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83-434: A vacancy may arise as a result of an incumbent dying or resigning, or when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (because of a recall , a prohibited dual mandate , criminal conviction, or failure to maintain a minimum attendance), or when an election is invalidated by voting irregularities. In some cases a vacancy may be filled by a method other than a by-election (such as the outgoing member's party nominating

166-517: A first-past-the-post system at the time, the conservative vote was split between the Country and Nationalists, allowing Labor candidate Edwin Corboy to come in first place and win the seat. The Swan by-election is cited as the reason for the introduction of preferential voting , to prevent Labor from benefiting from a divided opposition in the future. The 2018 Wentworth by-election was held after

249-399: A multi-member constituency becomes vacant, the consequences vary. For example, a by-election may be held to fill just the vacancy, all the seats in the constituency could be contested in the by-election, or the vacancy could be filled by other means. Typically, party-list proportional representation systems do not hold by-elections. Instead, the most successful unelected candidate named on

332-670: A by-election before the legislature's first session . Clark was successful and remained in government until 2017 . In the March 2018 Hong Kong by-elections , the pro-democracy camp lost their majority status for the first time in the Geographical constituency part of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong By-elections were held after six pro-democracy lawmakers were disqualified by the High Court of Hong Kong during

415-476: A by-election should be called for any vacancy arising from a constituency - particularly Single Member Constituency - within a reasonable time period. Since the introduction of partial self-governance in 1955, 34 by-elections have been held, and some have been major upsets: A by-election held in Dublin South-West during 2014 provided a very surprising upset. The Sinn Féin candidate, Cathal King,

498-565: A by-election was in 1975, when Minister of Communications Pierre Juneau was appointed to Pierre Trudeau 's Liberal cabinet directly from the private sector, and tried to enter parliament through a by-election in Hochelaga . Juneau unexpectedly lost to the Progressive Conservative candidate and resigned from cabinet 10 days after his by-election defeat. In Alberta, Premier Don Getty lost his seat ( Edmonton-Whitemud ) in

581-742: A by-election. This is done, for example, in the Dáil of the Republic of Ireland (STV), in the Parliament of Vanuatu (SNTV), and in the Senate of the Philippines (Pl. AL). In those systems, alternatives to holding a by-election include: For the Australian Senate (in which each state forms a multi-member constituency elected via single transferable vote ), the state parliament appoints

664-482: A majority of electors in a district (who were electors of the district at the time of the original election) to sign a petition requesting a recall election. The recall election must not occur less than 6 months after the original election or a failed recall attempt. If the recall election is successful another election to fill the seat must be held within 3 months. Article 14 of the Constitution of Latvia enables

747-575: A minority party needs to gain one or more seats in order to gain official party status or the balance of power in a minority or coalition situation. For example, Andrea Horwath 's win in an Ontario provincial by-election in 2004 allowed the Ontario New Democratic Party to regain official party status with important results in terms of parliamentary privileges and funding. In 1996 in the Australian state of Queensland

830-526: A motion of no confidence in the government. After the motion or no confidence Rob Borbidge the leader of the Nationals the senior partner in the coalition became premier until his government's defeat in the 1998 state election . Non-experts often interpret by-election results as a bellwether or early indicator of the results of the next general election, but political scientists generally caution against overinterpretation. The evidence suggests that while

913-608: A principle of soviet democracy , similar recall provisions have been included in the constitutions of many other communist countries , including that of the Soviet Union . Although allowable according to law, in practice the right of recall was never used in any soviet system of government, except for an attempt in Hungary in 1989. Article 105 of the 2008 Constitution of Ecuador provides for recall of all elected officials: People in enjoyment of political rights may revoke

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996-591: A recall outside of normal elections causes additional expense. For example, the 2021 California gubernatorial recall election cost taxpayers $ 300 million for an election that the governor won 61.9% to 38.1%. Many recall elections take place in off-years , resulting in much lower voter turnout than regularly scheduled elections. Some recall elections have different rules than normal elections, requiring voter education and outreach. The recall referendum arrived in Latin America shortly after its introduction at

