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Spencer Foundation

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The Spencer Foundation was established in 1962 by Lyle M. Spencer . This foundation makes grants to support research in areas of education that are widely construed. It is currently led by its president, Na'ilah Suad Nasir .

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68-663: Lyle M. Spencer was the founder of The Spencer Foundation. Spencer grew up in Appleton, Wisconsin , and attended college in the Pacific Northwest . He received both an undergraduate degree and a master's degree in sociology from the University of Washington in Seattle , where his father served as president from 1927 to 1933. Spencer continued graduate work in sociology at the University of Chicago , where he co-founded

136-521: A Harry Houdini exhibit, and other traveling exhibits. The Atlas Science Center has historic paper-making machines on display and an exhibit on the history of paper. The Fox River Mall is the second-largest mall in Wisconsin. Other local malls include Northland Shopping Mall and City Center Plaza. In 2013, Houdini Plaza, on the corner of College Avenue and Appleton Street, was renovated. The project cost around $ 1.5 million with most of that paid by

204-614: A collaborative project at the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point . Below are the basic orthography and phonemes (represented in IPA ) of Menominee. Consonants, including nasals, are palatalized before front vowels and labialized before back vowels. Menominee does not make contrasts between voiced and voiceless stops and voicing from a following vowel may set in before the opening is complete. Vowels are slightly nasalized before or after /m/ or /n/ . Syllable structure in Menominee

272-520: A firework display for the Appleton community during the 4th of July holiday. City Park, established in 1882, is the oldest park in the Appleton park system. The Trout Museum of Art uses the park for its Art in the Park showcase. The show features over 200 artists that attract over 25,000 art enthusiasts annually. Pierce Park is the site of weekly Appleton City Band concerts held during the summer, and of

340-645: A network of bus lines serving the Fox Valley. There are also several taxi operators in the city. Valley Transit operates routes that generally begin service as early as 5:45 AM and run until as late as 10:40 PM Monday through Saturday. Frequencies are usually every hour and every half-hour on certain routes during peak morning and afternoon times on weekdays. There is no service on Sunday. Amtrak Thruway and Lamers Bus Lines offer intercity buses serving such locations as Green Bay, Madison, Oshkosh, Fond du Lac, Milwaukee, and Chicago. In April 2021, Bird Rides launched

408-426: A number of networking and professional development opportunities and informally is seen as an indicator of who are some of the most promising researchers in education. The foundation also awards a series of prestigious fellowships to early career education researchers, typically pre-tenured professors at research intensive institutions. Each fellowship is for a total of $ 55,000 and is for one or two years depending on

476-453: A pilot program with 100 rentable electric scooters that users can operate throughout most of the city. The founder of the company Travis VanderZanden grew up in the Appleton area. Hwy 47 Richmond St. (Exit 142), Hwy E Ballard Rd. (Exit 144), and Hwy 441 (Exit 145) US 10 West/US 41, Racine St Menasha, Hwy AP Midway Rd., WIS 47 Appleton Rd., US 10 East Oneida St., Hwy KK Calumet St., Hwy CE College Ave., Hwy OO Northland Ave., US 41 Appleton

544-511: A series of prestigious fellowships to doctoral students completing dissertation research in any area of education research. Each fellowship is for $ 25,000 and supports individuals in the final year of their doctoral training. The average number of fellowships awarded is 25 out of 600 applicants. Selection is determined by members of the National Academy of Education and by highly respected senior education research scholars. It provides

612-701: Is a grammatical construct for noun classification and not a reflection of the noun's status as "living" or "non-living." Therefore, some semantically inherently inanimate objects are grammatically animate. All nouns are required to be inflected if they are plural. Nouns which are singular are unmarked. Menominee has four grammatical persons: first, second, third, and indefinite. Noun classes are split based on grammatical gender into two categories: animate and inanimate. Additionally, all nouns must be marked for plurality. Plurality agreement are suffixes that attach to noun stems. Singular forms are unmarked (represented by zero morpheme ∅) and plural has two forms, as shown in

680-540: Is a highly endangered language , as there are only a handful of fluent speakers left. According to a 1997 report by the Menominee Historic Preservation Office, 39 people spoke Menominee as their first language , all of whom were elderly; 26 spoke it as their second language ; and 65 others had learned some of it for the purpose of understanding the language and/or teaching it to others. The Menominee Language & Culture Commission

