Opposition
48-427: The Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Municipal Council is the local council for Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte , the administrative capital city of Sri Lanka . The council was first formed as Kotte Urban Development Council which was established in the 1930s and the council became Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Municipal Council in 1997, Chandra Silva was elected as the first mayor. Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Municipal Council area
96-500: A Supreme Court , Court of Appeal, High Court, and a number of subordinate courts. Sri Lanka's legal system is reflective of the country's diverse cultural influences. Criminal law is fundamentally British. Basic civil law is Roman-Dutch, but laws pertaining to marriage, divorce, and inheritance are communal, known as respectively as Kandyan, Thesavalamai ( Jaffna Tamil ) and Muslim (Roman-Dutch law applies to Low-country Sinhalese , Estate Tamils and others). Sri Lanka generally follows
144-459: A legislative session and can dissolve Parliament at any time once a year has passed since the last general elections (except in a few limited circumstances). The President can also dissolve Parliament before the completion of one year, if requested to do so by a resolution signed by at least half the MPs. Parliament reserves the power to make all laws. Since its independence in 1948, Sri Lanka has remained
192-708: A member of the Commonwealth of Nations. In August 2005, the Supreme Court ruled that presidential elections would be held in November 2005, resolving a long-running dispute on the length of President Kumaratunga's term. Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa was nominated the SLFP candidate and former Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe as the UNP candidate. The election was held on 17 November 2005, and Mahinda Rajapaksa
240-785: A non-aligned foreign policy but has been seeking closer relations with the United States since 1977. It participates in multilateral diplomacy, particularly at the United Nations , where it seeks to promote sovereignty, independence, and development in the developing world. Sri Lanka was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). It also is a member of the Commonwealth , the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC),
288-600: A political solution must first be found to address Tamil grievances before the TNA would consider joining the government. The TNA was however represented by its leader Sampanthan on the National Executive Council. In March 2015 the TNA joined an all party provincial government in the Eastern Province. Two TNA provincial councillors were appointed to the province's Board of Ministers. At
336-717: Is a unitary multi-party semi-presidential representative democratic republic , whereby the President of Sri Lanka is both head of state and head of government . Executive power is exercised by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers . Legislative power is vested in the Parliament . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Starting from
384-548: Is a direct consequence of the ongoing tussle among the three nations to establish a firm foothold in the strategically located island state. Civil society participation in decision-making and opinion-shaping in Sri Lanka is very poor. Professionals, civil society groups, and media rarely play significant roles in Sri Lankan politics, and as a result many aspects of the lives of ordinary citizens are politicized. In addition,
432-892: Is bounded by the Kolonnawa Urban Council to the North, the Kotikawatta – Mulleriyawa Pradeshiya Sabha to the North East, Kaduwela Municipal Council to the East, Maharagama Urban Council to the South East, Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia Municipal Council to the South West, and Colombo Municipal Council to the West. The Kotte Urban Development Council was created in the 1930s, with a modern building at Rajagiriya . It
480-571: Is divided into 16 wards and is represented by 20 councillors, elected using an open list proportional representation system . Results of the local government election held on 8 October 2011. The Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Municipal Council has six standing departments each headed by the mayor. The standing committees are Accounts Department, Municipal Engineering Department, Health Development, Veterinary Department, Legal Department and Public Utility Department. Politics of Sri Lanka#Local government structure [REDACTED] Sri Lanka
528-400: Is divided into 25 districts , each of which has a district secretary (the government agent or GA) who is appointed. Each district has 5–16 divisions, each with a divisional secretary who is also appointed. At a village level, Grama Niladari (Village Officers), Samurdhi Niladari (Development Officers) and agriculture extension officers all work for their respective divisional secretaries. Under
SECTION 10
#1732801874795576-667: The Tamil National Alliance , the 5 December 2001 election , the TNA led by Rajavarothiam Sampanthan won 3.88% of the popular vote and 15 out of 225 seats in the Sri Lankan parliament . Votes and seats won by TNA by electoral district In the 2 April 2004 parliamentary election in which the United People's Freedom Alliance alliance led by President Kumaratunga came to power, the Tamil National Alliance led by Rajavarothiam Sampanthan won 6.84% of
624-523: The 2015 parliamentary election , the TNA received 515,963 votes (4.62%) and won 16 out of 225 seats in parliament. After the election, Sampanthan was recognised as Leader of the Opposition in parliament. Tamil National Alliances manifesto were based on what is known as the Thimpu principles amongst Sri Lankan Tamil nationalists. But the TNA later rejected separatism preferring power devolution to
