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59-662: The first student union in America was Houston Hall , at the University of Pennsylvania , which opened January 2, 1896 and remains in operation to this day. The first Ohio Union at Ohio State University was Enarson Hall. The building opened in 1911 and was the first student union to be built at a state university and the fourth of its kind in the United States. Oklahoma State University 's student union opened in 1950. Subsequent additions, and renovations in 2010, have made

118-558: A Master of Education (MEd), Master of Arts (MA) degree, or Master of Science (MSc) degree. Doctoral programs also exist for student affairs professionals, leading to an Doctorate in Education (EdD) or Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). Student affairs professionals or college student personnel (CSP) graduate programs may include classes in psychology , business , law , communication , inter- and intra-personal counseling , higher education , and group dynamics . These help to form

177-608: A complementary assistantship. An assistantship can be an entry-level position, but is usually a part-time paraprofessional position with compensation including tuition waiver, professional development and a stipend. These are sometimes called graduate assistant positions. The graduate program is usually two academic years of full-time study with opportunities for internship and abroad opportunities. Universities offer graduate programs sometimes called College Student Personnel (for example, at Bucknell University ), Higher Education Student Affairs, or Educational Leadership which lead to

236-474: A contest for its design, open to students and recent graduates of the University of Pennsylvania School of Architecture. Two students, William C. Hays and Milton Bennett Medary , Jr., won the competition. The final design for the building was a combination of the two entries, and was executed by architect and faculty member Frank Miles Day , with Hays and Medary listed as associate architects. To finance

295-813: A convention sponsored by the Department Superintendence of the National Education Association. In 1929, forty-six NAAS members registered for the Sixth Annual Convention. NAAS became the National Association of Personnel and Placement Officers (NAPPO). The name American College Personnel Association (ACPA) was adopted in 1931. Association communication consisted of one mailed newsletter, the Personnel-O-Gram (P-O-G). In 1937,

354-631: A distinct professional field emerged first in the Anglo-American context in the late 19th century. There it developed from the originally distinct positions of " dean of women " and "dean of men". The field developed much later in continental Europe, where development first began in the 1950s but was greatly spurred when the Bologna Process in the 1990s created a surge in international students with greater needs for student support. Similarly in many other countries where student affairs

413-405: A few sessions, several weeks, or years. There is no simple answer on how long therapy will take to feel better because each encounter with a counsellor is individualized. Types of Counselling: Counselling services can be utilized for many aspects, including personal, career, academic, group, or faculty/staff. Evolving over decades, the purpose and approach of career and employment services in

472-937: A foundation for creating relationships with students, faculty, staff, and parents. College student personnel programs tend to be found in departments of leadership, counseling, psychology and education. Traditionally these programs have an emphasis in administration, student development theory, or counseling. There are also many other ways to learn more about and prepare for a position in student affairs. This can include completing certificates, reading prominent journals, volunteering or attending conferences for student affairs organizations (such as CACUSS or other professional organizations as listed below), and networking with student affairs professionals. For Canadians looking to enter student affairs, some useful certificates to attain can include SafeTalk training, Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training (ASIST), Mental Health First Aid training , and Standard First Aid training. Additionally, it

531-510: A meeting that is now recognized as the founding of the organization now known as NASPA - Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education. In 1924, May L. Cheney , who organized a teacher placement office at the University of California, Berkeley , helped form the National Association of Appointment Secretaries (NAAS). That year, NAAS met for the first time and came as guests of the National Association of Deans of Women (NADW) to

590-514: A multi-faith prayer room. Houston Hall (University of Pennsylvania) Houston Hall is the student union of the University of Pennsylvania , in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . Completed in 1896, it was the first student union built on an American college campus. Houston Hall was listed as a National Register of Historic Places contributing property in the University of Pennsylvania Campus Historic District in 1978. The idea of

649-484: A new development, but women as staff members even more new. The institutional leadership was dominated by men, but still they persevered including the founding of what is now the American Association of University Women (AAUW) in 1903. In December 1918 Robert Rienow, the dean of men at the University of Iowa , wrote a letter to Thomas Arkle Clark , dean of men at the University of Illinois , suggesting