748-467: Is an endangered Algonquian language spoken by the historic Menominee people of what is now northern Wisconsin in the United States. The federally recognized tribe has been working to encourage revival of use of the language by intensive classes locally and partnerships with universities. Most of the fluent speakers are elderly. Many of the people use English as their first language. The name of

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816-576: Is crisscrossed by the former main lines of the Chicago and North Western Railway (southwest-northeast) and the Milwaukee, Lake Shore and Western Railway (roughly southeast–northwest, and now largely abandoned except for local service to area paper mills and other industries). A north-south branch of the former Wisconsin Central Railroad passes on the west side of the city. All rail service

884-461: Is elected every four years in a citywide vote. The council, known as the common council or city council, consists of 15 members, called alderpersons, all of whom are elected to two-year terms from individual districts. The current mayor of Appleton, Jake Woodford, was elected in 2020 to his first four-year term. The first mayor of Appleton was Amos Story, elected in April 1857. The longest-serving mayor

952-665: Is generally much more pronounced in Menominee than in English. Bloomfield states there are five overarching categories in Menominee: noun, pronoun, negator, verb, and particle. Nouns, pronouns, negators, and verbs all take inflection whereas particles do not carry any morphology. Agreement morphology in Menominee can be fusional, e.g. animacy and number (nouns), are indicated within the same affix. All nouns are split into two categories and are inflected for animacy and are classified as either animate or inanimate. Animacy in Menominee

1020-536: Is home to Lawrence University , a private liberal arts college, and Fox Valley Technical College . Globe University , Concordia University Wisconsin , and Rasmussen College have branch campuses in the city. The University of Wisconsin–Fox Valley , a two-year campus of the University of Wisconsin System , is located in nearby Menasha . Lawrence University is the most expenisve college in Wisconsin. Appleton has other various art ciriculums imbeded in its culture. Art

1088-406: Is important here and taught in all the school disrticts. In recent years, Appleton has emerged as a center for innovation in technology education, particularly in the area of K–12 technology education: the student-driven Appleton Youth Education Initiative has partnered with Microsoft Philanthropies, Plexus Corp., Miron Construction, Schneider National , and Stellar Blue Technologies to organize

1156-470: Is in the next-to-last syllable of a word. Most compounds and inflected forms are treated as single words in assigning stress. Rhetorical stress comes on the last syllable. In an interrogative sentence which uses a question word, there is a rising and then falling of pitch near the beginning and a drop at the end. In yes–no questions , there is a sharp rise in pitch at the end of the sentence. The modulations of pitch for expressing exclamations, quotations, etc.

1224-703: Is included in the greater Fox Cities region of Wisconsin. Appleton serves as the heart of the Fox River Valley, which is home to Lawrence University , the Fox Cities Exhibition Center , Fox Cities Performing Arts Center , Fox River Mall , Neuroscience Group Field at Fox Cities Stadium , Appleton International Airport , and the Valley's two major hospitals: St. Elizabeth Hospital and ThedaCare Regional Medical Center–Appleton . It also hosts regional events such as Octoberfest and

1292-464: Is now operated by Canadian National Railway . Appleton has no intercity passenger rail service, although studies are being undertaken on the feasibility of extending Amtrak rail service to the Fox Cities and Green Bay. Menominee language Menominee / m ɪ ˈ n ɒ m ɪ n iː / mih- NOM -ih-nee , also spelled Menomini (In Menominee language: omǣqnomenēweqnæsewen )

1360-771: Is the principal city of the Appleton–Oshkosh–Neenah CSA , a Combined Statistical Area which includes the Appleton (Calumet and Outagamie counties) and Oshkosh–Neenah ( Winnebago County ) metropolitan areas, which had a combined population of 392,660 at the 2010 census and an estimated population of 409,881 as of 2019. According to the 2020 census , 62,899 of the city's population lived in Outagamie County , 11,304 lived in Calumet County , and 1,441 lived in Winnebago County . As of

1428-399: Is typically VC(C) or C(C)VC(C); syllables do not end in vowels. Any consonant can begin or end a syllable except ⟨h⟩ and ⟨q⟩ . The only clusters which can occur at the end of a syllable are ⟨qc⟩ and ⟨qs⟩ . The only cluster which can begin a syllable is ⟨kw⟩ . Primary stress occurs on every long vowel or diphthong that

