Misplaced Pages

#289710

95-530: Designed by architect Studio Hutter, the Stadio delle Alpi was originally built in 1990 to host matches for the 1990 FIFA World Cup as a replacement for the aging Stadio Olimpico, then known as the Stadio Comunale. The stadium's original capacity was 69,041 fans. However, due to FIFA rules regarding the segregation of home and away supporters, the actual capacity was reduced to 67,229. Construction on

190-414: A practicum (or internship) for practical experience to earn a license to practice architecture. Practical, technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction though the formal study of architecture in academic institutions has played a pivotal role in the development of the profession . Throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction

285-417: A professional degree from an accredited school of architecture at Masters level or equivalent; at least two years of practical experience; and the completion of the three stage Architectural Practice Examination (practical experience, written exam and interview). Australia has a federal system of government and regulation of most professions occurs at the state and territory level. The architecture profession

380-728: A (two year) National Certificate. After graduating, one enters a two-year period of in service training as a "candidate", and sits a Professional Practice entrance examination ; one must also register with the South African Council for the Architectural Profession . Qualified architects can become members of the South African Institute of Architects . Term "Architect" and "Chartered Architect" are protected titles in Sri Lanka under

475-434: A 1–0 win over Costa Rica on 16 June and a 1–0 win over Scotland on 20 June) and their round of 16 match against Argentina on 24 June, a 1–0 defeat. The fifth match was the semi-final between West Germany and England on 4 July, with the match ending 1–1 but West Germany winning 4–3 on penalties. The Stadio Delle Alpi was demolished, with plans for a 41,475-seater venue and a number of restaurants and other facilities outside

570-684: A B.Arch., M.Arch., or D.Arch. degree. The experience requirement for licensure candidates is met by completing the Architectural Experience Program (AXP) , a national program split into six specified areas that mirror the phases of a typical architecture project (Practice Management, Project Management, Programming & Analysis, Project Planning & Design, Project Development & Documentation, and Construction & Evaluation) and identify key skills candidates will need to practice as working architects. A minimum total of 3,740 hours must be earned under direct supervision from

665-460: A German chamber of architects is required for someone to be a professional architect. The chambers also register interior designers, landscape architects, and urban planners.( http://www.architekten-thueringen.de/english/ ) There are three general requirements for registration, which vary from chamber to chamber: successful completion of a four-year architectural program, continuing professional education, and several years of practical experience under

760-422: A Registration Examination or a series of exams is required prior to licensure. Professionals who engaged in the design and supervision of construction projects before the late 19th century were not necessarily trained in a separate architecture program in an academic setting. Instead, they often trained under established architects. Prior to modern times, there was no distinction between architects and engineers and

855-403: A building or several buildings, structures, and the spaces among them. The architect participates in developing the requirements the client wants in the building. Throughout the project (planning to occupancy), the architect coordinates a design team. Structural , mechanical , and electrical engineers are hired by the client or architect, who must ensure that the work is coordinated to construct

950-654: A different and shorter course of study aimed at learning basic and complementary aspects of work in construction. The Architects Act of 1972 regulates the practice of Architects in India. Under this act, the Indian Ministry of Education constituted Council of Architecture as a statutory body responsible for regulation of architectural education and practice of Architects throughout India. To practice as an Architect in India, individuals are required to register with Council of Architecture as an architect . According to

1045-439: A jurisdiction. Professionals engaged in the design and supervision of construction projects prior to the late 19th century were not necessarily trained in a separate architecture program in an academic setting. Instead, they usually carried the title of Master Builder , or surveyor , after serving a number of years as an apprentice (such as Sir Christopher Wren ). The formal study of architecture in academic institutions played

SECTION 10

#1732786574290

1140-536: A licensed architect to meet most jurisdiction's experience requirement. All jurisdictions use the Architect Registration Examination (ARE), a series of six exams administered by NCARB that evaluate whether candidates have the necessary knowledge and skills in areas of architecture related to health, safety, and welfare. All architects licensed by their respective states have professional status as Registered Architects (RA). Depending on