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708-786: A renovation of the building. Houston Hall now contains a cafeteria and other eating establishments, study rooms, auditoriums, and numerous meeting rooms and offices. 39°57′03″N 75°11′38″W  /  39.95092°N 75.19386°W  / 39.95092; -75.19386 Student affairs Student affairs , student support , or student services is the department or division of services and support for student success at institutions of higher education to enhance student growth and development. People who work in this field are known as student affairs educators, student affairs practitioners, or student affairs professionals. These student affairs practitioners work to provide services and support for students and drive student learning outside of

767-503: A side. While in the last seven decades Canadian student affairs has developed to support all students in financial need, career services, housing, residence life and academic advising, it was also reorganized frequently, e.g.: Today, CACUSS arranges conferences, develops network and discussion within postsecondary community, publish a national magazine Communiqué and remains the leader of Canadian student affairs professionals. The CACUSS has included variety of organizations that recognize

826-685: A student conference, which allows for student leaders from participating countries to meet and nurture their leadership strengths together, while also allowing students to have a platform to share their thoughts and ideas for activities and careers. Student affairs in Canadian higher education dates back to the vocational school established at the Collège des Jésuites in seventeenth century. Additional development of Canadian student services has many similarities with authoritarian teaching in terms of monitoring and controlling students behaviour on campus that

885-492: A student union – a clubhouse or activities center for students – was first established at Oxford University in 1823. Houston Hall was based on the models of the Cambridge University and Oxford University Unions. In 1893, the University of Pennsylvania Trustees decided to provide a facility for the social and recreational use of students. Trustee (later Provost) Charles Custis Harrison announced

944-404: A supportive capacity and provide a variety of supports and services within higher education. Roles range from service providers to senior leadership. Staff have diverse backgrounds and programs of study, bringing a wealth of knowledge and research aimed at best supporting students in their development during the course of their studies. Relying on current student development theories, they support

1003-451: Is Newcastle University Students' Union Building , built in 1924 for what was then Armstrong College of Durham University and listed from 1987. Many student centers were built as part of the rapid expansion of higher education in the UK following World War II with architectural styles ranging from classical to modernist ; the brutalist Dunelm House , built in 1966 for Durham Students' Union ,

1062-465: Is considered "the foremost students’ union building of the post-war era in England" and was listed in 2021. As of 2021, these are the only three student centers to have been listed in England. The conversion of former polytechnics to universities in 1992 sparked further construction of student centers at the new universities, examples including the students' union buildings of Sunderland University and

1121-1328: Is gathered pertaining to the needs of students in post-secondary education. NASPA outlines 39 functional areas of student affairs and services: Departments in Student Affairs may overlap or combine multiple functional areas into one office, especially at smaller institutions. Some departments can include: Counseling center : Provides individual, group and sometimes couple/family counseling, consultation, crisis, and prevention/intervention services for academic, career, and social/emotional/mental health issues by licensed mental health counselors , social workers , psychologists , and psychiatrists Counselling Services on campus provides students with support through personal or academic challenges. Counselling Services offers individual and group counselling to support those students who need to work through their challenges, which affect their ability to succeed in school or other parts of their lives. Counselling Services falls under Student Wellness at many campuses. Providing both students and staff with services and resources to facilitate improved mental health well-being. Counselling services can be utilized for personal, academic, as well as counselling staff. Students in Canadian post-secondary seek advice for

1180-523: Is identified to focus on students' mental health, experiential learning, academic integrity and equity, diversity and inclusion to enhance their learning achievement and wellbeing. Student affairs did not become a unitary profession in South Africa until the end of apartheid in 1994. As in other countries of sub-Saharan Africa, South African universities have broadly followed an American model of student affairs administration. Difficulties in

1239-638: Is important for Student Affairs professionals to understand the needs of the distinct groups that they service as well as their own social identity including privilege and bias. The functional areas of student affairs and services are considered by several professional associations including: ACPA , CAS , CACUSS , and NASPA . Growing research in the field of student affairs and services contributes to our understanding of how these functional areas are organized and operationalized. The composition and structure of these functional areas differs across various institutions, and continues to be shaped as new information

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1298-756: Is important for student affairs professionals to have theoretical and practical knowledge and experiences in providing support and resources to students outside the classroom. Developmental psychology and Student development theories used in college student personnel programs include: The student population in higher education is composed of many unique individual groups. Students from distinct minoritized groups may have different, yet established paths of student identity development. There are many theories of student identity development which describe identity development within distinct groups. Some examples of student development theories student development theories within distinct groups include: In equitable institutions it