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1496-400: The 222 Building was built in 1952. The Valley Fair Shopping Center , built in 1954, laid claim to being the first enclosed shopping mall in the United States, although this claim is disputed by other malls. In 2007 most of the structure was demolished, leaving only its east wing and a movie theater. A Pick 'n Save Food Center now stands in its place. From approximately 1930–1970, Appleton

1564-670: The College of Menominee Nation and University of Wisconsin–Green Bay . In 2012, the Catholic Diocese of Green Bay issued an apology to "a seventh-grader who was punished after using her native Menominee language in the classroom" in Shawano, Wisconsin . As of 2013, there are "six or seven people ... able to be conversational in the language," according to an article on the Menominee Place Names Map,

1632-487: The Great Lakes , which means lesser snowfall in winter than in many other cold areas. A dew point of 90 °F (32 °C) was observed at Appleton at 5 p.m. on July 13, 1995. This is tied for the second highest dew point ever observed in the United States and coincides with the 1995 Chicago heat wave . Being inland from Lake Michigan , Appleton is prone to temperature extremes. The hottest temperature recorded

1700-746: The Mile of Music . The territory where Appleton is today was traditionally occupied by the Ho-Chunk and the Menominee . The Menominee Nation ceded the territory to the United States in the Treaty of the Cedars in 1836, with Chief Oshkosh representing the Menominee. The treaty came at the end of several years of negotiations between the Menominee, the Ho-Chunk and the federal government about how to accommodate

1768-480: The Oneida , Stockbridge-Munsee , and Brothertown peoples who were removed from New York to Wisconsin. The Ho-Chunk never ratified the final treaty as only the Menominee ceded land. In the Menominee language, Appleton is known as Ahkōnemeh , or "watches for them place". The first European settlers in Appleton were fur traders seeking to do business with Fox River Valley Native Americans . Hippolyte Grignon built

1836-768: The Science Research Associates , an educational publishing firm also known as SRA. His work at the SRA earned helped to eventually fund the Spencer Foundation. Spencer participated on the trustees' board of three universities, he was a director of what is now the United Negro College Fund , and actively sat on the committees for education at Harvard University and the University of Chicago. The SRA nearly went bankrupt in

1904-487: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 24.82 square miles (64.28 km ), of which, 24.33 square miles (63.01 km ) is land and 0.49 square miles (1.27 km ) is water. Appleton has a humid continental climate typical of Wisconsin. Summers are warm to hot and winters are rather cold in comparison. Precipitation is relatively moderate compared to other areas close to

1972-607: The census of 2020 , the city's population was 75,644. The population density was 3,051.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,178.2/km ). There were 31,747 housing units at an average density of 1,280.7 units per square mile (494.5 units/km ). Ethnically, the population was 7.3% Hispanic or Latino of any race. When grouping both Hispanic and non-Hispanic people together by race, the city was 80.1% White , 6.4% Asian , 3.13% Black or African American , 0.9% Native American , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 3.2% from other races , and 6.5% from two or more races. The 2020 census population of

2040-1161: The 2018–2019 legislative session, the following representatives serve these districts: Appleton is served by the Appleton Area School District , which has three high schools, four middle schools, seventeen elementary schools, and sixteen charter schools. The district's main public high schools are Appleton East , Appleton North , and Appleton West . The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS) has four Christian elementary schools in Appleton: Mount Olive Lutheran School (Pre-K–8), Riverview Lutheran School (Pre-K–8), St. Paul Lutheran School (Pre-K–8), and St. Peter Lutheran School (Pre-K–8). Appleton has two parochial high schools: Roman Catholic Xavier High School and Fox Valley Lutheran High School . Appleton also has charter high schools, including: Fox Cities Leadership Academy, Renaissance Academy, Appleton Technical Academy, and Tesla Engineering. Appleton

2108-552: The 20th century, it adopted the commission form of government. In 1890, 11,869 people lived in Appleton; in 1900, there were 15,085; in 1910, 16,773; in 1920, 19,571; and in 1940, 28,436. Significant annexations to the city, taken from the Town of Grand Chute , were performed in the next two decades. The first, the "Glendale" district, was completed on November 8, 1941, growing Appleton north past Glendale Avenue. Another became official on December 22, 1950, after multi-year disputes, when

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2176-552: The Appleton Tech Clinic and HackAppleton, a popular annual hackathon that draws students from all over Wisconsin. The city and surrounding area are served by the Appleton Public Library, which was chartered by the city in 1897 and as of 2010 has a collection of over 600,000 items. The library offers free wifi as well as printing and faxing for a small fee. The city owns Valley Transit ,