1079-474: A recall. Some form of malfeasance or misconduct while in office must be identified by the petitioners. The target may choose to dispute the validity of the grounds in court, and a court then judges whether the allegations in the petition rise to a level where a recall is necessary. Anna Louise Strong, member of the Seattle School board, was recalled from her position in 1918, apparently on grounds that she

1162-519: A replacement in the event of a vacancy; in 1977 a referendum amended the Constitution to require that the person appointed must belong to the same political party (if any) as the Senator originally elected to that seat. The states with an upper house elected via STV (NSW, Victoria, and South Australia) use the same method, except for Western Australia, which holds a recount of ballots to determine

1245-488: A replacement) or the office may be left vacant. These elections can be held anytime in the country. An election to fill a vacancy created when a general election cannot take place in a particular constituency (such as if a candidate dies shortly before election day) may be called a by-election in some jurisdictions, or may have a distinct name ( e.g. , supplementary election , as in Australia ). The procedure for filling

1328-450: A result, with confidence in his government undermined, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King called the 1945 federal election several weeks later; originally he had intended to postpone the election until the war was clearly won. McNaughton sought a seat in the 1945 contest but was again defeated, and resigned shortly after. The most recent example of a cabinet minister appointed from outside parliament having to resign after losing

1411-457: A specific place must have their signatures verified in a petition in order for the recall to take place. The president, vice president, members of Congress, and the elected officials of the Bangsamoro cannot be removed via recall. Above the barangay level, there had been eight recall elections, of which at least 2 led to a successful recall of an incumbent; the most recent recall election

1494-424: A switch from mixed single vote , where a single set of votes was used for both constituency and list seats, to a conventional two-vote mixed member proportional system - a change which granted constituency members an electoral mandate distinct from the party's list seats. By-elections are now only held if a vacancy arises in a constituency seat and there is no associated party list with which to fill it – typically, if

1577-665: A test of the Liberal government's popularity with a general election due in less than a year. In Hong Kong, in January 2010, five members of the Legislative Council from the Pro-democracy camp , one from each of Hong Kong's five geographical constituencies, resigned and stood in simultaneous by-elections, at which the entire electorate would participate, in an attempt to stage a de facto referendum on democratizing

1660-617: A test of this concept, and his upset victory convinced the CCF and the labour movement to launch the New Democratic Party (NDP). Gilles Duceppe 's 1990 upset landslide by-election victory in Laurier—Sainte-Marie with 66% of the vote on behalf of the newly formed Bloc Québécois was the first electoral test for what was initially a loose parliamentary formation created two months earlier after several Quebec MPs defected from

1743-626: A vacant seat in the House of Commons of England was developed during the Reformation Parliament of the 16th century by Thomas Cromwell ; previously a seat had remained empty upon the death of a member. Cromwell devised a new election that would be called by the king at a time of the king's choosing. This made it a simple matter to ensure the seat rewarded an ally of the crown. During the eighteen-year Cavalier Parliament of Charles II , which lasted from 1661 to 1679, by-elections were

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1826-733: Is also included in Buenos Aires City (1996). An attempt at introducing recall legislation for Canada's federal Parliament was brought in October 1999 by Reform Party opposition member Ted White through a private members bill entitled Bill C 269, the Recall Act (An Act to establish the right of electors to recall members of Parliament.) . However, the legislation stalled and did not progress past first reading . As such, no nation-wide recall statute exists, but two provinces, Alberta and British Columbia have recall laws on

1909-603: Is successful if signed by at least 10% of the electorate in the MPs constituency. Successful recall leads to a by-election to fill the seat. The Act received Royal Assent on 26 March 2015 after being introduced on 11 September 2014. The UK’s first recall petition occurred in 2018. There are no recall procedures for other elected officials in the United Kingdom. Recall first appeared in Colonial America in

1992-766: The 1989 Alberta general election despite his party winning a majority. To re-enter the Legislative Assembly, fellow caucus member Brian Downey of Stettler resigned so Getty could run in a by-election. Getty was elected, and remained MLA for that riding until resigning as premier and MLA in 1992. In Ontario , John Tory , leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario ran in a 2009 by-election in Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock , after he convinced one of his caucus members to step down, in hopes of re-entering