1357-504: Is often the center of student affairs and activities and may house the offices of the student government or other student groups. It may also act as a small conference center , with its meeting rooms rented out to student groups and local organizations holding conferences or competitions. An example of this for instance is the Michigan Union , which hosts the University of Michigan Model United Nations conference. Depending on

1416-507: Is still a largely inchoate profession, such as Uruguay , professional activity in the field has emerged in relation to the needs of international students. In 1988, Asia Pacific Student Services Association (APSSA) was created after representatives of the Asia Pacific Student Affairs Conference recognized there was a need for more communication and partnerships between student affairs professionals and

1475-642: The Canadian Federation of Students and the York Federation of Students challenged an initiative launched by the Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges & Universities. This particular initiative was aimed at providing students with the ability to opt-out of various supplementary fees during their enrolment process and also to provide them with a transparent itemization of their tuition and supplementary fees. The opposition by

1534-912: The J. Wayne Reitz Union at the University of Florida , the Bronco Student Center at Cal Poly Pomona , the McCormick Tribune Campus Center at the Illinois Institute of Technology , and Price Center at UC San Diego . The first student center in the United Kingdom was at the University of Liverpool , built 1910–1913 for the Liverpool Guild of Students and listed on the National Heritage List for England from 1975. Another historically important student center

1593-485: The Oberlin College as lady principal and later named dean of women in 1894. Alice Freeman Palmer in 1892 at the University of Chicago was the first to hold the title of dean of women. The dean of men's position typically included discipline, but could vary depending on the institution's overall philosophy. The position description might have read, "that officer in the administration who undertakes to assist

1652-612: The Tivoli Student Union . The Tivoli Student Union was originally home to the Trevoli Brewing Company but since has been converted to serve several institutions in Denver , Colorado . In 2007, the University of Vermont 's student center became the first LEED Gold certification by the U.S. Green Building Council . Other examples of student centers include West Virginia University 's Mountainlair ,

1711-544: The University of the West of Scotland , both built in 2004. Broadly speaking, the facility is devoted to student recreation and socialization. A student center or student union is the community center of the college, serving students, faculty, staff, alumni, and guests. A student activity center might offer a variety of programs, activities, services, and facilities. It may contain lounges, wellness centers, dining facilities or vendors, and entertainment venues. The student center

1770-419: The provost , the chief academic officer. The work of student affairs is critical across all institutional types, but essential at a community college , an open access institution. While enrollment at community colleges are holding steady across the country, the students within this population require more assistance, both in and out of the classroom. Student affairs professionals are individuals who serve in

1829-885: The Canadian Federation of Students and the York Federation of Students ultimately led to the successful overturning of the Student Choice Initiative, by the Divisional Court of Ontario. This event is noteworthy with respect to student affairs, because it demonstrates the impact that student associations can have on downstream funding necessary for delivering student services. Canadian student affairs continues to develop and prepare professionals by recognizing demands of growing internationalization , diversity and sustainability in higher education. The specialization and further expansion

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1888-814: The Institute has five recorded Program Coordinators from different countries and regions: Japan, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Malaysia, and China. From 2018 to 2022, Maria Paquita D. Bonnet from De La Salle University in the Philippines was appointed to the position of Director of ISA. APSSA holds a staff conference every two years where individuals from different countries will come together and encourage ideas for student affairs workers and offices to collaborate with one another. This conference allows for networking between organizations and staff and upholds APSSA's goal of global collaboration. This society also holds

1947-577: The Student Personnel Point of View statement was developed by leaders of the American Council on Education (ACE) and ACPA. The Student Personnel Points of View, written in 1937 and 1949, further developed the area of student affairs. In the 1960s the student development movement arose. Based on student development theory, it originated in the context of broad campus unrest during the 1960s. The aim of student development

2006-551: The United Kingdom is of relatively recent date: student affairs departments became a feature of all United Kingdom universities in 1992, having previously been widespread only in the new universities . The profession of student affairs "grew from the campus up, not from theory down". Early higher education in the United States was based on the Oxbridge model of education; thus, most early institutions were residential and