2244-567: The Foundation works to investigate ways in which education can be improved around the world. There is a great dedication to research, as it is necessary for the improvement of education. The Spencer Foundation supports research programs in high-quality investigation of education. By awarding research grants, and fellowships, the Foundation remains running. The foundation strengthens the connections in education research, policy and practice through communications and networking. The foundation awards

2312-699: The Menomini lives'. Nouns can also be inflected for locality: Diminutives can be formed from any noun by suffixing -æshs . Agent nouns (i.e., nouns that mean one who does the action of the verb, such as worker from work , talker from talk , in English) are homonymous with the third person inflected verb. So, Menominee displays inflectional reference. Nouns, verbs, and objects are inflected to agree in gender, person, and number of their possessor, actor, or transitive verb, respectively. Intransitive verbs typically occur in two forms: one for animate actors,

2380-499: The Spencer Foundation. He expressed his concern for individual people and the individual learning process and his desire to support and fund educational projects. His essential wish was to improve educational opportunities. While serving as CEO at SRA, Spencer has also participated on the trustees' board of three universities, he was a director of what is now the UNCF , and actively sat on the committees for education at Harvard University and

2448-435: The University of Chicago. Lyle M. Spencer died of pancreatic cancer on August 21, 1968, and was buried in Appleton, Wisconsin. Upon Spencer's death in 1968, the foundation received a large endowment. The foundation began making formal grants in 1971. The foundation has since made grants totaling $ 250 million. Michael S. McPherson was president of the Spencer Foundation from 2003 to 2017. With Lyle Spencer's directions,

2516-579: The White Heron in 1835 to house his family and serve as an inn and trading post. Appleton was settled in 1847. It was founded as three unincorporated villages along the Fox River. From south to north along the river, these were Grand Chute , Appleton, and Lawesburg . In 1853, the three were merged into the single incorporated Village of Appleton. John F. Johnston was the first resident and village president. Lawrence University , also founded in 1847,

2584-543: The annual Appleton Old Car Show and Swap Meet. Pierce Park and Telulah Park each feature a disc-golf course. Erb Park and Mead Park each feature a public aquatics facility. Jones Park is the site of the finish line for the Santa Scamper run held during the annual Appleton Christmas Parade, and features an outdoor hockey rink in the winter. Appleton is governed via the mayor-council system. The mayor appoints department heads, subject to council approval. The city attorney

2652-475: The city also extends into Calumet and Winnebago counties. It is situated on the Fox River , 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Green Bay and 100 miles (160 km) north of Milwaukee . As of the 2020 census , it had a population of 75,644, making it the sixth-most populous city in Wisconsin. It is the principal city of the Appleton metropolitan statistical area , which had 243,147 residents in 2020 and

2720-486: The city included 318 people incarcerated in adult correctional facilities and 1,275 people in student housing. According to the American Community Survey estimates for 2016–2020, the median income for a household in the city was $ 61,475, and the median income for a family was $ 76,791. Male full-time workers had a median income of $ 51,431 versus $ 41,564 for female workers. The per capita income for

2788-446: The city itself. The plaza, known as the 'front yard' of downtown Appleton holds roughly 55 events each year, including summer concerts and part of the downtown farmers market . Other points of interest include: The city is served by two hospitals: The city of Appleton has 24 neighborhood parks and four community parks in its park system. The neighborhood parks range in size from 2 acres (0.81 ha) to 16 acres (6.5 ha), while

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2856-405: The city was $ 33,282. About 7.8% of families and 10.3% of the population were below the poverty line , including 15.8% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over. Of the population age 25 and over, 92.6% were high school graduates or higher and 33.6% had a bachelor's degree or higher. As of the 2010 census , there were 72,623 people, 28,874 households, and 18,271 families residing in

2924-425: The city. The population density was 2,984.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,152.5/km ). There were 30,348 housing units at an average density of 1,247.3 units per square mile (481.6 units/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 87.5% White , 1.7% African American , 0.7% Native American , 5.9% Asian , 2.2% from other races , and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 5.0% of

2992-409: The community parks range in size from 25 acres (10 ha) to 139 acres (56 ha). Memorial Park is the largest of the community parks, covering 139 acres (56 ha). The park's facilities include: seven baseball/softball fields, playground equipment, an indoor ice skating rink, a sledding hill, a picnic pavilion, a catch-and-release fishing pond, grills, and a warming shelter. The park provides