1235-812: A minimum of two years and involves working under the supervision of a registered architect. During this period, individuals gain hands-on experience in various aspects of architectural practice, preparing them for independent professional work. After this, individuals can then apply to ARCON for the Professional Practice Competence Examinations which is in three stages: practical experience, written exams and interview. These examinations assess candidates' competence in areas such as architectural design, construction technology, professional practice, and ethics. Architects in Nigeria may choose to join professional organisations such as

1330-788: A minimum of two years under a registered architect is required to become registered. Singaporean law governs the use of the term "architect" and prescribes the requirements to be listed in the Register of Architects. Membership in the Singapore Institute of Architects is a voluntary professional credential. In South Africa, Architecture can be practiced in one of four categories, depending on qualification: professional architect (Pr.Arch.), professional senior architectural technologist (Pr.S.Arch.T.), professional technologist (Pr.Arch.T.), or professional draughtsperson (Pr.Arch.Draught.). The possibility of progression from one category to

1425-596: A pivotal role in the development of the profession as a whole, serving as a focal point for advances in architectural technology and theory. To be registered as a practicing architect in Algeria, you need to study for 5 years and complete a mandatory 1.5 years of professional experience (stage) an architect must meet the following requirements: In Australia, the title of architect is legally limited to those registered through state and territory Architects Registration Boards. There are three basic requirements for registration:

1520-471: A recognized undergraduate degree is successfully achieved. Therefore, it is legally sufficient for an architect to hold an undergraduate diploma and a Professional License to practice. Registration to an official college or association of architects is completely optional. Nevertheless, other norms regulate the building industry. In Mexico, it is common for constructions to be developed by individuals other than architects, these regulations are quite unrelated to

1615-533: A registered architect to use the title. As exact requirements can vary, it is essential to check the relevant legislation in each State. In Canada, architects are required to meet three common requirements for registration: education, experience, and examination . Educational requirements generally consist of an M.Arch. degree and are certified by the Canadian Architectural Certification Board (CACB). For degreed candidates,

1710-701: A registered architect. The registration with a chamber of architects is based on either place of residence of the architect or their workplace. All provincial Chambers of Architects are members of the Federal Chamber of Architects (BAK - Bundesarchitektenkammer) located in Berlin. The federal chamber does not provide professional registration. The main body for Architecture in Ireland is the Royal Institute of Architects in Ireland, RIAI. Members may use

1805-420: A semi-final between West Germany and England . Both matches attracted around 60,000 fans. The Delle Alpi's design was widely criticised due to the poor visibility. This was caused mainly by the distance between the stands and the pitch. Views from the lower tier were also restricted due to the positioning of advertising hoardings. The stadium's location on the outskirts of town never found favour with fans, and

1900-493: A title attached to a person's name was regulated by law in some countries. Architects' fee structure was typically based on a percentage of construction value, as a rate per unit area of the proposed construction, hourly rates, or a fixed lump sum fee. Combination of these structures were also common. Fixed fees were usually based on a project's allocated construction cost and could range between 4 and 12% of new construction cost for commercial and institutional projects, depending on

1995-421: A vital part of the current design, and in some jurisdictions, design reports and records are required to include ongoing considerations of materials and contaminants, waste management and recycling, traffic control, and fire safety. Previously, architects employed drawings to illustrate and generate design proposals. While conceptual sketches are still widely used by architects, computer technology has now become

SECTION 20

#1732786574290

2090-564: A warranty which specifies the expected life and other aspects of the material, product, or work. In most jurisdictions prior notification to the relevant authority must be given before commencement of the project, giving the local authority notice to carry out independent inspections. The architect will then review and inspect the progress of the work in coordination with the local authority. The architect will typically review contractor shop drawings and other submittals , prepare and issue site instructions, and provide Certificates for Payment to

2185-615: Is a member of Indian Institute of Architects. The required working experience is relaxed for individuals possessing a 3-year long diploma in Architectural Assistantship, Interior Design and Civil Engineering . In Mexico, every profession is regulated by the Secretariat of Public Education , including architecture. The Secretariat expedes a Professional License (in Spanish cédula profesional ), only after