2075-511: The 2015 Ukrainian local elections , voters can achieve a recall election of an elected deputy or mayor if as many signatures as voters are collected. The Recall of MPs Act 2015 (c. 25) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which mandates a recall petition to be held if a Member of Parliament is found to have committed certain wrongdoings, including any that result in a custodial prison sentence. The petitions cannot be triggered by popular initiative. The subsequent recall petition

2158-548: The Additional Articles of the Constitution , the recall of the president or the vice president shall be initiated upon the proposal of one-fourth of all members of the Legislative Yuan , and also passed by two-thirds of all the members. The final recall must be passed in a recall election by more than one-half of the valid ballots in a vote in which more than one-half of the electorate in the free area of

2241-669: The Conscription Crisis of 1944 . A by-election was arranged in Grey North which the opposition Progressive Conservative party contested. The major campaign issue became the government's policy of "limited conscription" during World War II, which McNaughton supported, and which the Conservatives rejected. They called, instead, for "full conscription". McNaughton was defeated in the February 5, 1945 by-election. As

2324-626: The French National Assembly , by-elections are only used to fill some vacancies, with the others being filled by the assumption of a seat by a running mate nominated by the vacator. In the United States, these contests have been called "special elections" because they do not always occur on Election Day like regular congressional elections. Special elections are held when a seat in the House of Representatives , state legislature , or local legislature becomes vacant. At

2407-581: The House of Representatives of Japan (elected under parallel voting). If a vacancy arises in a party list seat, it would be filled in the manner usual for party-list proportional systems; for example, on the resignation of Darren Hughes from the Parliament of New Zealand in March 2011, Louisa Wall filled the seat after all the five candidates above her on the New Zealand Labour Party 's list declined it. Exceptions to this rule exist: In

2490-683: The Massachusetts special election to the United States Senate . Coakley, a Democrat , had been widely expected to win, but Brown unexpectedly closed the gap and won, a shocking result in the heavily-Democratic state of Massachusetts. This eliminated the Democratic Party's filibuster-proof majority of 60 votes. Another upset occurred in the 2017 special election in Alabama , one of the most heavily Republican states in

2573-472: The Ontario legislature . His by-election defeat resulted in his resignation as party leader. In British Columbia , sitting Premier Christy Clark lost her seat in the 2013 British Columbia general election . In order to remain in the legislature , she convinced her fellow caucus member Ben Stewart of Westside-Kelowna to resign as an MLA twenty-two days after the general election, so Clark could run in

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2656-484: The constitution in ancient Athenian democracy . Even where they are legally available, recall elections are only commonly held in a small number of countries including Peru , Ecuador , and Japan . They are considered by groups such as ACE Electoral Knowledge Network as the most rarely used form of direct democracy . The processes for recall elections vary greatly by country and can be originated in different ways. This can be done in two ways: The scheduling of

2739-468: The oath-taking controversy . The pro-democracy camp was considered safe in the de facto first past the post by-election because both pro-democracy camp and pro-Beijing camp would only nominate one candidate to fill in the by-election. However, the pro-democracy camp lost twice in Kowloon West , which had been considered a safe seat for them. Under Article 49(1) of the Constitution of Singapore ,

2822-411: The 50 per cent to the 40 per cent of valid votes on the day of the elections of the challenged authority). The change in the regulation, also quickening the registration of promoters, led to a considerable increase in the number of attempts. According to its constitution , Cuba is a socialist republic in which all members of representative bodies of state power are subject to recall by the masses. As

2905-642: The Conservatives' Arthur Meighen (who had already served as Prime Minister during the 1920s) sought to re-enter the House of Commons of Canada through a by-election in York South . His surprise defeat at the hand of Joseph Noseworthy of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation ended his political career, and may also have been a factor in the Conservative Party's decision to move to the left and rebrand itself

2988-487: The German Bundestag , which uses mixed-member proportional representation, by-elections were originally held upon the vacancy of any constituency seat. This was changed in January 1953, since which time vacancies in constituency seats have been filled by the next candidate on the state list of the party which won the seat, in the same manner as vacancies among list seats. Confusingly, this change occurred alongside