3060-680: The development of Appleton. In order to provide electricity to the paper industry, the nation's first hydro-electric central station, the Vulcan Street Plant on the Fox River , began operation on September 30, 1882. The power plant also powered the Hearthstone House , the first residence in the world powered by a centrally located hydroelectric station using the Edison system. Shortly thereafter, in August 1886, Appleton

3128-406: The first year and Spencer gave up this idea, essentially creating a commercial firm in 1939. IBM purchased the SRA in 1964; meanwhile, Spencer maintained the position of the firm's chief executive officer up until 1968. Spencer came to realize the potential for his large fortune could affect educational research around the world after IBM bought it. Spencer left passion-filled notes on a vision for

3196-417: The inflection of verbs to indicate the actor. The personal pronouns formed by these prefixes are as follows: Nouns and nearly all pronouns are inflected for singular and plural. Some nouns occur only as singulars, typically denoting liquids or other uncountable substances (e.g. kahpeːh , 'coffee'). The singular is often used for a representative meaning, e.g. ɛːsespemaːteset omɛːqnomeneːw , 'the way

3264-501: The largest employers in the city were: Corporations headquartered in Appleton include: Appleton tourist attractions include the Hearthstone House , the four-story mansion that was the first house in US to be powered by hydroelectricity at its completion in 1881. The History Museum at the Castle contains exhibits on Fox River Valley history, including a gallery showcasing Edna Ferber ,

3332-446: The low front vowel /æ/ , its rich negation morphology , and its lexicon . Some scholars (notably Bloomfield and Sapir ) have classified it as a Central Algonquian language based on its phonology . Good sources of information on the Menominee tribe and their language include Leonard Bloomfield 's 1928 bilingual text collection, his 1962 grammar (considered a landmark study), and Skinner's earlier anthropological work. Menominee

3400-403: The other for inanimate actors: Transitive verbs can be used with either animate or inanimate actors. Transitive verbs contain inflectional reference both to their subject and to the object. One form of the verb exists for animate objects and another for inanimate objects: Impersonal verbs occur with no identifiable actor and in the singular inflection: The negator kan typically precedes

3468-438: The population. There were 28,874 households, of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.7% were non-families. 29.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

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3536-495: The preference of the recipient. The fellowship relieves the researcher from a year's worth of teaching responsibilities in order to pursue an innovative and important education research project . The average number of fellowships awarded is 20 out of 200 applicants each year. Selection is determined by a committee of members of the National Academy of Education. Only scholars who have graduated from their doctorates within

3604-485: The previous five years may apply. Recipients of the fellowship also are recognized as the most promising young scholars in education research, and this is widely considered to be one of the top distinctions available to an early career researcher. Appleton, Wisconsin Appleton ( Menominee : Ahkōnemeh ) is a city in and the county seat of Outagamie County, Wisconsin , United States. A small portion of

3672-604: The publication of modern dictionaries of the language in support of revitalization efforts. In 1977, Menominee High School, founded when "the Indians of the Menominee Reservation separated from the Shawano -Gresham School District to open their own district," began to offer Menominee language, drumming, and tribal dance in addition to its academic program. Classes in the Menominee language are available locally at preschool, high school and adult levels, and at

3740-593: The table below. These suffixes are attached directly to noun stems or to possessed themes. Examples below show singular and plural inflections of both animate and inanimate nouns: There are four personal prefixes used to modify nouns and in personal pronouns: Certain nouns occur only in possessed forms, typically referring to body parts or relatives, such as okiːqsemaw , 'son'; kese:t , 'your (s.) foot'; mese:t , 'someone's foot'. These affixes are used to indicate possession (e.g. neme:h 'my older sister'; neta:qsɛnem , 'my stone'). They are also used in

3808-502: The tribe, and the language, derived from Oma͞eqnomenew , comes from the word for ' wild rice '. The tribe has gathered and cultivated this native food as a staple for millennia. The Ojibwa , their neighbors to the north who are one of the Anishinaabe peoples and also speak an Algonquian language, also use this term for them. The main characteristics of Menominee, as compared to other Algonquian languages, are its extensive use of

3876-453: The unincorporated villages of Bell Heights and Whispering Pines were annexed into the city from Grand Chute. Bell Heights added new area to the northwest edge of Appleton, and Whispering Pines, to the northeast, would include land where Appleton Memorial Hospital would later be built. Bell Heights and Whispering Pines increased the population of the city by ten percent, and its area by twenty percent, overnight. Appleton's tallest building,