2280-419: Is an expression of culture. Architectural design, quality of buildings, their harmonious incorporation into their surroundings, respect for natural and urban landscapes and architectural heritage are of public interest. The authorities responsible for issuing building permits and authorizations to subdivide ensure, during the processing of applications, compliance with this interest. This law, amongst others, sets

2375-513: Is based on place of residence of the architect. Within the order there are currently several classes and categories, depending on specific qualifications. Italian law recognises equal rights to Building engineers registered with the appropriate order. Other professionals in the construction industry are the geometra ( surveyor ) and the perito industriale (technical expert) specialising in construction; these professionals have several limitations compared to architects and engineers, as they follow

2470-565: Is generally a position preferred by and reserved to civil engineers . In Nigeria, the use of the title "Architect" in connection with architectural building plans or any business related to architecture is legally restricted under Section 1 of the Architects (Registration, Etc.) Act, to architects who are fully registered by the Architects Registration Council of Nigeria (ARCON), the regulatory body overseeing

2565-473: Is often between the client and the contractor. This contract is legally binding and covers a wide range of aspects, including the insurance and commitments of all stakeholders, the status of the design documents, provisions for the architect's access, and procedures for the control of the works as they proceed. Depending on the type of contract used, provisions for further sub-contract tenders may be required. The architect may require that some elements be covered by

2660-535: Is provided by one of the 20 ENSA (National Superior School of Architecture) schools spread across the French territory, which are public schools. Tuition fees rise around 700 euros per year. See Etudes d'Architecture en France (in French). In Germany, the title of architect is legally limited to those registered with a provincial Chamber of Architects (Architektenkammer http://www.architektenkammern.net/ ). Admission to

2755-467: Is regulated by eight State and Territory Architect Registration Boards, with each jurisdiction having its own Architects Act (Act) and Architects Regulations (Regulations). Regulations are delegated legislation, usually made by a Minister under the Act to clarify or expand on particular aspects of regulation. The eight Architect Registration Boards are collectively the owners of the national standard setting body,

2850-496: Is suggested that various developments in technology and mathematics allowed the development of the professional 'gentleman' architect, separate from the hands-on craftsman. Paper was not used in Europe for drawing until the 15th century but became increasingly available after 1500. Pencils were used for drawing by 1600. The availability of both paper and pencils allowed pre-construction drawings to be made by professionals. Concurrently,

2945-555: Is the Pritzker Prize , sometimes termed the "Nobel Prize for architecture". The inaugural Pritzker Prize winner was Philip Johnson who was cited as having "50 years of imagination and vitality embodied in a myriad of museums, theatres libraries, houses gardens and corporate structures". The Pritzker Prize has been awarded for forty-two straight editions without interruption, and there are now 22 countries with at least one winning architect. Other prestigious architectural awards are

Stadio Delle Alpi - Misplaced Pages Continue

3040-644: The Architects Accreditation Council of Australia (AACA). Architects may be members of the Australian Institute of Architects (formerly the Royal Australian Institute of Architects), which is the professional organization. Members use the post-nominal letters RAIA. All states and territories have legislation to govern the use of the title architect and make it an offence for anyone other than

3135-630: The NCARB Certificate —a credential that facilitates licensure across borders, provides access to free continuing education, and more. Requirements vary among jurisdictions, but there are three core requirements for registration: education, experience, and examination. Most jurisdictions require a professional degree from a program accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB) to satisfy their education requirement. This could be either

3230-727: The National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB) develops and administers national programs for candidates pursuing architectural licensure. Created in 1919, NCARB is a nonprofit organization made up of the architectural licensing boards of the 50 U.S. states, as well as the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The organization also helps architects expand their professional reach through

3325-740: The National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB). As well, all jurisdictions recognize the Examination for Architects in Canada (ExAC), administered by the Pan Canadian ExAC Committee . Upon completion of the educational requirements, IAP, and examinations, one can apply for registration/license with their respective provincial architectural institute. Architects must pay an annual fee and meet continuing education requirements to maintain their license to practice. The Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (RAIC)

