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39-448: The following outline is provided as an overview and topical guide to space science: Space science – field that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that involve space exploration and study natural phenomena and physical bodies occurring in outer space , such as space medicine and astrobiology . See astronomical object for a list of specific types of entities which scientists study. See Earth's location in

78-604: A ) i ) – capital Roman numerals with a period, capital letters with a period, Arabic numerals with a period, italic lowercase letters with a single parenthesis, Arabic numerals with a double parenthesis, italic lowercase letters with a double parenthesis, and italic lowercase Roman numerals with a single parentheses, though the italics are not required). Because of its use in the US Code and other US law books, many American lawyers consequently use this outline format. Another alternative scheme repeats all five levels with

117-452: A development and storage medium. Merriam-Webster's manual for writers and editors (1998, p. 290) recommends that the section headings of an article should when read in isolation, combine to form an outline of the article content. Garson (2002) distinguishes a 'standard outline', presented as a regular table of contents from a refined tree-like 'hierarchical outline', stating that "such an outline might be appropriate, for instance, when

156-416: A plan for a new improved version of the document. An integrated outline is a helpful step in the process of organizing and writing a scholarly paper ( literature review , research paper, thesis or dissertation ). When completed the integrated outline contains the relevant scholarly sources (author's last name, publication year, page number if quote) for each section in the outline. An integrated outline

195-496: A publishing format. Outlines can be presented as a work's table of contents, but they can also be used as the body of a work. The Outline of Knowledge from the 15th edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica is an example of this. Misplaced Pages includes outlines that summarize subjects (for example, see Outline of chess , Outline of Mars , and Outline of knowledge ). Professors often hand out to their students at

234-460: A revision tool; it may show the gaps in the document's coverage so that they may be filled, and may help in rearranging sentences or topics to improve the structure and flow of the work. An integrated outline is a composition tool for writing scholastic works, in which the sources, and the writer's notes from the sources, are integrated into the outline for ease of reference during the writing process. A software program designed for processing outlines

273-444: A separate volume in the 15th edition of 1974. The Outline of Knowledge was a project by Mortimer Adler . Propædia had three levels, 10 "Parts" at the top level, 41 "Divisions" at the middle level and 167 "Sections" at the bottom level, numbered, for example, "1. Matter and Energy", "1.1 Atoms", "1.1.1. Structure and Properties of Sync". A feature included in many outlines is prefixing. Similar to section numbers , an outline prefix

312-593: A single parenthesis for the second five – I) A) 1) a) i) – and then again with a double parenthesis for the third five – (I) (A) (1) (a) (i). Many oft-cited style guides besides the APA Publication Manual , including the AP Stylebook , the NYT Manual , Fowler , The Guardian Style Guide, and Strunk & White , are silent on the topic. One side effect of

351-421: A specific path for each item, to aid in referring to and discussing the entries listed. An alphanumerical outline uses alternating letters and numbers to identify entries. A decimal outline uses only numbers as prefixes. An outline without prefixes is called a "bare outline". Specialized applications of outlines also exist. A reverse outline is a list of sentences or topics that is created from an existing work, as

390-422: A standard for decimal outlines. Special types of outlines include reverse outlines and integrated outlines. A reverse outline is an outline made from an existing work. Reverse outlining is like reverse engineering a document. The points or topics are extracted from the work, and are arranged in their order of presentation, by section, in the outline. Once completed, the outline can be filled in and rearranged as

429-442: A story, sometimes in conjunction with free writing . Preparation of an outline is an intermediate step in the process of writing a scholarly research paper, literature review , thesis or dissertation . A special kind of outline (integrated outline) incorporates scholarly sources into the outline before the writing begins. In addition to being used as a composition tool during the drafting process, outlines can also be used as

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468-621: A system for documenting sources in scholarly writing. It is published by the Modern Language Association , which is based in the United States. According to the organization, their MLA style "has been widely adopted for classroom instruction and used worldwide by scholars, journal publishers, and academic and commercial presses". MLA Handbook began as an abridged student version of MLA Style Manual . Both are academic style guides that have been widely used in

507-652: A website with the full text of the book. Later online additions allowed for citation of e-books and tweets . The eighth edition 's main changes from the seventh edition are "shift[ing] our focus from a prescriptive list of formats to an overarching purpose of source documentation". Released in spring 2016, it changes the structure of the works cited list, most directly by adding abbreviations for volumes and issues (vol. and no.), pages (p. or pp.), not abbreviating words like "editor" or "translator", using URLs in most instances (though preferring DOI , as in APA ), and not favoring

