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48-683: Stuart Murray OM (born November 24, 1954) is a former politician from Manitoba , Canada. He served as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba and leader of the opposition in the Manitoba legislature from 2000 to 2006. From 2006 until 2009, Murray was the President and Chief Executive Officer of the St. Boniface Hospital Research Foundation. He subsequently served as director and chief executive officer of

96-490: A five-year limit, created state controlled funding, rewarded work with performance bonuses, and required participation in paid or unpaid work. Welfare reform made workfare the official social welfare ideology of the United States. The effort to decrease the number of people on the welfare roll was successful, although some argue that this did not translate to a decrease in poverty. The criticism related to workfare in

144-527: A high level of individual excellence and achievement in any field, "benefiting in an outstanding manner the social, cultural or economic well being of Manitoba and its residents"; it replaced in this role the Order of the Buffalo Hunt , which had more liberal standards of admission. There are no limits on how many can belong to the order, though inductions are limited to eight per year; Canadian citizenship

192-428: A household after a man had abandoned her or died. People of color were unable to receive any poor relief at all. This "deservingness" discrepancy impacting women and people of color set the stage for disproportionate assistance to date. Poorhouses and workhouses existed as a main method of poor relief through the 19th century, particularly growing in popularity as immigration increased in the United States and leading to

240-504: A leadership convention to be held in light of the close result. He announced on November 14 that he would not be a candidate to succeed himself, and that he would return to the private sector after a new leader was selected. Murray continued to lead the Progressive Conservatives in the legislature until the new leader was chosen. In late November 2005, he said that he would be willing to accept private MRI clinics in

288-438: A means of increasing self-reliance. Impoverished and destitute community members were forced into labor at poorhouses and workhouses to enable individuals to provide for themselves while completing a task for the community. Workhouses were designed for the "unworthy" poor, or those who were unemployed but able to work. During this time, women were disproportionately found in workhouses, as they were unable to own property or run

336-754: A small percentage of the population, rhetoric such as this laid the groundwork for welfare reform in the 90s. In 1996, President Bill Clinton and the Republican Congress passed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (also known as welfare reform), which created Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) , shortened welfare stays, and mandated intensive job training and work requirements for individuals in need of assistance. The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act mandated work requirements after two years of assistance, instituted

384-534: A weekly radio program on CJOB called The Health Report . In late summer of 2009, Murray was named the inaugural Director and Chief Executive Officer of the Canadian Museum for Human Rights in Winnipeg, Manitoba. In 2016, Murray was appointed by the provincial government to the board of Manitoba Liquor & Lotteries Corporation . He wrote to the provincial government in 2019, asking that his position on

432-788: Is a requirement and those who are elected or appointed members of a governmental body are ineligible as long as they hold office. The process of finding qualified individuals begins with submissions from the public to the Secretary of the Order of Manitoba Advisory Council, which consists of the Chief Justice of Manitoba ; the Clerk of the Executive Council; the presidents of the University of Manitoba , Brandon University , and

480-580: Is generally unskilled and is comparable to community work carried out by criminal offenders being punished on community service schemes. Workfare has also been criticised as forced labour , as those placed under workfare who do not work for who they are assigned to risk benefit sanctions and starvation from a loss of benefits needed to survive. A 2008 report by the UK's DWP on US, Canadian, and Australian workfare schemes suggested against their effectiveness. It found little evidence that workfare majorly reduced

528-555: Is not). Race discrimination has placed a central role in this struggle, particularly in the United States as a diverse nation. Typically, people of color have struggled entering the workforce due to narratives related to high crime and low-skilled levels. This discrimination is a leading cause for the higher rates of poverty of people of color in the United States. Jeff Manza argues that people of color, particularly African Americans, are more likely to utilize social benefits because they are more likely to be poor. Since workfare decreases

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576-650: The Canadian Museum for Human Rights from 2009 to 2014. Murray was born in Lestock , Saskatchewan , and raised in Punnichy in the same province. His mother, Jean Murray, was a town councillor. He studied Science at the University of Manitoba , and transferred to Ryerson Polytechnical Institute to further his studies in Architectural Science. He later worked as road manager for the rock band Blood, Sweat and Tears , and in 1982 became media director for