3420-693: The Nigerian Institute of Architects (NIA) and the Association of Nigerian Chartered Architects (ANCA). These organisations provide networking opportunities, support professional development, and advocate for the interests of architects within the country. In Singapore , university study is required (such as the five-year course of study at the National University of Singapore or certain approved foreign universities). Upon completion of university, additional training by working for

3515-781: The Royal Gold Medal , the AIA Gold Medal (US), AIA Gold Medal (Australia), and the Praemium Imperiale . Architects in the UK who have made contributions to the profession through design excellence or architectural education or have in some other way advanced the profession might, until 1971, be elected Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects and can write FRIBA after their name if they feel so inclined. Those elected to chartered membership of

3610-402: The affix MRIAI and are registered to use the title "Architect" in company stationery. The title has only recently been protected. To become a registered Architect, it usually takes five years' full-time study in the recognised schools of Architecture, followed by a minimum of two years approved experience, and one of the recognised Professional Practice qualifications [1] to gain admission to

3705-559: The Architects Act of 1972 recognises Associate Membership of the Indian Institute of Architects as equivalent to B.Arch degree, qualifying associate members to register as an architect. The Indian Institute of Architects offers associate membership through examination for individuals possessing 5 years of work experience under the supervision of an employer, who is an architect registered with Council of Architecture and

3800-560: The Architects Act of 1972, individuals wishing to register as an architect are required to complete a 5-year long Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch) programme from an educational institution approved by the Council of Architecture . For this purpose, the Council of Architecture maintains a list of educational institution providing B.Arch programmes meeting the minimum required standards of architectural education in India. Additionally,

3895-672: The City School of Architecture (owned by the Sri Lanka institute of Architects) or by any foreign university recognized by the SLIA. The University of Moratuwa has been offering a "3+2" program recognized by both the SLIA and RIBA ; a three-year B.Sc. (Built Environment) degree and a two-year masters, M.Sc. (Architecture). This with the two years of appropriate work experience and successful completion of SLIA Part III examination would lead to

Stadio Delle Alpi - Misplaced Pages Continue

3990-488: The Hong Kong Institute of Architects (HKIA), may be elected as fellow members of HKIA and may use FHKIA after their name. Professional requirements for architects Professional requirements for architects vary from place to place, but usually consist of three elements: a university degree or advanced education, a period of internship or training in an office, and examination for registration with

4085-537: The RAIC hold accredited degrees in architecture, and not all Canadian architects are members of the RAIC. Directive 2005/36/EC sets the professional requirements for architects in the EU. To practice as a project manager (maître d'oeuvre in French), an architect must meet the following requirements : In France the profession is defined and regulated by the 1977 Law, which defines architecture as follows: Architecture

4180-597: The RIAI . In all, it takes a minimum of seven years to gain registration. More details can be found on the RIAI website . An alternate route to the Register is available through the ARAE (Architects Register Admission Examination) [2] - this provides an opportunity for those without the required educational and professional qualifications to enter the Register in Ireland. This examination has operated successfully since 2009. To enter

4275-700: The RIBA after 1971 may use the initials RIBA but cannot use the old ARIBA and FRIBA. An honorary fellow may use the initials Hon. FRIBA, and an international fellow may use the initials Int. FRIBA. Architects in the US who have made contributions to the profession through design excellence or architectural education or have in some other way advanced the profession are elected Fellows of the American Institute of Architects and can write FAIA after their name. Architects in Canada who have made outstanding contributions to

4370-490: The Sri Lanka Institute of Architects law (act) no. 1 of 1976 and the Sri Lanka Institute of Architects (Amendment) Act, No. 14 of 1996. In Sri Lanka, architects are required to meet three common requirements for registration: education, experience, and examination. The Education can be from one of the two available institutions; the degree course held by University of Moratuwa or by the part-time course held by