546-425: Is a label (usually alphanumeric or numeric) placed at the beginning of an outline entry to assist in referring to it. Bare outlines include no prefixes. An alphanumeric outline includes a prefix at the beginning of each topic as a reference aid. The prefix is in the form of Roman numerals for the top level, upper-case letters (in the alphabet of the language being used) for the next level, Arabic numerals for

585-419: Is a specialized type of word processor used to view, create, build, modify, and maintain outlines. It is a computer program, or part of one, used for displaying, organizing, and editing hierarchically arranged text in an outline's tree structure . Textual information is contained in discrete sections called "nodes", which are arranged according to their topic-subtopic (parent-child) relationships, sort of like

624-827: Is a writing tool, but on a computer, it is a general purpose format supported by a robust development and display medium capable of handling knowledge from its creation to its end use. Outliners may be used in content creation instead of general word processors for capturing, organizing, editing, and displaying knowledge or general textual information. Outliners are ideal for managing lists, organizing facts and ideas, and for writing computer programs . They are also used for goal and task management (including personal information management and project management ), and for writing books and movie scripts. The graphical counterpart to outliners are mind mappers . MLA Handbook MLA Handbook (9th ed., 2021), formerly MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (1977–2009), establishes

663-500: Is called an outliner . Outlines are differentiated by style, the inclusion of prefixes, and specialized purpose. There are also hand-written outlines and digitized outlines, such as those contained within an outliner . There are two main styles of outline: sentence outlines and topic outlines. Propædia is the historical attempt of the Encyclopædia Britannica to present a hierarchical "Outline of Knowledge" in

702-417: Is generally prepared after the scholar has collected, read and mastered the literature that will be used in the research paper. Shields and Rangarajan (2013) recommend that new scholars develop a system to do this. Part of the system should contain a systematic way to take notes on the scholarly sources. These notes can then be tied to the paper through the integrated outline. This way the scholar reviews all of

741-546: Is sometimes incorrectly referred to as APA style, but the APA Publication Manual does not address outline formatting at all. A very different style recommended by The Chicago Manual of Style , based on the practice of the United States Congress in drafting legislation, suggests the following sequence, from the top to the seventh level (the only ones specified): I. A. 1. a ) (1) (

780-746: The MLA Handbook , and the Purdue Online Writing Lab , among others, uses the usual five levels, as described above, then repeats the Arabic numerals and lower-case letter surrounded by parentheses (round brackets) – I. A. 1. a. i. (1) (a) – and does not specify any lower levels, though "(i)" is usually next. In common practice, lower levels yet are usually Arabic numerals and lowercase letters again, and sometimes lower-case Roman again, with single parentheses – 1) a) i) – but usage varies. MLA style

819-603: The United States, Canada, and other countries, providing guidelines for writing and documentation of research in the humanities , such as English studies (including the English language, writing , and literature written in English); the study of other modern languages and literatures , including comparative literature ; literary criticism ; media studies ; cultural studies ; and related disciplines. Released in April 2016,

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858-407: The beginning of a term, a summary of the subjects to be covered throughout the course in the form of a topic outline. It may also be included as part of a larger course synopsis. Outlines are also used to summarize talking points for a speech or lecture. Outlines, especially those used within an outliner , can be used for planning, scheduling, and recording. An outliner (or "outline processor")

897-420: The eighth edition of MLA Handbook (like its previous editions) is addressed primarily to secondary-school and undergraduate college and university teachers and students. MLA announced in April 2016 that MLA Handbook would henceforth be "the authoritative source for MLA style", and that the 2008 third edition of MLA Style Manual would be the final edition of the larger work. The announcement also stated that

936-432: The first item (Roman-I) is item I. I., and only the top level one is item I. The decimal outline format has the advantage of showing how every item at every level relates to the whole, as shown in the following sample outline: Thesis statement : --- A first subsection may be numbered 0 rather than 1 (as in 2.0 Career opportunities) if it is an introduction or similar to the following subsections. ISO 2145 describes

975-495: The literature before the writing begins. An integrated outline can be a helpful tool for people with writer's block because the content of the paper is organized and identified prior to writing. The structure and content is combined and the author can write a small section at a time. The process is less overwhelming because it can be separated into manageable chunks. The first draft can be written using smaller blocks of time. Outlines are used for composition, summarization, and as

1014-496: The medium of publication. The ninth edition , in 2021, provides more examples, advises more inclusive language, and advises that URLs are optional, with DOI and permalinks being preferred. The ninth edition also provides rules for annotated bibliographies . The table below identifies the year of publication of each edition of MLA Handbook . MLA Style Manual , formerly titled MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing in its second (1998) and third edition (2008),