624-655: The Canadian Opera Company . Murray began working for Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney in 1985. He moved to Winnipeg , Manitoba in 1989 after being named vice-president of the family-owned Domo Gasoline Corporation , and became its CEO and president four years later. Murray was also an organizer for the Manitoba Progressive Conservative Party in the 1990 , 1995 and 1999 elections, and supported Kim Campbell 's successful bid to succeed Mulroney as leader of

672-640: The Order of Manitoba on September 10, 2020. In 2022 he was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal . All electoral information is taken from Elections Manitoba . Provincial expenditures refer to candidate expenses. Order of Manitoba The Order of Manitoba (French: Ordre du Manitoba ) is a civilian honour for merit in the Canadian province of Manitoba . Instituted in 1999 when Lieutenant Governor Peter Liba granted royal assent to

720-544: The Order of Manitoba Act , the order is administered by the Governor-in-Council and is intended to honour current or former Manitoba residents for conspicuous achievements in any field, being thus described as the highest honour amongst all others conferred by the Manitoba Crown . The Order of Manitoba is intended to honour any current or former longtime resident of Manitoba who has demonstrated

768-572: The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 1993. Murray was appointed to the board of Canadian National Railways in 1991, and served for one term. He was a founding member of the Manitoba Entertainment Complex Group (MEC) in 1994, and chaired the successful World Hockey Junior Championship in 1999. In recognition of their contribution, he and his team were each awarded the Order of the Buffalo Hunt, one of Manitoba’s highest honours. After eleven years in power,

816-927: The United Kingdom , have generated considerable debate and controversy. In the Netherlands workfare is known as Work First, based on the Wisconsin Works program from the United States. Workfare approaches to welfare are examples of Active Labor Market Policy (ALMP) that differ based on country, welfare state , and time period. Active labor market policies are utilized to counteract capitalistic market failure that prevent full employment in an economy. Four types of active labor market policies are incentive reinforcement, employment assistance, maintaining occupation, and human (social) capital investment. Workfare/work-first approaches have been identified as more coercive forms of welfare to work regimes. The US and

864-537: The University of Winnipeg , each serving for rotating two-year terms; and no more than four Members of the Order of Manitoba, one of whom serves as the chairperson of the council. If the chief justice is unable to serve on the council for any reason, the Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench of Manitoba may serve instead. This committee then meets at least once annually to make its selected recommendations to

912-538: The viceroyal sign-manual and the Great Seal of the province. Thereafter, the new Members are entitled to use the post-nominal letters OM . Upon admission into the Order of Manitoba, usually in a ceremony held at Government House in Winnipeg , new Members are presented with the order's insignia. The main badge consists of a gold medallion in the form of a stylized crocus —the official provincial flower—with

960-513: The Manitoba Progressive Conservatives were defeated by Gary Doer 's New Democratic Party in the 1999 election. Gary Filmon , the party's leader since 1983, stepped down in 2000. Murray soon emerged as the party establishment's preferred choice to succeed Filmon as leader. Darren Praznik considered running against him, but withdrew several months before the convention because of fundraising difficulties. Murray

1008-572: The Progressive Conservatives in the 2003 provincial election . His health strategy called for the government to purchase more surgeries and diagnostic services at private clinics, with the intent of reducing waiting times. He also promised to reintroduce workfare laws and to cancel the planned University College of the North, using the savings for tax cuts. Murray argued that provincial laws were skewed in favour of labour unions, and considered introducing right-to-work legislation . His most radical proposal

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1056-405: The UK are both examples of liberal welfare regimes that prioritize the market's role in mitigating poverty, hence adopting workfare. There are two main types of workfare scheme: those that encourage direct employment to get individuals off the welfare roll and directly into the workforce, and those that are intended to increase human capital by providing training and education to those currently in

1104-625: The United States dates back to before the American Revolution , during which land grants and military pensions were distributed sub-nationally and based on means-testing . The disbursement of the "first" social benefits set precedents for the development of the US welfare state. In the early days of the United States, most Americans were deeply connected to the Protestant religion that favored literacy and hard work. Therefore, education

1152-468: The United States is focused on the financial self-reliance of families through work, and tends to lean towards a male-breadwinner model. A male-breadwinner model assumes that men participate in the labor market and women complete domestic and caregiving tasks unpaid. Welfare policies designed and structured based on the assumption and support of marriage significantly disadvantage single mothers. For example, in some states, work-first policies may not consider