4465-536: The ability to practice independently of supervision. The term building design professional (or design professional) , by contrast, is a much broader term that includes professionals who practice independently under an alternate profession, such as engineering professionals, or those who assist in the practice of architecture under the supervision of a licensed architect, such as intern architects . In many places, independent, non-licensed individuals may perform design services outside of professional restrictions, such as

4560-564: The architect must report back to the client, who may have reservations or recommendations which might introduce further variables into the design. Architects also deal with local and federal jurisdictions regarding regulations and building codes . The architect might need to comply with local planning and zoning laws such as required setbacks, height limitations, parking requirements, transparency requirements (windows), and land use . Some jurisdictions require adherence to design and historic preservation guidelines. Health and safety risks form

4655-426: The architect's services during each construction stage may be extensive (detailed document preparation and construction review) or less involved (such as allowing a contractor to exercise considerable design-build functions). Architects typically put projects to tender on behalf of their clients, advise them on the award of the project to a general contractor , facilitate and administer a contract of agreement, which

4750-632: The architect. Contracting with an architect is mandatory solely if the construction project is in excess of 150 sqm flooring surface /or footprint on the parcel (this threshold rise up to 800 sqm for any farming building). Architecture in France fully depends on the Culture Department of the French government, so does The National Superior Schools of Architecture, and the National Architects Order Board. Education

4845-471: The architectural profession in the country. It usually takes a minimum of nine years to obtain the necessary qualifications and experience for registration. To be registered as an architect, individuals must fulfill several requirements set by ARCON. Prospective architects typically undergo a minimum of four years of university education in architecture, culminating in a Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch) degree. Following this, they may pursue further studies at

SECTION 50

#1732786574290

4940-399: The architecture profession. For a major construction, it is necessary for a professional to act as a Director Responsible of Construction (in Spanish, Director Responsable de Obra or DRO ). This position does require a minimum of two years of professional experience in construction, as well as further evaluation and/or training. However, it is uncommon for architects to assume this role; this

5035-476: The basic principle is that to qualify as an architect, a candidate must pass through three stages administered by the Royal Institute of British Architects : In the United States, people wishing to become licensed architects are required to meet the requirements of their respective state, or jurisdiction. While each jurisdiction is responsible for regulating the practice of architecture within its borders,

5130-494: The building's design, construction, and maintenance. Virtual reality (VR) presentations are becoming more common for visualizing structural designs and interior spaces from the point-of-view perspective. Since modern buildings are known to release carbon into the atmosphere, increasing controls are being placed on buildings and associated technology to reduce emissions, increase energy efficiency, and make use of renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources may be designed into

5225-578: The buildings that have human occupancy or use as their principal purpose. Etymologically, the term architect derives from the Latin architectus , which derives from the Greek ( arkhi - , chief + tekton , builder), i.e., chief builder. The professional requirements for architects vary from location to location. An architect's decisions affect public safety, and thus the architect must undergo specialised training consisting of advanced education and

5320-569: The charter and the Architectural Registration Board (ARB) registration. Recently, the University of Moratuwa has changed the "3+2" program to a continuous five-year B.Arch. program. City School of Architecture offers a part-time course of seven years during which the students should be working continuously under the supervision of a Chartered Architect while attending the school on a part-time basis. Completion of

5415-669: The club. The UEFA Cup semi-final and final matches in 1994–95 were moved by Juventus to the San Siro in Milan , attracting an audience of 85,000. The Stadio Delle Alpi was very rarely sold out in its history. Finally, in June 2002, Juventus purchased the Delle Alpi from the Turin city council for a fee of around € 25 million. Torino was banned from playing any Serie A matches inside

5510-411: The construction. In many jurisdictions mandatory certification or assurance of the completed work or part of the work is required. This demand for certification entails a high degree of risk; therefore, regular inspections of the work as it progresses on site is required to ensure that the design is in compliance itself as well as following all relevant statutes and permissions. Recent decades have seen

5605-463: The contractor (see also Design-bid-build ) which is based on the work done as well as any materials and other goods purchased or hired in the future. In the United Kingdom and other countries, a quantity surveyor is often part of the team to provide cost consulting. With large, complex projects, an independent construction manager is sometimes hired to assist in the design and management of