3071-714: The Hong Kong political system. The effect of the manoeuvre was blunted when the Pro-Beijing camp refused to stand candidates against them. The 1918 Swan by-election was held following the death of John Forrest . The seat was traditionally a safe seat for the Nationalist Party against the Labor Party , but the emergence of the Country Party lead to a "three-cornered contest" . As Australia used

3154-515: The Progressive Conservative Party under Meighen's replacement. Noseworthy's victory was also a significant breakthrough for the CCF giving it credibility as a national party where it has previously been seen as a Western Canadian regional protest party. On November 1, 1944, General Andrew McNaughton was appointed to Cabinet as Minister of Defence without having a seat in parliament, after his predecessor resigned during

3237-641: The Progressive Conservative and Liberal parties to protest the failure of the Meech Lake Accord and provided the first indication that the party could be a serious force in the province of Quebec. On the strength of the by-election victory, the BQ went on to be officially formed as a party in 1991 and win 54 seats in the 1993 federal election, enough to form the Official Opposition. By-elections may occur singly or in small bunches, especially if

3320-468: The Republic of China takes part. Other elected officials can be recalled in elections by more than 1/4 of the total electors in the original electoral district, and where the number of votes consenting to the recall is more than that of dissenting. On 6 June 2020, mayor of Kaohsiung , Han Kuo-yu , became the first mayor to be recalled . 939,090 votes within 969,259 agreed the recall. A year after

3403-866: The Sinn Féin candidate in attracting transfers. Murphy then took his seat in the 31st Dáil . As a direct result of this defeat in the by-election, Sinn Féin hardened their stance against Irish Water and called for the complete abolition of water charges in Ireland. In 1965, the British Foreign Secretary Patrick Gordon Walker stood in the Leyton by-election for election to the UK Parliament , having been defeated in controversial circumstances in Smethwick at

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3486-661: The US subnational level, in 1923 and 1933, to Cordoba and Entre Ríos provinces, respectively, both in Argentina. There, recall exists at the provincial level in Chaco (introduced in 1957), Chubut (1994), Córdoba (1923, 1987), Corrientes (1960), La Rioja (1986), Rio Negro (1988), Santiago del Estero and Tierra del Fuego (1991); other provinces include it for their municipalities, namely, Entre Ríos (1933), Neuquén (1957), Misiones (1958), San Juan (1986), San Luis (1987). It

3569-460: The authority responsible for calling them has discretion over the timing and can procrastinate. They are sometimes bunched to save money, as holding multiple by-elections is likely to cost more than holding a by-election to fill the vacancies all at once. In Canada, in 1978, 15 by-elections were held on a single date , restoring the House of Commons to 264 members. The media called it a "mini-election",

3652-597: The books. The province of Alberta enacted recall legislation for Members of the Legislative Assembly in 1936 during the Social Credit government of William Aberhart . The legislation was repealed after a petition was introduced for the recall of Aberhart himself. In 2020, the Government of Alberta announced it will introduce a bill allowing recall elections for Members of the Legislative Assembly, municipal governments, and school boards. This bill, Bill 52,

3735-457: The by-election for their former seat. Twenty-six recall petitions have been launched as of 2020 ; of the six completed petitions returned to Elections BC, five were rejected for having too few valid signatures. The sixth, on the recall of MLA Paul Reitsma , was halted after Reitsma resigned in 1998 during the secondary verification stage. In Colombia, the recall referendum was included by the constitution in 1991. The constitutional replacement

3818-596: The by-election was independent candidate Kerryn Phelps . A huge 17.7% two-party-preferred swing was required for the Liberal Party to lose the seat. Ultimately, the Liberals suffered a 19.0% swing to Phelps, the largest by-election swing in Australian history, which won her the seat. This loss deprived the Liberal Party of its majority in federal Parliament, forcing them into a minority government . In 1942,

3901-461: The corresponding electoral registry. In the case of the President of the Republic, the support of a number not less than fifteen percent of those registered in the electoral registry will be required. Mayors may be recalled in 11 out of the 16 states of Germany . In a majority of these states recall elections are indirect, meaning that they only take place after a motion of no confidence from

