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55-707: The trains are intended to replace the ETR610 trains on the trans- Alpine route between Milan (Italy) and Basel / Zürich , with eventually further connections with Germany and Austria. The main route goes through the 57 kilometre-long Gotthard Base Tunnel . As a consequence, the Giruno is also referred to as the "Gotthard train". The 11-car units operate with a top speed of 250 km/h (155 mph) and can accommodate up to 403 passengers (117 in first class, 286 in second class). Two train sets can be coupled together to accommodate over 800 passengers. Stadler originally named

110-543: A DC circuit. However, most such circuits have a DC solution. This solution gives the circuit voltages and currents when the circuit is in DC steady state . Such a circuit is represented by a system of differential equations . The solution to these equations usually contain a time varying or transient part as well as constant or steady state part. It is this steady state part that is the DC solution. There are some circuits that do not have

165-407: A DC solution. Two simple examples are a constant current source connected to a capacitor and a constant voltage source connected to an inductor. In electronics, it is common to refer to a circuit that is powered by a DC voltage source such as a battery or the output of a DC power supply as a DC circuit even though what is meant is that the circuit is DC powered. In a DC circuit, a power source (e.g.

220-453: A battery system to ensure power is maintained for subscriber lines during power interruptions. Other devices may be powered from the telecommunications DC system using a DC-DC converter to provide any convenient voltage. Many telephones connect to a twisted pair of wires, and use a bias tee to internally separate the AC component of the voltage between the two wires (the audio signal) from

275-423: A battery, capacitor, etc.) has a positive and negative terminal, and likewise, the load also has a positive and negative terminal. To complete the circuit, positive charges need to flow from the power source to the load. The charges will then return to the negative terminal of the load, which will then flow back to the negative terminal of the battery, completing the circuit. If either the positive or negative terminal

330-579: A contract for the supply and maintenance of 10 DMU trains, with an option for 10 more, depicted on artist impressions using the same cab as the Giruno. The EC250 is designed to comply with the TSI-High-speed regulations and meets the EN 15227 crashworthiness standards. The cars are connected to Jacobs bogies and the propulsion system consists of four motorised bogies, powered from four roof-mounted electric current collectors. The electrification system

385-410: A contract valued at €460m. In comparison with the operator's preceding fleet of Automotrice à grande vitesse (AGV) trainsets, the new train's maximum speed was approximately 50 km/h (31 mph) slower; the new fleet was reportedly intended to facilitate NTV's expansion of its Italo services, as well as to introduce services to new destinations. On 3 October 2013, the first of NTV's Pendolinos

440-524: A direct current source . The DC solution of an electric circuit is the solution where all voltages and currents are constant. Any stationary voltage or current waveform can be decomposed into a sum of a DC component and a zero-mean time-varying component; the DC component is defined to be the expected value, or the average value of the voltage or current over all time. Although DC stands for "direct current", DC often refers to "constant polarity". Under this definition, DC voltages can vary in time, as seen in

495-574: A family of high-speed, tilting-technology trains, produced in Italy . These trains owe their name ( pendolino can mean "small pendulum " in Italian ) to the mechanism enabling them to tilt when going around a curve. The maximum tilt of 8 degrees allows the trains to reach a speed that is up to 35% higher than conventional trains whilst remaining comfortable for passengers. Developed by Alstom Ferroviaria, which inherited tilting technology (including that of

550-837: A short 5-car set – was at InnoTrans 2016 in Berlin , Germany, by Stadler CEO, Peter Spuhler , and SBB CEO, Andreas Meyer . The first full 11-car set was presented at a ceremony in Bussnang on 18 May 2017, which was also attended by the then Swiss President Doris Leuthard . Shortly afterwards in August, the EC250 was renamed as SMILE following a public competition. As SBB intend to operate these trains across several countries, testing had to be carried out in Germany, Italy and Austria , in addition to Switzerland. In early April 2018,

605-809: A test train unit ran through the Gotthard Tunnel at 275 km/h (171 mph) in order to meet approval conditions to operate up to 250 km/h (155 mph) on the line. The Federal Office of Transport approved this service for Switzerland on 4 April 2019 and the European Union Railway Agency approved it for Italy in March 2020 – in both cases, for speeds up to 200 km/h (125 mph). The first passenger revenue service operated between Zürich and Erstfeld on 8 May 2019, using Giruno unit 501 006. In February 2024, Stadler and Saudi Arabia Railways (SAR) signed