5700-401: The design becomes more advanced and detailed, specifications and detail designs are made of all the elements and components of the building. Techniques in the production of a building are continually advancing which places a demand on the architect to ensure that he or she remains up to date with these advances. Depending on the client's needs and the jurisdiction's requirements, the spectrum of

5795-429: The design of houses or other smaller structures. In the architectural profession, technical and environmental knowledge, design, and construction management require an understanding of business as well as design. However, design is the driving force throughout the project and beyond. An architect accepts a commission from a client. The commission might involve preparing feasibility reports , building audits, and designing

SECTION 60

#1732786574290

5890-494: The design takes place. The extent and nature of these expectations will vary. Foresight is a prerequisite when designing buildings as it is a very complex and demanding undertaking. Any design concept during the early stage of its generation must take into account a great number of issues and variables, including the qualities of the space(s), the end-use and life-cycle of these proposed spaces, connections, relations, and aspects between spaces, including how they are put together, and

5985-468: The design undertaking. The architect may make early proposals to the client which may rework the terms of the brief. The "program" (or brief) is essential to producing a project that meets all the needs of the owner. This becomes a guide for the architect in creating the design concept. Design proposal(s) are generally expected to be both imaginative and pragmatic. Much depends upon the time, place, finance, culture, and available crafts and technology in which

6080-452: The design, ensuring that aspects such as structural supports and air conditioning elements are coordinated. The control and planning of construction costs are also part of these consultations. Coordination of the different aspects involves a high degree of specialized communication, including advanced computer technology such as building information modeling (BIM), computer-aided design (CAD), and cloud-based technologies. Finally, at all times,

6175-416: The design. The architect, once hired by a client, is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. The architect must meet with and ask questions to the client, to ascertain all the requirements (and nuances) of the planned project. Often, the full brief is not clear in the beginning. It involves a degree of risk in

6270-401: The design. The design must also balance increasing concerns with environmental sustainability . The architect may introduce (intentionally or not), aspects of mathematics and architecture , new or current architectural theory , or references to architectural history . A key part of the design is that the architect often must consult with engineers, surveyors, and other specialists throughout

6365-502: The educational requirements to practice as an architect, and the rules under which exercise of the profession of architecture, in Titles III and IV. According to the 1977 law, "Anyone wishing to undertake a construction subject to an application for a building permit, shall resort to an architect in order to establish the architectural project," But the "Code for Urbanism" sets the actual conditions and limits of mandatory resorting to

6460-593: The exception of high-status projects. In most developed countries only those qualified with an appropriate license, certification, or registration with a relevant body (often a government) may legally practice architecture. Such licensure usually requires a university degree, successful completion of exams, and a training period. Representation of oneself as an architect through the use of terms and titles were restricted to licensed individuals by law, although in general, derivatives such as architectural designer were not legally protected. To practice architecture implies

6555-547: The experience requirement is typically the Intern Architect Program (IAP). The provincial associations of architects, by the authority granted under their respective provincial Architects Act, require that Interns gain a minimum of 5,600 hours of work experience. The fundamental purpose of the pre-registration/licensing employment period is to ensure that the Intern is provided with sufficient experience to meet

6650-458: The firm (i.e. staff architect, partner, or shareholder, etc.), and the size and location of the firm. A number of national professional organizations exist to promote career and business development in architecture. A wide variety of prizes is awarded by national professional associations and other bodies, recognizing accomplished architects, their buildings, structures, and professional careers. The most lucrative award an architect can receive

6745-424: The first degree, and can become a senior architectural technologist. When studied through a University of Technology (or a comprehensive university ), the courses in architecture are a three-year National Diploma , and, after an additional year of study, the B.Tech degree . These enable a student to become an architectural technologist or senior technologist, respectively. To become a draughtsperson, one requires