3984-465: The effect of presidential approval on special election outcomes has increased in magnitude from 1995 to 2014, with the 2002 midterm representing an important juncture in the nationalization of special elections." Seats which have unexpectedly changed hands in by-elections often revert to the former party in the next general election. One reason for this is that voter turnout at by-elections tends to be lower and skewed toward highly motivated supporters of

4067-418: The federal level, the U.S. Constitution requires that vacancies in the House of Representatives be filled with a special election (unlike the Senate , where it is up to law of the state involved to determine how the vacancy is filled). In most cases where a vacancy is filled through a special election, a primary will also be held to determine which candidates will represent the major parties. When one seat in

4150-459: The former member was elected as an independent . This is referred to as a substitute election ( Ersatzwahl ). Since no independents have been elected to the Bundestag since the first legislative period, no such substitute election has ever taken place. By-elections can be crucial when the ruling party has only a small majority. In parliamentary systems , party discipline is often so strong that

4233-630: The governing party or coalition can only lose a vote of no confidence after losing enough supporters, whether by floor-crossing or through losing by-elections, for it to become a minority government . Examples are the Labour government of James Callaghan 1976–1979 and Conservative government of John Major 1992–1997 . In the United States Senate , Scott Brown's election in 2010 ended the filibuster -proof supermajority formerly enjoyed by Democrats . By-elections can also be important if

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4316-766: The laws of the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1631. This version of the recall involved one elected body removing another official. During the American Revolution , the Articles of Confederation stipulated that state legislatures might recall delegates from the Continental Congress . According to New York Delegate John Lansing, the power was never exercised by any state. The Virginia Plan , issued at

4399-431: The lowest amount of successful recalls as only 25 were removed. In 2011, there were at least 150 recall elections in the United States. Of these, 75 officials were recalled, and nine officials resigned under threat of recall. Recalls were held in 17 states in 73 different jurisdictions. Michigan had the most recalls (at least 30). The year set a record for number of state legislator recall elections (11 elections) beating

4482-422: The mandate of popularly elected authorities. The request for revocation of the mandate may be submitted once the first and before the last year of the period for which the authority in question was elected. During the management period of an authority, only one process of revocation of the mandate may be carried out. The revocation request must be supported by a number not less than ten percent of people registered in

4565-569: The manner established by law upon decision of a majority of the electors. As a principle of soviet democracy , similar recall provisions have been widely copied in the constitutions of other communist countries , including those of Cuba , China , Vietnam , North Korea , and countries in the Eastern Bloc . Although allowable according to law, in practice the right of recall was never used in any soviet system of government, except for an attempt in Hungary in 1989. In Taiwan , according to

4648-426: The margin of victory relative to the district's normal performance may be relevant, other indicators generally provide stronger evidence with a larger sample size. A 2016 study of special elections to the United States House of Representatives found "that while candidate characteristics affect special election outcomes, presidential approval is predictive of special election outcomes as well. Furthermore, we find that

4731-499: The municipal council of the city . A supermajority vote is normally needed to start the recall process from the council. Four states also allow the direct recall, where citizens may sign a petition to trigger the recall vote. introduction (Percentage of Voters) (percentage of citizens) vote The recall of members of the state parliaments of Germany exist in five states ; Bavaria , Berlin , Brandenburg , Bremen , and Rhineland-Palatinate . All of these states only allow for

4814-440: The nation. Democrat Doug Jones defeated Republican Roy Moore in a close race after Moore was accused of sexual assault by multiple women . Recall election A recall election (also called a recall referendum , recall petition or representative recall ) is a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a referendum before that official's term of office has ended. Recalls appear in

4897-448: The new winner, with sitting members retaining their seats. Mixed-member proportional representation , additional member , and parallel voting systems, in which some members are chosen by party lists and some from single-member constituencies, usually hold by-elections to fill a vacancy in a constituency seat; for example, the assassination of Shinzo Abe resulted in a by-election in Yamaguchi's 4th district , which Abe represented in

