance differs from
1196-418: The higher angle freestyle kicker takeoff which emphasizes vertical height to enable aerial flips and twists. In 2004, the International Ski Federation replaced the calculation point as the measurement of the size of a hill with hill size . The hill size is the length from the takeoff in a straight line to the knoll and then along the level of the landing slope to the hill size point. The hill size point
1242-413: The jump length, and if weather conditions change during a competition, the conditions will not be the same for all competitors. Gate factor is an adjustment made when the inrun (or start gate) length is adjusted from the initial position in order to provide optimal take-off speed. Since higher gates result in higher take-off speeds, and therefore present an advantage to competitors, points are subtracted when
1288-442: The jumper will naturally start to glide down the prepared tracks along the in-run. The in-run normally has an angle of 38 to 36 degrees, which then curves into a transition; the last part of the in-run, the take-off, typically has an angle between 7 and 12 degrees downhill. The landing slope has a smooth curve which closely follows the profile of the ski jump; this means that the skier is never more than about 6 meters (20 ft) above
1334-412: The maximum score of 20 points within one competition. Kazuyoshi Funaki is the only one in history who achieved this more than once. So far only seven jumpers are recorded to have achieved this score in total of ten times: Ski jumping hill A ski jumping hill is a sports venue used for ski jumping . They vary in size from temporary handmade snow structures to permanent competition venues. At
1380-519: The origins of ski flying began in Planica , Slovenia, where Josef Bradl became the first competitor in history to jump over 100 m (330 ft). At the same venue, the first official jump over 200 m (660 ft) was achieved in 1994, when Toni Nieminen landed at 203 meters. In 1964 in Zakopane , Poland, the large hill event was introduced at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . In
1426-471: The same year, the normal hill event was included on the Olympic programme at the 1964 Winter Olympics . The team event was added later, at the 1988 Winter Olympics . A ski jumping hill is typically built on a steep natural slope. It consists of the jumping ramp ( in-run ), take-off table, and a landing hill. Competitors glide down from a common point at the top of the in-run, achieving considerable speeds at
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1472-616: The season. In the late 19th century, Sondre Norheim and Nordic skier Karl Hovelsen immigrated to the United States and started developing the sport in that country. In 1924, ski jumping was featured at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix , France. The sport has been featured at every Olympics since. Ski jumping was brought to Canada by Norwegian immigrant Nels Nelsen . Starting with his example in 1915 until late 1959, annual ski jumping competitions were held on Mount Revelstoke —
1518-598: The ski hill Nelsen designed — the longest period of any Canadian ski jumping venue. Revelstoke's was the biggest natural ski jump hill in Canada and internationally recognized as one of the best in North America. The length and natural grade of its 600 m (2,000 ft) hill made possible jumps of over 60 m (200 ft)—the longest in Canada. It was also the only hill in Canada where world ski jumping records were set, in 1916, 1921, 1925, 1932, and 1933. In 1935,
1564-414: The skis steady during flight, balance, optimal body position, and landing. The highest and lowest style scores are disregarded, with the remaining three scores added to the distance score. Gate and wind factors were introduced by the 2009 rules, to allow fairer comparison of results for a scoring compensation for variable outdoor conditions. Aerodynamics and take-off speed are important variables that affect
1610-575: The slope is covered with water-soaked plastic. The highest level summer competition is the FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix , contested since 1994. Like most of the Nordic skiing disciplines, the first ski jumping competitions were held in Norway in the 19th century, although there is evidence of ski jumping in the late 18th century. The recorded origins of the first ski jump trace back to 1808, when Olaf Rye reached 9.5 m (31 ft). Sondre Norheim , who
1656-455: The starting gate is moved up, and added when the gate is lowered. An advanced calculation also determines compensation points for the actual unequal wind conditions at the time of the jump; when there is back wind, points are added, and when there is front wind, points are subtracted. Wind speed and direction are measured at five different points based on average value, which is determined before every competition. If two or more competitors finish
1702-425: The style can reach a maximum of 20 points. The jumping technique has evolved over the years, from jumps with the skis parallel and both arms extended forward, to the " V-style ", which is widely used today. Ski jumping has been included at the Winter Olympics since 1924 and at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships since 1925. Women's participation in the sport began in the 1990s, while the first women's event at
1748-484: The style of Telemark skiing . Failure to execute a Telemark landing leads to the deduction of style points, issued by the judges. All major ski jumping competitions are organised by the International Ski Federation . The large hill ski jumping event was included at the Winter Olympic Games for the first time in 1924 , and has been contested at every Winter Olympics since then. The normal hill event
1794-425: The take-off table, where they take off, carried by their own momentum. While airborne, they maintain an aerodynamic position with their bodies and skis, which allows them to maximise the length of their jump. The landing slope is constructed so that the jumper's trajectory is near-parallel with it, and the athlete's relative height to the ground is gradually lost, allowing for a gentle and safe landing. The landing space
1840-578: The time. A group of fifteen competitive female ski jumpers later filed a suit against the Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games on the grounds that it violated the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms since men were competing. The suit failed, with the judge ruling that the situation was not governed by the charter. A further milestone was reached when women's ski jumping
1886-412: The top is an in-run where the jumper runs down to generate sufficient speed, before reaching the jump. The skier is then airborne until landing on the landing slope. The last part of the hill is the out-run, which may be either flat or even uphill, allowing the jumper to stop. The steepest point of the hill is the construction point , which is used to determine the score of a particular length. The size of
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1932-402: The total score. For hills up to large, the scoring system grants 60 points to jumps that reach the K-point. For ski flying hills, 120 points are granted for the K-point length. Distance points are calculated based on the hill length, added for each meter beyond the K-point, and subtracted for each point shorter than the K-point. A meter has more distance points in smaller hills. For example: On
1978-455: The women's event was first held in 2009. The FIS Ski Flying World Championships was first contested in 1972 in Planica . The Four Hills Tournament has been contested since the 1952–53 season. It is contested around the New Year's Day at four venues – two in Germany ( Oberstdorf and Garmisch-Partenkirchen ) and two in Austria ( Innsbruck and Bischofshofen ), which are also scored for
2024-584: The women's world record at 230,5 metres (756 feet) which was set on 17th March 2024 in Vikersundbakken . The lists below show the progression of world records through history at 50-meter milestones. Only official results are listed, invalid jumps are not included. Those who have managed to show a perfect jump, which means that all five judges attributed the maximum style score of 20 points for their jumps. Kazuyoshi Funaki , Sven Hannawald and Wolfgang Loitzl were attributed 4x20 (plus another 19.5) style score points for their second jump, thus receiving nine times
2070-611: Was added in 1964 . Since 1992 , the normal hill event is contested at the K-90 size hill; previously, it was contested at the K-60 hill. Women's debuted at the Winter Olympics in 2014 . The FIS Ski Jumping World Cup has been contested since the 1979–80 season. It runs between November and March every season, and consists of 25–30 competitions at most prestigious hills across Europe, United States and Japan. Competitors are awarded
2116-444: Was included as part of the 2014 Winter Olympics at normal hill event. The first Olympic champion was Carina Vogt . Since 1936, when the first jump beyond 100 metres (330 ft) was made, all world records in the sport have been made in the discipline of ski flying . As of July 2024, the official world record for the longest ski jump is 253.5 m (832 ft), set by Stefan Kraft at Vikersundbakken in Vikersund , Norway. In
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