6840-407: The first four years of this program qualifies for SLIA part I and completion of the balance after three years qualifies for SLIA part II. Successful completion of this program with the 1 year of appropriate work experience and successful completion of SLIA Part III examination would lead to the charter and the Architectural Registration Board (ARB) registration. In the United Kingdom, practicing under

6935-459: The ground. The new grounds of the stadium covers around 50,000 square metres. The demolition was completed in February 2009. Work on a new stadium began during spring 2009 and it was opened on 8 September 2011, at the start of the 2011–12 season . The running track, which was widely blamed for ruining the atmosphere in the stadium, was removed with the fans moved closer to the action. A roof covers

7030-409: The impact of proposals on the immediate and wider locality. The selection of appropriate materials and technology must be considered, tested, and reviewed at an early stage in the design to ensure there are no setbacks (such as higher-than-expected costs) which could occur later in the project. The site and its surrounding environment, as well as the culture and history of the place, will also influence

7125-411: The industry standard. Furthermore, design may include the use of photos, collages, prints, linocuts, 3D scanning technology, and other media in design production. Increasingly, computer software is shaping how architects work. BIM technology allows for the creation of a virtual building that serves as an information database for the sharing of design and building information throughout the life-cycle of

7220-414: The introduction of linear perspective and innovations such as the use of different projections to describe a three-dimensional building in two dimensions, together with an increased understanding of dimensional accuracy, helped building designers communicate their ideas. However, development was gradual and slow-going. Until the 18th century, buildings continued to be designed and set out by craftsmen, with

7315-423: The master's level, obtaining a Master of Architecture (M.Arch) degree and also enrol for National Youth Service Corps . The completion of these academic programmes is a prerequisite for professional registration. Upon completing their formal education, aspiring architects are required to undergo a period of practical training, often referred to as the "professional experience" stage. This stage typically lasts for

7410-489: The name, style or title "architect" is restricted by law to those registered at the Architects Registration Board . It usually takes a minimum of seven years to obtain the necessary qualifications and experience for registration. Those wishing to become registered must first study at a recognised university-level school of architecture. Though there are some variations from university to university,

7505-407: The new seats. A new Juventus training centre was also built next to the stadium, together with a set of buildings for a gymnasium, a restaurant and a hotel. Architect An architect is a person who plans, designs, and oversees the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to provide services in connection with the design of buildings and the space within the site surrounding

7600-637: The next has been provided for in the Regulations, and is under review. When studied through a university, the programme is structured in two parts: the first is a three-year course leading to a Bachelor of Architectural Studies or BSc (Architecture) . The second is an additional two-year postgraduate, professional degree —either the Bachelor of Architecture or Master of Architecture , depending on University—which qualifies an individual to become an architect. A student can exit university after obtaining

7695-459: The outside of the pitch. However, due to the lack of a warm-up track, the stadium was never used for a major athletics event. The stadium was inaugurated on 31 May 1990 when a joint Juventus–Torino team defeated Porto 4–3. Due to escalating rental costs, disputes arose between the clubs and the city council. In 1994, the Juventus board investigated building a new stadium, which would be owned by

7790-407: The policies of the registration board for the jurisdiction in question, it is sometimes possible to become a licensed architect in other ways like reciprocal licensure for international architects and working under an architect as an intern for an extended period of time. The length of the typical licensure process depends on the particular combination of education, experience and pace of examination of

7885-738: The profession in Italy, individuals are required to first obtain a degree in architecture, or a degree in Building Engineering/ Architecture, then to receive professional qualification, obtained by passing a state exam with four tests (three written and one oral). To practice, the architect must register with the Ordine degli architetti (Order of Architects), which following a recent reform also includes planners, landscape architects and conservationists (architectural heritage). The Orders are organised by province, and registration

7980-511: The profession through contributions to research, scholarship, public service, or professional standing to the good of architecture in Canada or elsewhere may be recognized as Fellows of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada and can write FRAIC after their name. In Hong Kong, those elected to chartered membership may use the initial HKIA, and those who have made a special contribution after nomination and election by