4980-411: The opposition party. By-election upsets can have a psychological impact by creating a sense of momentum for one party or a sense of impending defeat for a government. For example, in Canada, Deborah Grey 's 1989 by-election victory in Beaver River was seen as evidence that the newly formed Reform Party of Canada would be a serious political contender and that it posed a serious political threat for

5063-442: The outset of the Philadelphia Convention of 1787, proposed to pair recall with rotation in office and to apply these dual principles to the lower house of the national legislature. The recall was rejected by the Constitutional Convention. However, the anti-Federalists used the lack of recall provision as a weapon in the ratification debates. Only two governors have ever been recalled. In 1921, Governor Lynn Frazier of North Dakota

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5146-425: The perceived problem of squabbling and dysfunctional municipal governments. Article 142 of The 1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union gave the right in theory to recall deputies in legislatures at all levels of government: Article 142. It is the duty of every deputy to report to his electors on his work and on the work of the Soviet of Working People's Deputies , and he is liable to be recalled at any time in

5229-475: The previous year's general election . His appointment as a senior minister while not a member of either house of Parliament was against convention, and he therefore sought to regularise the position by standing in the first available by-election, which was at Leyton in January 1965. However a strong swing against Labour resulted in Gordon Walker's defeat: as a result, he resigned as Foreign Secretary. In 2010, Republican Scott Brown defeated Martha Coakley in

5312-452: The primary means by which new members entered the House of Commons. By-elections are held in most nations that elect their parliaments through single-member constituencies , whether with or without a runoff round. This includes most Commonwealth countries, such as the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia and New Zealand , as well as non-Commonwealth countries such as France and Italy (until 2006). However, in some cases, such as

5395-448: The recall of the entire Saiema , though not of specific representatives: In Mexico , the State of Yucatán was the first to introduce the recall in 1938. The mechanism, which had never been used, was declared unconstitutional 72 years later by the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation . A similar mechanism introduced in Chihuahua in 1997 was also declared unconstitutional and consequently eliminated from law. Despite these precedents,

5478-423: The recall of the entire legislature by triggering a new election, the recall of individual members is not allowed. Article 18, Section 3 of the Constitution of Bavaria provides, that the entire Landtag can be dismissed by referendum on petition of 1 Million citizens, with elections of a new Landtag to be held up to six weeks after the recall referendum. Section 69 of the Constitution of Kiribati provides for

5561-626: The recall was later included in the states of Oaxaca (1998), Morelos (2011), Guerrero (2013), Zacatecas and Aguascalientes . Early policies of the New Zealand Labour Party included support for "the recall". Recall regulations were introduced in Peru by the Democratic Constituent Congress ( Congreso Constituyente Democrático ) which drafted a new constitution after Alberto Fujimori 's autogolpe in 1992. Between 1997 and 2013, more than 5000 recall referendums were activated against democratically elected authorities from 747 Peruvian municipalities (45.5% of all municipalities). This makes Peru

5644-427: The recall. Since the time the mechanism was regulated by Law 134 in 1994, until 2015, 161 attempts led 41 referendums and none of them succeeded since the threshold of participation was not reached. In 2015, a new law (303/2015) reduced the number of signatures required to activate a recall referendum (from 40 per cent to 30 per cent of the total of votes obtained by the elected authority) and the threshold (dropping from

5727-405: The required number of signatures was not collected—and it was abolished in the course of constitutional revisions in Aargau (1980), Baselland (1984) and Lucerne (2007). The only successful recall so far happened in the Canton of Aargau in the year 1862. However, the possibility of recalling municipal executives was newly introduced in Ticino in 2011, with 59% of voters in favor, as a reaction to

5810-437: The resignation of former prime minister Malcolm Turnbull , who had served as the member for Wentworth since 2004. Wentworth was considered an exceptionally safe seat for the Liberal Party , as it had only ever been held by the Liberal Party and its predecessor parties since its creation in 1901. Former Ambassador to Israel Dave Sharma was preselected as the Liberal Party's candidate for the by-election. The major challenger in

5893-400: The riding sign the petition and the petition is validated by Elections BC , the Chief Electoral Officer informs the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and the member in question that the member has been recalled and their seat vacated. A by-election is called by the Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia as soon as possible to fill the vacant seat. The recalled MLA is permitted to run in