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660-405: A width of 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in) and a height of 4.25 m (13 ft 11 in). The wheelbase of the unpowered bogies is 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in), while those of the motorised bogies are 2.75 m (9 ft 0 in). The carriages do not have a uniform floor height as the seats at either end of each car are positioned above the bogies while the central aisle rises towards

715-570: Is a member of the Avelia family of Alstom , which also includes other rolling stock produced and operated across various different countries. The ETR 675, akin to the model operated by PKP , is not equipped with tilting apparatus. The name Pendolino, however, evidently remains as a brand for trains that can be structured both with and without oscillation. During October 2015, NTV announced that it would be procuring an initial batch of twelve ETR 675 trainsets as part of its efforts to expand its fleet via

770-482: Is an AC device which uses a rectifier to produce DC for battery charging. Most highway passenger vehicles use nominally 12  V systems. Many heavy trucks, farm equipment, or earth moving equipment with Diesel engines use 24 volt systems. In some older vehicles, 6 V was used, such as in the original classic Volkswagen Beetle . At one point a 42 V electrical system was considered for automobiles, but this found little use. To save weight and wire, often

825-435: Is commonly found in many extra-low voltage applications and some low-voltage applications, especially where these are powered by batteries or solar power systems (since both can produce only DC). Most electronic circuits or devices require a DC power supply . Domestic DC installations usually have different types of sockets , connectors , switches , and fixtures from those suitable for alternating current. This

880-514: Is compatible with the Swiss and German 15 kV 16.7 Hz alternating current (AC) overhead power supplies, as well as with Italian 3 kV direct current (DC) and 25 kV 50 Hz electrification systems. The motorized bogies are reportedly capable of generating a maximum power output of 6000 kW. Each 11-car train set is 200 metres (656 ft 2 in) long and has an empty weight of 380 tonnes (840,000 lb). Each carriage has

935-427: Is disconnected, the circuit will not be complete and the charges will not flow. In some DC circuit applications, polarity does not matter, which means you can connect positive and negative backwards and the circuit will still be complete and the load will still function normally. However, in most DC applications, polarity does matter, and connecting the circuit backwards will result in the load not working properly. DC

990-412: Is distributed to a substation, which utilizes a rectifier to convert the power to direct current. The term DC is used to refer to power systems that use only one electrical polarity of voltage or current, and to refer to the constant, zero-frequency, or slowly varying local mean value of a voltage or current. For example, the voltage across a DC voltage source is constant as is the current through

1045-418: Is flexible, meaning it can be extensively refitted and modified to an operator's requirements. As of December 2020, Giruno units operate services from Basel and Zürich to Chiasso and Lugano . Services between Zurich and Milan have also operated since 12 August 2020, and have later expanded to Venice , Genoa and Bologna . The Giruno replaced existing RABDe 500 (ICN) and tilting ETR 610 units on

1100-447: Is mostly due to the lower voltages used, resulting in higher currents to produce the same amount of power . It is usually important with a DC appliance to observe polarity, unless the device has a diode bridge to correct for this. Most automotive applications use DC. An automotive battery provides power for engine starting, lighting, the ignition system, the climate controls, and the infotainment system among others. The alternator

1155-435: Is one-directional flow of electric charge . An electrochemical cell is a prime example of DC power. Direct current may flow through a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through semiconductors , insulators , or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams . The electric current flows in a constant direction, distinguishing it from alternating current (AC). A term formerly used for this type of current

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1210-568: Is run on international routes between Switzerland and Italy; it is also used to conduct a single daily trip from Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof to Milano Centrale via the Gotthard Base Tunnel and back via Simplon Tunnel and Lötschberg Base Tunnel to Frankfurt. In 2018, the fleet was rebranded as Astoro following a refurbishment. In January 2023, the SBB announced a SFr 120m ($ US 131.2m) investment in an extensive refurbishment of

1265-598: The Gotthard railway , which were reassigned to more winding Alpine routes such as the Jura Foot Railway . New Pendolino The New Pendolino is a class of high-speed tilting trains built by Alstom Ferroviaria (Fiat Ferroviaria) for Trenitalia and Cisalpino . As of 2024, Pendolinos have become a part of the Avelia Stream high speed train family. The name Pendolino is used to identify