8075-497: The project's size and complexity. Residential projects ranged from 12 to 20%. Renovation projects typically commanded higher percentages such as 15–20%. Overall billings for architectural firms range widely, depending on their location and economic climate. Billings have traditionally been dependent on local economic conditions, but with rapid globalization, this is becoming less of a factor for large international firms. Salaries could also vary depending on experience, position within

8170-687: The proposed building by local or national renewable energy providers. As a result, the architect is required to remain abreast of current regulations that are continually being updated. Some new developments exhibit extremely low energy use or passive solar building design . However, the architect is also increasingly being required to provide initiatives in a wider environmental sense. Examples of this include making provisions for low-energy transport, natural daylighting instead of artificial lighting, natural ventilation instead of air conditioning, pollution, and waste management, use of recycled materials, and employment of materials which can be easily recycled. As

8265-742: The rise of specialisations within the profession. Many architects and architectural firms focus on certain project types (e.g. healthcare, retail, public housing, and event management), technological expertise, or project delivery methods. Some architects specialise in building code, building envelope , sustainable design , technical writing , historic preservation(US) or conservation (UK), and accessibility . Many architects elect to move into real-estate (property) development , corporate facilities planning, project management , construction management, chief sustainability officers interior design, city planning, user experience design , and design research. Although there are variations in each location, most of

8360-471: The stadium began in June 1988, and due to the use of prefabricated concrete, was complete within two years. The Delle Alpi was built by the council of Turin, with both of the city's football clubs using it as their home ground following the closure of the Stadio Olimpico. It was originally intended to be used for not only football but also athletics. Therefore, an athletics track was constructed around

8455-554: The stadium design left spectators exposed to the elements. These factors contributed to attendances significantly below its capacity; in the 2005–06 season, for example, Juventus' average attendance was 35,880. In the Coppa Italia home match against Sampdoria in the 2001–02 season, only 237 spectators showed up. The stadium was one of the venues of the 1990 World Cup, hosting five matches. The first four involved Brazil; All their Group C matches (a 2–1 win over Sweden on 10 June,

8550-433: The stadium from 9 March 2003 until 30 June 2003 due to the violence that occurred on 22 February 2003 inside the stadium clash against Milan . The stadium attendance record was 63,583 set during a UEFA Champions League semi-final (second leg) between Juventus and Real Madrid on 14 May 2003. During the 1990 FIFA World Cup , the stadium hosted (among others) a second round match between Argentina and Brazil , as well as

8645-409: The standards of practical skill and level of competence required to engage in the practice of architecture. This experience is diversified into four main categories and 16 sub-categories, and must be completed working under the direct supervision of a registered architect. At present, all jurisdictions use the Architect Registration Examination (ARE), a series of seven computerized exams administered by

8740-469: The title used varied depending on geographical location. They often carried the title of master builder or surveyor after serving a number of years as an apprentice (such as Sir Christopher Wren ). The formal study of architecture in academic institutions played a pivotal role in the development of the profession as a whole, serving as a focal point for advances in architectural technology and theory. The use of "Architect" or abbreviations such as "Ar." as

8835-412: The world's architects are required to register with the appropriate jurisdiction. Architects are typically required to meet three common requirements: education, experience, and examination. Basic educational requirement generally consist of a university in architecture. The experience requirement for degree candidates is usually satisfied by a practicum or internship (usually two to three years). Finally,

8930-456: Was carried out by artisans —such as stone masons and carpenters—who rose to the role of master builders. Until modern times, there was no clear distinction between architect and engineer. In Europe, the titles architect and engineer were primarily geographical variations that referred to the same person, often used interchangeably. "Architect" derives from Greek ἀρχιτέκτων ( arkhitéktōn , "master builder," "chief tektōn ). It

9025-539: Was established in 1907 and is a voluntary national association representing more than 3,600 architects and Faculty and graduates of accredited Canadian Schools of Architecture. The RAIC aims to be "the voice of Architecture and its practice in Canada". Members are permitted to use the suffix MRAIC after their names. The suffix FRAIC (Fellow of the RAIC) is used by members of the RAIC College of Fellows. Not all members of

#289710