672-534: The 2015 presidential elections , ending his ten-year presidency. However, his successor, President Maithripala Sirisena , decided not to seek re-election in 2019. This enabled the Rajapaksa family to regain power in the 2019 presidential elections. Mahinda Rajapaksa's younger brother and former wartime defence chief Gotabaya Rajapaksa won the election, and was sworn in as the 7th Executive President of Sri Lanka. The Rajapaksa's firm grip of power consolidated in
720-774: The Eastern Province . It also controlled 33 local authorities in the north and east. The leader of the alliance, R. Sampanthan , served as the leader of the opposition from September 2015 to December 2018. The TNA was formed in October 2001 to contest the 2001 parliamentary election on a common platform. On 20 October 2001 a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between the All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC), Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF), Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization (TELO) and Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF). At
768-740: The Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front , the Ilankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi (ITAK), the People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam and the Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization . The alliance began to fall apart during the lead-up to the 2024 presidential election , and in the following parliamentary election , the Tamil nationalist vote was split between several parties, including
816-662: The Indo-Sri Lanka Accord signed in 1987 and the subsequent 13th Amendment to the Constitution , the Government of Sri Lanka agreed to devolve some authority to the provinces . Provincial councils are directly elected for five-year terms. The leader of the council majority serves as the province's Chief Minister with a board of ministers; a provincial governor is appointed by the president. The Provincial Councils have full statute making power with respect to
864-487: The Sri Lankan Tamil minority of the country. It was formed in October 2001 by a group of moderate Tamil nationalist parties and former Tamil militant groups . The alliance originally supported self-determination in an autonomous state ( Tamil Eelam ) for the island's Tamils. It supported negotiations with the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) to resolve the civil war in Sri Lanka. The TNA
912-545: The Sri Lankan form of the contingent vote . Responsible to Parliament for the exercise of duties under the constitution and laws, the president may be removed from office by a two-thirds vote of Parliament with the concurrence of the Supreme Court. The president appoints and heads a cabinet of ministers responsible to Parliament. The president's deputy is the prime minister , who leads the ruling party in Parliament. A parliamentary no-confidence vote requires dissolution of
960-861: The Tamils . In an interview, Selvam Adaikalanathan explained that it would be betraying the Tamil people to oppose the LTTE, because victory could only be achieved if all Tamil groups set aside their differences and stood as a united front. Since the end of the civil war and the defeat of the Tamil Tigers , the TNA has dropped the demand for an independent state, saying that it is ready to accept federalism and regional self-rule. The TNA and its supporters have been subject to numerous attacks during its existence and three of its sitting Members of Parliament have been assassinated , allegedly by government -backed paramilitary groups. In 2015, TNA consisted of four parties:
1008-1178: The World Bank , International Monetary Fund , Asian Development Bank , and the Colombo Plan. Sri Lanka continues its active participation in the NAM, while also stressing the importance it places on regionalism by playing a strong role in SAARC. Sri Lanka is member of the IAEA , IBRD , ADB , C , CP , ESCAP , FAO , G-24 , G-77 , ICAO , ICRM , IDA , IFAD , IFC , IFRCS , IHO , ILO , IMF , IMO , Inmarsat , Intelsat , Interpol , IOC , IOM , ISO , ITU , NAM , OAS (observer), OPCW , PCA , SAARC , UN , UNCTAD , UNESCO , UNIDO , UNU , UPU , WCL , WCO , WFTU , WHO , WIPO , WMO , WToO , and WTrO . The growing interest of other countries in making their claims to Sri Lanka's strategic assets has been generating heated discussion both within national and international circles. China , India and Japan 's involvement in Sri Lankan seaport developments
SECTION 20
#17328018747951056-585: The parliamentary elections held in August 2020. The family's political party, the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (known by its initials SLPP) won a landslide victory and a clear majority in the parliament, and five members of the Rajapaksa family won a seat in the parliament. Former President Mahinda Rajapaksa became the new prime minister. On 23 September 2024, Anura Kumara Dissanayake was sworn in as Sri Lanka's new president after winning
1104-540: The 2001 parliamentary election, the TNA, contesting under the name and symbol of the TULF, received 348,164 votes (3.89%) and won 15 out of 225 seats in the Sri Lankan parliament . Soon after its formation, the TNA began to make a more pro-LTTE stance, supporting their "freedom struggle" and recognising them as the sole representative of the Sri Lankan Tamils. This caused a split within the TULF. Some members of