1053-455: The members of a family tree . When loaded into an outliner, an outline may be collapsed or expanded to display as few or as many levels as desired. Outliners are used for storing and retrieving textual information, with terms, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs attached to a tree. So rather than being arranged by document, information is arranged by topic or content. An outline in an outliner may contain as many topics as desired. This eliminates

1092-408: The need to have separate documents, as outlines easily include other outlines just by adding to the tree. The main difference between a hand-written outline and a digital one, is that the former is usually limited to a summary or blueprint of a planned document, while the latter may easily include all of the content of the entire document and many more. In other words, as a hand-written work an outline

1131-476: The next level, and then lowercase letters for the next level. For further levels, the order is started over again. Each numeral or letter is followed by a period, and each item is capitalized, as in the following sample: Thesis statement : E-mail and internet monitoring , as currently practiced, is an invasion of employees' rights in the workplace. Some call the Roman numerals "A-heads" (for "A-level headings"),

1170-432: The organization "is in the process of developing additional publications to address the professional needs of scholars." MLA Handbook grew out of the initial MLA Style Sheet of 1951 (revised in 1970 ), a 28-page "more or less official" standard. The first five editions, published between 1977 and 1999 were titled MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations . The 2003 sixth edition changed

1209-454: The organization was "in the process of developing additional publications to address the professional needs of scholars". MLA documentation style is used in scholarship throughout the humanities , especially in English studies , modern languages and literatures, comparative literature , literary criticism , media studies , cultural studies , and related disciplines. MLA Style Manual

Outline of space science - Misplaced Pages Continue

1248-426: The purpose is taxonomic (placing observed phenomena into an exhaustive set of categories). ... hierarchical outlines are rare in quantitative writing, and the researcher is well advised to stick to the standard outline unless there are compelling reasons not to." Writers of fiction and creative nonfiction , such as Jon Franklin, may use outlines to establish plot sequence, character development and dramatic flow of

1287-421: The subtopics of a subject, arranged in levels, and while they can be used to plan a composition, they are most often used as a summary, such as in the form of a table of contents or the topic list in a college course's syllabus. Outlines are further differentiated by the index prefixing used, or lack thereof. Many outlines include a numerical or alphanumerical prefix preceding each entry in the outline, to provide

1326-421: The title to MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers . The seventh edition 's main changes from the sixth edition were "no longer recogniz[ing] a default medium and instead call[ing] for listing the medium of publication [whether Print or Web or CD] in every entry in the list of works cited", recommending against listing URLs , and preferring italics over underline. Additionally, the seventh edition included

1365-443: The universe for an orientation. The science and engineering of spacefaring and spaceflight , a subset of Aerospace engineering (which includes atmospheric flight) Outline (list) A sentence outline is a tool for composing a document, such as an essay, a paper, a book, or even an encyclopedia. It is a list used to organize the facts or points to be covered, and their order of presentation, by section. Topic outlines list

1404-549: The upper-case letters, "B-heads", and so on. Some writers also prefer to insert a blank line between the A-heads and B-heads, while often keeping the B-heads and C-heads together. If more levels of outline are needed, lower-case Roman numerals and numbers and lower-case letters, sometimes with single and double parenthesis can be used, although the exact order is not well defined, and usage varies widely. The scheme recommended by

1443-420: The use of both Roman numerals and uppercase letters in all of these styles of outlining is that in most alphabets, "I." may be an item at both the top (A-head) and second (B-head) levels. This is usually not problematic because lower level items are usually referred to hierarchically. For example, the third sub-sub-item of the fourth sub-item of the second item is item II. D. 3. So, the ninth sub-item (letter-I) of

1482-538: Was an academic style guide by the United States–based Modern Language Association of America (MLA) first published in 1985. MLA announced in April 2015 that the publication would be discontinued: the third edition would be the last and was to be "taken out of print". The announcement also said that what began as an abridged version for students, MLA Handbook , was to be after that point "the authoritative source for MLA style", and that

1521-531: Was one of two books on MLA documentation style published by the MLA. While MLA Handbook is aimed at secondary and post-secondary students and their teachers, the intended audience of MLA Style Manual primarily consisted of graduate students, academic scholars, professors, professional writers, and editors. Both MLA Handbook and MLA Style Manual were preceded by a slim booklet titled MLA Style Sheet , first published in 1951 and revised in 1970. The Style Sheet

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