2065-493: The autonomy of student associations in order to foster governance, accountability, and collaboration between student associations and post-secondary educational institutions, as well as addressing issues related to fee collection and remittance between these two parties. The impact that student associations can have on student affairs issues is exemplified by challenges to the Student Choice Initiative where

2124-637: The building one of the largest student activity centers in the world at 611,000 sq ft (56,800 m). Some student centers carry unique origins and historical significance with some on the National Register of Historic Places . The William Pitt Union was originally constructed in 1898 as a hotel and was converted into a student center in 1956. Some student activity centers on the NRHP include O'Hara Student Center ( University of Pittsburgh ), McKenny Hall ( Eastern Michigan University ), and

2183-454: The building's opening, a "Houston Club" was formed, allowing membership to any male student and charging yearly dues of two dollars. The dues were then applied to the operation of the facilities. The original Houston Hall featured a 4-lane bowling alley , swimming pool, gymnasium and locker rooms in the basement; a student lounge, billiards room and reception areas on the first floor; an auditorium, athletic department offices and trophy room on

2242-408: The classroom at institutions of higher education. The size and organization of a student affairs division or department may vary based on the size, type, and location of an institution. The title of the senior student affairs and services officer also varies widely; traditionally in the United States, this position has been known as the "dean of students", as distinguished from the academic dean or

2301-469: The deans of individual schools within a university. In some institutions today, student affairs departments are led by a vice president or vice chancellor who then reports directly to the president/chancellor of the institution. In other cases the head of student affairs may report to the provost or academic dean. Although institutions of higher education have had to deal with student affairs in some way for as long as they have existed, student affairs as

2360-575: The following top reasons: relationship concerns, anxiety/ stress, depression/grief, academic, and career. There has been an increase in psychopathology among students attending universities and colleges in Canada. Research suggests the explanation behind increased appointments with counsellors are due to the high population of international students and mature students. The increasing number of students who have financial debt, students who have pre-existing mental health issues, shortage of institutional resources,

2419-544: The implementation of student affairs principles from developed countries has been characterized as due to South Africa's status as a developing country. Student affairs draws its origins on the Oxbridge model and the Anglo-American concept that schools stand in loco parentis , creating a greater legal obligation for the university to govern student life. However, professional student affairs administration in

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2478-500: The increase of accepting treatment, and the valued support among counsellors are the reason for increased appointments. Atmosphere : Most Counselling Services offices will encourage a respectful, safe, and affirming atmosphere for students. Offices will support inclusiveness for marginalized populations or minority-seeking groups, including students of all races, ability, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, age, culture and socioeconomic status. How? Depending on

2537-445: The institution, counselling services can be booked via online booking, in-person booking, or walk-in hours. Types of Supports: Where: Counseling services occur in a private and confidential setting. Counselling can take place in many different situations, such as in a quiet office space, a casual walk, dining hall, a phone call, or a video chat. Average Appointment Time: 45–60 minutes. Length of Treatment: Therapy can last

2596-401: The institutions they worked for. The work that APSSA does focuses creating a space for international collaboration through conferences with internal attendees and training and staff networking programs through the Institute of Student Affairs (ISA). ISA is the standing committee for APSSA's Executive Committee, and manages the planning and marketing for training and networking programs. In 2021,

2655-472: The landscape of Canadian higher education has progressed from roots in a post-Second World War era “when campuses responded to a national need to assist returning veterans make a successful transition to civilian life” to a requirement of the service to respond swiftly to a modern time marked by technological advances, cultural revolution, and internationalization . Typical career centers in Canadian higher education concentrate on student career development from

2714-479: The men students [to] achieve the utmost of which they are individually capable, through personal effort on their behalf, and through mobilizing in their behalf all the forces within the University which can be made to serve this end". The one thing that remained consistent was the responsibility to deal with men and help them develop to their potential. Deans of Women were trail blazers as women in positions of authority. Not only were women at colleges and universities

2773-471: The other Canadian universities appointed dean of men and women on their campuses. After the Second World War the professionalization of student affairs expanded by supporting soldiers who received tuition and living assistance based on Veterans Rehabilitation Act in 1945. Within the educational system, veterans received personal support and career counselling, but the other students were put on

2832-408: The president to respond to the issues of finance and faculty recruitment. These first student affairs professionals were the dean of women , dean of men and personnel workers. Many of the early deans came from "teaching roles in the liberal arts". The first dean of men was LeBaron Russell Briggs at Harvard University in 1890, with the first dean of women being Adelia Field Johnston in 1869 at