1200-441: The United States is most notably about the tight restrictions and opportunities for low-skilled workers. Loic Wacquant theorizes that the United States and other Western, liberal states have shifted towards more punitive governance under the guise of neoliberalism . Supplemented by welfare reform and the 1994 Crime Bill , he argues that workfare has shrunk (via stricter restrictions) and prisonfare has expanded, ultimately locking

1248-574: The Western model. However, a workfare model typically not only focuses on provision of social protection through a wage-income transfer, but also supports workers to get into work. The purported main goal of workfare is to generate a "net contribution" to society from welfare recipients. Most commonly, it means getting unemployed people into paid work, reducing or eliminating welfare payments to them and creating an income that generates taxes. Workfare participants may retain certain employee rights throughout

1296-565: The board not be renewed. Murray was then appointed co-chair of Manitoba 150 , along with Monique Lacoste. In late summer of 2009, Murray was named the inaugural Director and Chief Executive Officer of the Canadian Museum for Human Rights in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He did not have his contract renewed in October 2014 after his controversial inauguration of the museum, including having only 5 of 11 galleries open for viewing. Murray launched

1344-483: The childcare responsibilities of women receiving benefits when requiring them to participate in workfare. Single mothers are 33% more likely than married parents to be in poverty in the United States also in part due to the stagnant minimum wage and gender pay gap . Canada ran the experimental Self-Sufficiency Project , a "generous" income supplement to welfare recipients who found work. 1998 research saw significant increases in employment rates and hours worked over

1392-406: The control group (who did not benefit from the project). Though later research suggested that the control group was on trend to catch-up with the recipients in the long-run. A 2001 review of a range of welfare programs concluded that earnings supplements are an effective policy to increase employment and earnings. In the UK, critics point out that the type of work offered by workfare providers

1440-458: The emphasis on education and increases the emphasis on work, scholars like Manza assert that work-first policies trap people of color in a cycle of low-wage work and poverty. Gender inequality arises in workfare as well, particularly related to equal pay and dependent care work . Welfare states can adopt different models related to the main breadwinner: male-breadwinner model, dual breadwinner model, or dual-earner-dual carer model. Workfare in

1488-598: The fund was in proper order. These admissions may have prevented Murray from exploiting the scandal to his party's advantage; the NDP's popularity increased over the PCs increased in the summer of 2005. On November 5, 2005, a leadership review motion at the Progressive Conservative Party's annual general meeting received 55% support from delegates. Murray acknowledged the vote as disappointing, and called for

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1536-603: The left chest. Members also receive a lapel pin that can be worn during less formal occasions. Workfare Workfare was first introduced by civil rights leader James Charles Evers in 1968; however, it was popularized by Richard Nixon in a televised speech August 1969. An early model of workfare had been pioneered in 1961 by Joseph Mitchell in Newburgh, New York . Traditional welfare benefits systems are usually awarded based on certain conditions, such as searching for work, or based on meeting criteria that would position

1584-612: The lieutenant governor; posthumous nominations are not accepted, though an individual who dies after his or her name was submitted to the Advisory Council can still be retroactively made a Member of the Order of Manitoba. The lieutenant governor, ex officio a Member and the Chancellor of the Order of Manitoba, then makes all appointments into the fellowship's single grade of membership by an Order in Council that bears

1632-402: The narrative that poverty equates to laziness. Throughout the 20th century, narratives about laziness morphed into stereotypes such as the welfare queen that aimed to paint black, single mothers as abusers of the welfare system. This stereotype claimed that black mothers supposedly refused to get jobs, had numerous children, and lived exclusively off of taxpayer dollars. While applying only to

1680-512: The new Conservative Party of Canada in 2004, and campaigned on behalf of Steven Fletcher in the 2004 federal election . Despite concerns about Murray's leadership, the Manitoba Progressive Conservatives voted overwhelmingly against a leadership review in November 2004. In early 2004-05, Manitoba's labour-managed Crocus Investment Fund stopped trading and was forced into receivership after reports that it had misled shareholders and overstated

1728-407: The obverse in white enamel with gold edging, and bearing at its centre the escutcheon of the arms of Manitoba , all surmounted by a St. Edward's Crown symbolizing the Canadian monarch 's role as the fount of honour . The ribbon is patterned with vertical stripes in red, blue, and white; men wear the medallion suspended from this ribbon at the collar, while women carry theirs on a ribbon bow at