1152-673: The ITAK, received 633,654 votes (6.84%) and won 22 out of 225 seats in parliament. The TNA boycotted the 2008 local authority election in Batticaloa District and the 2008 Eastern Provincial Council election due to threats posed by the government backed Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal (TMVP) paramilitary group and opposition to the de-merger of the North Eastern Province . The civil war ended in May 2009 after
1200-690: The ITAK, the Democratic Tamil National Alliance , the Tamil People's Alliance , the Eros Democratic Front , the All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC) and the People's Struggle Alliance . At the end of its parliametary lifespan, the TNA had 10 members in the national parliament . It controlled the provincial government in the Northern Province and was part of the provincial government in
1248-467: The LTTE were defeated by the Sri Lankan military . A United Nations report found that as many as 40,000 civilians may have been killed in the final months of the civil war, mostly as a result of indiscriminate shelling by the Sri Lankan military. There are widespread allegations that both sides committed atrocities and human rights violations including war crimes . The TNA has consistently campaigned for an independent international investigation into
1296-519: The Municipal Council (MMCs), elected on proportional representation. There are 18 wards, but these are now merely polling divisions, without individual representation. Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte is a multi-ethnic, multi-religious urban centre. According to the census of 2012 the demographics by ethnicity and religion is as follows: Population by Religion (2012) Population by Ethnicity (2012) The Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Municipal Council
1344-820: The Provincial Council List, and shared statute making power respect to the Concurrent List . While all matters set out in the Reserved List are under the central government. Despite the existence of the 13th amendment, provincial council elections have not been held since 2014 . Below the provincial level are elected Municipal Councils and Urban Councils, responsible for municipalities and cities respectively, and below this level Pradeshiya Sabhas (village councils), again elected. There are 24 Municipal Councils , 41 Urban Councils and 276 Pradeshiya Sabhas . Sri Lanka's judiciary consists of
1392-657: The TNA and formed the Tamil National People's Front (TNPF). At the 2010 parliamentary election the TNA received 233,190 votes (2.90%) and won 14 out of 225 seats in parliament. At the 2013 provincial council election , the first elections for provincial councils in the Northern Province, the TNA secured nearly 80% of the votes, winning 30 of the 38 seats on the Northern Provincial Council . The TNA's C. V. Vigneswaran
1440-486: The TULF, led by its president V. Anandasangaree , were opposed to the LTTE. Anandasangaree refused to allow the TNA to use the TULF name during the 2004 parliamentary election . This caused the members of TULF who wished to remain with the TNA to resurrect the Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi (ITAK) political party. At the 2004 parliamentary election the TNA, contesting under the name and symbol of
1488-675: The alleged war crimes. At the 2010 presidential election , the TNA supported common opposition candidate Sarath Fonseka who, as Commander of the Sri Lanka Army , had played a key role in the LTTE's defeat. In March 2010 the TNA dropped its demand for a separate Tamil state, advocating instead a federal solution with significant devolution and merger of the Northern and Eastern provinces . In March 2010 ACTC and its leader Gajendrakumar Ponnambalam , along with fellow TNA MPs S. Kajendran and Pathmini Sithamparanathan , left
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1536-497: The army's Deep Penetration Unit . On 7 March 2011 Jaffna District MP S. Shritharan was travelling in a van on the A12 highway near Nochchiyagama, Anuradhapura District when three men standing by a white van parked on the roadside pulled out guns and started shooting and throwing hand grenades at Shritharan's van. Sritharan's police guard fired back, forcing the attackers to flee in their white van which had no number plates. No one
1584-454: The assassination on paramilitary groups working with the army. The EPDP and Gotabhaya Rajapaksa , brother of President Mahinda Rajapaksa , were also blamed. Jaffna District MP K. Sivanesan was killed by claymore mines on 6 March 2008 near Maankulam , Mullaitivu District as he returned home to Mallavi after attending Parliament in Colombo . The TNA blamed the assassination on
1632-591: The assassination. Pararajasingham's nominated replacement Vanniasingham Vigneswaran was shot dead on 7 April 2006 in Trincomalee . The TMVP was blamed for the assassination. Former Jaffna District MP S. Sivamaharajah was shot dead on 20 August 2006 outside his home in Tellippalai . The EPDP was blamed for the assassination. Jaffna District MP Nadarajah Raviraj was shot dead on 10 November 2006 as left his home in Colombo for work. The TNA blamed
1680-427: The cabinet and the appointment of a new one by the President. The Parliament has 225 members, elected for a five-year term: 196 members elected in multi-seat constituencies and 29 by proportional representation . The primary modification is that the party that receives the largest number of valid votes in each constituency gains a unique "bonus seat" ( see Hickman, 1999). The president may summon, suspend, or end
1728-473: The early 1950s, the two main parties of Sri Lanka were the social democratic Sri Lanka Freedom Party and the liberal conservative United National Party for several decades. Recently, however, the influence of the two parties has diminished significantly; currently, the two main parties are the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna and the Samagi Jana Balawegaya , both of which split from one of