2891-474: The project, Harrison secured a donation of $ 100,000 from University Trustee Henry Howard Houston and his wife Sallie S. Houston. The Hall was named as a memorial to their son, Henry Howard Houston, Jr. (University of Pennsylvania class of 1878), who had died in Rome within a year of his graduation. The cornerstone of the building was laid on January 22, 1894, and Houston Hall was dedicated January 2, 1896. Prior to

2950-578: The school and its location it might have unique amenities such as a bowling alley, cultural or prayer rooms and unique services. At Eastern Michigan University Student Center the building offers a kiva , a round, 360-degree room patterned after spaces used in Native American cultures. The Kiva Room at EMU is used as a meeting space, for collaboration, or for musical purposes. In the Ohio State University-Ohio Union ,

3009-553: The second floor; and offices for student clubs (including the student newspaper, The Daily Pennsylvanian ) on the third floor. A women's student union, Bennett Hall, was built at 34th & Walnut streets in 1926. Houston Hall has undergone several renovations throughout its history. In 1936, Robert Rodes McGoodwin expanded it with a dining hall at the east end and a student lounge at the west end. In 2000, Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates (an architectural firm led by Robert Venturi and Penn graduate Denise Scott Brown ) completed

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3068-516: The specific needs of all provinces including Indigenous students, students with disabilities, financial aid, academic integrity and judicial affairs, international students, etc. Student affairs are also impacted by governance and decision making efforts in the form of students' unions at post-secondary educational institutions. In most provinces, students' unions are recognized as mandatory through legislation. In Ontario, these entities are formally recognized under Bill 184 2011 which acknowledges

3127-448: The student union offers an interfaith prayer room which has feet washing area for Muslim students. The University of Central Florida has an eyewear and optometric consumer service location. Likewise, a Canadian example would be at the University of Waterloo where the student life centre holds many different businesses and services such as a dentist office, a used book store, piano rooms and study rooms that can be reserved for use, and

3186-846: The suspension, and refused to go to the class. Since the Senate rejected their request, all students returned to their class in a week. In order to prevent further misbehaviour, staff representatives started to be more engaged in students life organizing social, cultural and physical activities. Several decades later, the Queen's Rev Principal Robert Bruce Taylor emphasized importance of students representatives role by including deans of men and women to be elected and responsible for cooperation with administration, student events and regulations. They used to live on several campuses to supervise visitors, off-campus housing, dress code, etc. The first Dean of Women Caroline McNeil started at Queen's in 1918 and soon,

3245-444: The tutors lived in the halls with the students. These men were the precursor to student affairs professionals in the United States. Typically, they served as dean of discipline and in loco parentis (in place of the parent). These early student affairs practitioners' focus was on control of the student as opposed to modern philosophy which focuses on the development of the student as a whole, but has always connected those interested in

3304-446: The welfare of students with students needing assistance. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as the number of land-grant institutions increased, enrollment expanded, student populations began to include women, the idea of vocationalism began to influence academics and the institution's president began to be viewed as "the chief moral front". With these changes it became apparent that additional staff members were needed to allow

3363-666: The whole student (physical, emotional, and mental health). Challenges in meeting this goal include budget cuts, emotional strain, crisis-related issues, feeling devalued, and having to do more with less. Student affairs professionals are often the first point of contact for students in crisis situations, which may include sexual violence, suicidal ideation, severe mental health episodes, hate crimes and discrimination. As first responders with exposure to traumatic information, they may be prone to occupational burnout and compassion fatigue . Some student affairs professionals and college student personnel (CSP) have completed graduate work with

3422-570: Was common in United States in nineteenth century. The protest that occurred at Queen's University in 1875, when Principal William Snodgrass suspended several students for drinking, indicated a need for closer observation for students' conduct. After the Principal Snodgrass sent a report to the Senate, two students were suspended. They were allowed to attend the class, but could not graduate . Their friends appealed against

3481-401: Was to better integrate students into mass higher education and modern society. In the 1970s the landscape of student affairs began to change when the voting age was lowered and 18-year-olds were granted adult status in the eyes of the law. In the United States as early as 1992, student affairs began to see a change in the reporting structure. Chief student affairs officers began to shift to

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