1776-794: The podcast Humans, on Rights in January 2021. Its mission is to raise awareness of local grassroots human rights issues and events and profile the people and the organizations advocating or educating to make a difference. In 2002, Murray was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal . In 2012, he was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal . Murray was appointed as Honorary Colonel of 17 Wing in January 2018, and reappointed in December 2020. He received

1824-496: The principle of gay adoption rights late 2001. Murray was criticized for hiring Taras Sokolyk as an advisor in 2002 without informing his caucus. Sokolyk had previously been implicated in a vote-manipulation scheme involving the Independent Native Voice party, and was largely discredited as a political figure. Murray later spoke at a Winnipeg rally held in support of the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Murray led

1872-403: The process, however, often workfare programs are determined to be "outside employment relationships" and therefore the rights of beneficiaries can be different. Some workfare systems also aim to derive a contribution from welfare recipients by more direct means. Such systems obligate unemployed people to undertake work that is considered beneficial to their community. The history of workfare in

1920-560: The province. A post-election editorial in the Winnipeg Free Press described Murray as "pleasant and even-tempered" but noted that he "did not make a deep impression on the public either by his work in the legislature or in the election campaign". Murray continued as party leader after the election. He recommended adopting Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) for determining Manitoba's budget, and called for provincial whistleblower protection legislation. He endorsed

1968-551: The province. He did not attend the Progressive Conservative leadership convention in April 2006, which chose Hugh McFadyen as his successor. Murray resigned as MLA for Kirkfield Park on September 7, 2006. One day later, he was introduced as the new President and Chief Executive Officer for the St. Boniface Hospital Research Foundation in Winnipeg. He held this position until 2009, and during this time, he hosted

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2016-585: The recipient as unavailable to seek employment or be employed. Under workfare, recipients have to meet certain participation requirements to continue to receive their welfare benefits. These requirements are often a combination of activities that are intended to improve the recipient's job prospects (such as training, rehabilitation , and work experience ) and those designated as contributing to society (such as unpaid or low-paid work). These programs, now common in Australia (known as "mutual obligation"), Canada, and

2064-413: The same vulnerable population in a vicious cycle in which low wage work, decreased benefits, and low social mobility lead to increased crime and punishment. He also argues that the institutional racism inherent in the United States has led to the underdevelopment of public aid. In all welfare states, there is a constant need to address inclusion and exclusion (i.e., who Is able to access policies and who

2112-468: The values of its assets. Doer's government was accused of improper oversight of the fund due to its ties to labour interests, and the resulting scandal initially threatened to damage the NDP's credibility. Instead, it grew to encompass the Progressive Conservatives as well. Murray acknowledged that the Progressive Conservatives had received reports of irregularities at Crocus as early as 2002, but refrained from criticism after assurances from party advisers that

2160-576: The welfare system. In less developed countries, similar schemes are designed to alleviate rural poverty among day-labourers by providing state-subsidised temporary work during those periods of the year when little agricultural work is available. For example, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) in India offers 100 days' paid employment per year for those eligible, rather than unemployment benefits on

2208-565: Was acclaimed as party leader in November 2000, and won a by-election in Kirkfield Park shortly thereafter. On December 5, he was sworn in as leader of the opposition. He criticized the New Democratic Party 's 2001 budget for increased government spending, and called for significant tax cuts. He also argued the NDP was too close to provincial labour unions. Murray held progressive views on some social issues, and supported

2256-570: Was promoted and poor relief/cash assistance was discouraged in addressing poverty. In addition, the United States never had a history of feudalism to leave a residue of distinct social classes. Feudalism discouraged education to preserve social order; instead the United States immediately embraced capitalism , an economic system in full support of public education. As such, the United States from its early beginnings placed greater importance on education to decrease poverty. This history gave rise to colonial poor relief methodology that supported work, as

2304-413: Was to eliminate the taxation powers of local school boards. Gary Doer's NDP government was re-elected, and Murray's Conservatives slipped to 36.31% of the popular vote and 20 seats in the 57-member legislature. This was the party's worst showing since 1953 . The NDP made historic inroads in south-end Winnipeg, while the Progressive Conservative Party's support was largely concentrated in the rural south of

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