1776-449: The popular vote and 22 out of 225 seats in the Sri Lankan parliament . Votes and seats won by TNA by electoral district In the 2010 Sri Lankan parliamentary election , in which the United People's Freedom Alliance , led by Mahinda Rajapaksa , retained power, the Tamil National Alliance , led by Rajavarothiam Sampanthan , won 2.9% of the popular vote and 14 out of 225 seats in the Sri Lankan parliament . Votes and seats won by
1824-440: The presidential election as a left-wing candidate. On 14 November 2024, President Anura Kumara Dissanayake's National People's Power (NPP), a left-leaning alliance, received a two-thirds majority in parliament in Sri Lankan parliamentary election. The local government is divided into two parallel structures, the civil service, which dates back to colonial times, and the provincial councils, established in 1987. The country
1872-510: The provinces and stated that they accept that Sri Lanka is a united state and the TNA does not intent to form a separate state . The current political manifesto and policies of the TNA are, The TNA also stands for, The TNA and its supporters have been subject to numerous attacks during its existence. Batticaloa District parliamentary candidate Rajan Sathiyamoorthy was shot dead on 30 March 2004 at his home in Batticaloa . The LTTE
1920-662: The two previous parties, respectively. Other notable parties include the Tamil National Alliance , the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna and the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress . The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Sri Lanka a " flawed democracy " in 2022. The president, directly elected for a five-year term, is the head of state , head of government , and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The election occurs under
1968-476: The vacuum created by the silence and inactivity of civil society has led to radical groups such as ethnic/religious-based groups, trade unions and NGOs assuming lead roles as political pressure groups. Tamil National Alliance The Tamil National Alliance ( TNA ; Tamil : தமிழ்த் தேசியக் கூட்டமைப்பு ISO 15919 : tamiḻt tēciyakkūṭṭamaippu ) was a political alliance in Sri Lanka which represented
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2016-646: Was blamed for the assassination. Former Ampara District MP A. Chandranehru was shot dead on 7 February 2005 as he was travelling in Batticaloa District . The government backed Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal (TMVP) and Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front (ENDLF) paramilitary groups claimed responsibility for the assassination. National List MP Joseph Pararajasingham was shot dead on 25 December 2005 as he attended Midnight Mass in Batticaloa. The government backed Eelam People's Democratic Party (EPDP) and TMVP paramilitary groups have been blamed
2064-543: Was clubbed to death by United People's Freedom Alliance supporters on 16 September 2013 in Puthukkudiyiruppu , Mullaitivu District. A group of around 70 armed men in military uniform attacked the home of TNA provincial council candidate Ananthi Sasitharan in Chulipuram on 20 September 2013, injuring some of her supporters and an election monitor. In the first parliamentary election contested by
2112-412: Was considered a political proxy of the LTTE, with the LTTE personally selecting some of its candidates, even though its leadership maintains it never supported the LTTE and merely negotiated with the LTTE just as the government did. Soon after its formation in 2001, the alliance began to make a more pro-LTTE stance, supporting their "freedom struggle" and recognizing them as the sole representative of
2160-409: Was elected the 5th Executive President of Sri Lanka winning 50.3% of valid votes, compared to Ranil Wickremesinghe's 48.4%. Mahinda Rajapaksa took oath as president on 19 November 2005. Ratnasiri Wickremanayake was appointed the 22nd Prime Minister on 21 November 2005, to fill the post vacated by Mahinda Rajapaksa. He was previously Prime Minister from 2000 until 2001. President Mahinda Rajapaksa lost
2208-632: Was hurt in the incident. Shritharan has blamed the EPDP, a government backed paramilitary group, for the assassination attempt. A TNA local election campaign meeting in Alaveddy on 16 June 2011 was attacked allegedly by army personnel. A mob, allegedly from the security forces, attacked a TNA meeting at MP S. Shritharan's in Kilinochchi on 30 March 2013, injuring 13. During the 2013 provincial council election campaign TNA activist Rasiah Kavithan
2256-743: Was succeeded by the Kotte Urban Council, which had a large section of its area removed and tagged onto the Colombo Municipal Council ward of Borella while the Battaramulla urban council was dissolved and a small section of Battaramulla tagged onto the Kotte Urban Council. The Kotte Urban Council became the Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Municipal Council in 1997, with Chandra Silva as the first Mayor. There are 20 Members of
2304-442: Was sworn in as the first democratically elected Chief Minister of the Northern Province on 7 October 2013. At the 2015 presidential election , the TNA supported common opposition candidate Maithripala Sirisena . Newly elected president Sirisena formed a national unity government after the election but the TNA chose not to join the new government, saying that, although the TNA supported Sirisena's policies for political reform,
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