5976-469: The ruling Progressive Conservatives . Similarly, the upset 1960 by-election victory of Walter Pitman in Peterborough as a " New Party " candidate was a significant boost for the movement to replace the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation with an unnamed "New Party" which would be integrated with the labour movement. Pitman's candidacy in a riding in which the CCF was traditionally weak was seen as

6059-458: The same ballot. In the 2003 California recall election, over 100 candidates appeared on the replacement portion of the ballot. In other states, a separate special election is held after the target is recalled, or a replacement is appointed by the Governor or some other state authority. The largest amount of recalls in the United States were held in 2021, as 529 officials faced recalls, but it had

6142-400: The seat of Mundingburra where in the 1995 state election Wayne Goss and his Labor Party won by a slim 45-seat majority in a 89-seat parliament. The seat was decided by 16 votes but due to difficulties and irregularities in the voting led to a by-election where the rival Liberal Party won the seat pushing Goss' government in minority and with Independent Liz Cunningham teaming up to push

6225-417: The target is permitted to submit responses to the stated reasons for recall. The minimum number of signatures to qualify a recall, and the time limit to do so, vary among the states. In addition, the handling of recalls, once they qualify, differs. In some states a recall triggers a simultaneous special election, where the vote on the recall, as well as the vote on the replacement if the recall succeeds, are on

6308-407: The vacator's list fills the vacancy automatically. However, Turkey is an exception, as it holds by-elections when too many seats become vacant in the parliament (as in 1986 ) or a repeat vote has to be held (as in 2003 ). In multi-member district systems that do not employ party lists – single transferable vote , single non-transferable vote and plurality at-large – vacancies may be filled by

6391-406: The world's most intensive user of this mechanism. Article 10 of the 1987 constitution of the Philippines allows for the recall of local officials. The Local Government Code, as amended, enabled the application of the provisions of the constitution. Elected officials from provincial governors to the barangay (village) councilors are potentially subject to recall. At least 15% of the electorate in

6474-430: Was recalled during a dispute about state-owned industries . In 2003, Governor Gray Davis of California was recalled over the state budget . Additionally, in 1988, a recall was approved against Governor Evan Mecham of Arizona , but he was impeached and convicted before it got on the ballot. In Alaska , Georgia , Kansas , Minnesota , Montana , Rhode Island , and Washington , specific grounds are required for

6557-411: Was launched as an answer to the movement known as la séptima papeleta (the seventh ballot), which requested a constitutional reform to end violence, narcoterrorism, corruption and increasing citizenship apathy. The definition of recall referendum in relation to programmatic vote was approved. It obliges candidates running for office to register a government plan which is later on considered to activate

6640-536: Was passed and received Royal Assent June 17, 2021, and came into effect on April 7, 2022. British Columbia's Recall and Initiative Act , enacted in 1995, provides a process for recalling members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia . Voters in a provincial riding can petition to have their Member of the Legislative Assembly removed from office once said MLA has been in office for at least 18 months. If over 40 percent of registered voters in

6723-457: Was supporting extreme labour positions. In the November 2010 general election, Illinois passed a referendum to amend the state constitution to allow a recall of the state's governor, in light of former Governor Rod Blagojevich's corruption scandal . In the other eleven states that permit statewide recall, no grounds are required and recall petitions may be circulated for any reason. However,

6806-603: Was the 2015 Puerto Princesa mayoral recall election . While recalls are not provided for at the federal level in Switzerland, six cantons allow them: The possibility of recall referendums (together with the popular election of executives, the initiative and the legislative referendum) was introduced into several cantonal constitutions after the 1860s in the course of a broad movement for democratic reform. The instrument has never been of any practical importance—the few attempts at recall so far have failed, usually because

6889-476: Was the favourite to take the seat. Sinn Féin had done extremely well in the area during that year's local elections . Sinn Féin captured high percentages of the first preference vote across the constituency. However, the Anti-Austerity Alliance candidate, Paul Murphy , was elected on the eighth count. Although Murphy had received a lower first preference total than Cathal King, he outperformed

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