3944-614: The verb, negator, personal and demonstrative pronouns, and auxiliary verbs: The indicative makes statements. In the first-person plural, it is used as a hortatory (first person plural imperative: kenawmaːciaq , 'let's set out' Menominee is one of the Algonquian languages , which are part of the larger family of Algic languages . Goddard (1996) and Mithun (1999) classify it with the Central and Plains Algonquian languages along with languages like Blackfoot , Arapaho , Cheyenne ,

4012-414: The verb: kan kemeːwanon , 'it is not raining'. The negator also inflects for certain elements of modal inflection: kasaq kemeːwanon , 'why, it isn't raining anymore!' It can be used alone to answer a yes–no question. The particle poːn is used to negate imperatives: poːn kasɛːhkehseh , 'don't be too late'. Bloomfield distinguishes five modes of the verb in Menominee, which are reflected in

4080-454: Was 107 °F (42 °C) during the 1936 Dust Bowl and the coldest was −32 °F (−36 °C) in 1929. The coldest maximum on record is −20 °F (−29 °C) set in 1994 and the warmest minimum being 82 °F (28 °C) in 1912. On average, the coldest maximum temperature of the year during the normals between 1991 and 2020 was at a frigid 1 °F (−17 °C) and the warmest minimum averaged 73 °F (23 °C). Appleton

4148-449: Was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.04. The median age in the city was 35.3 years. 25% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.7% were from 25 to 44; 26.1% were from 45 to 64; and 11.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. FBI crime statistics for 2009 list the crime rate (per 100,000 population) for Appleton as follows: As of 2020,

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4216-652: Was Timothy Hanna, who served from 1996 through 2020. Partial of list of Appleton's past mayors: Appleton is represented by Ron Johnson (R) and Tammy Baldwin (D) in the United States Senate . It is currently unrepresented in the House of Representatives , after Mike Gallagher resigned in March 2024. In the Wisconsin state legislature, Appleton is divided among four State Assembly Districts (3rd, 55th, 56th, 57th) and two State Senate Districts (1st, 19th). As of

4284-520: Was a sundown town : black people were not allowed to stay overnight, and none lived within its city limits by 1930. In 1936, the Institute of Paper Chemistry tried to hire the famous African-American chemist Percy Julian , but could not figure out how to do this without running afoul of what was stated as "an arcane law on the City of Appleton's books". A fight over Julian's employment ensued, and he

4352-478: Was backed financially by Amos A. Lawrence and originally known as the Lawrence Institute. Samuel Appleton , Lawrence's father-in-law from New England who never visited Wisconsin, donated $ 10,000 to the newly founded college library, and the town took his name in appreciation. The paper industry, beginning with the building of the first paper mill in the city in 1853, has been at the forefront of

4420-508: Was established by the Menominee Nation to promote the continued use of the language. In the 21st century, residents of the Menominee reservation at Keshena have held intensive classes for learners of all ages, and have worked with linguists from the University of Wisconsin–Madison to document the language and to develop curriculum and learning materials. A Menominee dictionary project, led by Monica Macaulay , has resulted in

4488-535: Was hired by Glidden in Chicago instead. Appleton's sundown status was largely de facto and not de jure ; it stood by unwritten consensus and enforcement, such as by police strongly encouraging black people to leave town after dark. A partial exception was made for opera singer Marian Anderson when she sang at Lawrence University in 1941; she was allowed to stay overnight in the Conway Hotel, but even then

4556-630: Was not allowed to eat dinner in public. Following the Flint water crisis , a report of Wisconsin Rust Belt cities showed high levels of lead contamination in the water of Appleton, with children under the age of 1 testing positive for lead. With a state average of 1.9 per 100 for this age group, Appleton tested at 4.5 per 100 for the same age group. Appleton is located at 44°16′N 88°24′W  /  44.267°N 88.400°W  / 44.267; -88.400 (44.278819, −88.392625). According to

4624-469: Was the site for another national first, the operation of a commercially successful electric streetcar company. Electric lights replaced gas lamps on College Avenue in 1912. Appleton also had the first telephone in Wisconsin, and the first incandescent light in any city outside of the East Coast . The community was incorporated as a city on March 2, 1857, with Amos Story as its first mayor. Early in

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