1320-612: The British Advanced Passenger Train ) after its acquisition of former producer Fiat Ferroviaria , they are built at Alstom's Savigliano plants , in Piedmont, as well as in Sesto San Giovanni near Milan (which supplies the traction converters). The Pendolino first began service in Italy in 1988, with model ETR 450 , followed by ETR 460 , ETR 470 and ETR 480 . A new model generation

1375-448: The DC component of the voltage between the two wires (used to power the phone). High-voltage direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission systems use DC for the bulk transmission of electrical power, in contrast with the more common alternating current systems. For long-distance transmission, HVDC systems may be less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses. Applications using fuel cells (mixing hydrogen and oxygen together with

1430-571: The ETR 610 fleet to facilitate its continued operation for a further 15 years. The program involves renewing and replacing various components and systems, repainting the vehicle bodies, and making minor accessibility improvements in compliance with Swiss federal disabilities legislation. On 30 May 2011 the Polish state railways PKP signed an agreement with Alstom for 20 ETR 610 Pendolinos. These new trains, referred to as Pendolino ED250, were procured with

1485-625: The Pendolino reached 242 km/h (150 mph). On 17 November 2013, a new speed record for Polish railways was set when the Pendolino ED250 reached a speed of 291 km/h (181 mph), breaking the previous record of 250.1 km/h (155.4 mph) set 19 years prior. On 24 November 2013, the final day of tests on the CMK Central Rail Line, the Pendolino reached 293 km/h (182 mph). The contract between

1540-555: The Pendolinos could be in service by 14 December 2014. On 11 September 2014, Polands's Railway Transport Office (UTK) announced that the ED250 had been certified for operation at up to 250 km/h (155 mph) in accordance with the relevant Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI). In the 2020/21 timetable, ED250 routinely operated at a scheduled speed of up to 200 km/h (124 mph) along selected stretches of

1595-534: The Polish operator PKP Intercity and Alstom called for the first eight Pendolino ED250 trainsets to be delivered on 6 May 2014, tested (' certified ') for operation at 250 km/h (155 mph) using ETCS L2 signalling. These tests had not been performed by May, and PKP announced that Alstom had failed to meet the contract terms and would be charged penalties as of May 6. Alstom responded that homologation in Poland at 250 km/h (155 mph) using ETCS Level 2

1650-738: The Warszawa - Gdynia and Central Rail Line routes. Polish Pendolino trainsets do not have tilting mechanism which precludes them from the main advantage of faster taking of curves. In 2020, one train did derail in Germany during an instrumented test run. The Avant S-114, locally designated as the RENFE Class 114 , is a four-car variant of the New Pendolino series. During October 2004, it was announced that RENFE had placed an order for 30 high-speed trains, configured for medium distance routes and thus lacking tilting mechanisms. The order, which

1705-627: The carriage connection through ramps. The low-floor entrances allow step-free access from platforms at heights between 550 mm (22 in) and 760 mm (30 in) and several accessible toilets and areas for wheelchairs are available, allowing the train to comply with the Law on Equal Rights for Persons with Disabilities. As a long-distance train, it also features signal boosters for 3G/4G cellular phone networks, power sockets (for Swiss and international plugs) and large luggage racks for passenger comfort, along with energy-efficient lighting. The interior

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1760-474: The charging of batteries to large power supplies for electronic systems, motors, and more. Very large quantities of electrical energy provided via direct-current are used in smelting of aluminum and other electrochemical processes. It is also used for some railways , especially in urban areas . High-voltage direct current is used to transmit large amounts of power from remote generation sites or to interconnect alternating current power grids. Direct current

1815-407: The circuit voltages and currents are independent of time. A particular circuit voltage or current does not depend on the past value of any circuit voltage or current. This implies that the system of equations that represent a DC circuit do not involve integrals or derivatives with respect to time. If a capacitor or inductor is added to a DC circuit, the resulting circuit is not, strictly speaking,

1870-462: The customers’ brand strategy and an improved comfort and services for passengers. Moreover, some important technical characteristics have been increased, such as the power of the traction unit and the level of redundancy of components and equipment, in order to improve reliability. The new trains will be produced in full accordance with the new regulations governing interoperability (for example, passive security in case of impact). Initial testing of

1925-472: The intent of operating them several major trunk routes, including between Gdynia and Warsaw , on the high-speed CMK Central Rail Line from Kraków / Katowice to Warsaw and Wrocław to Warsaw. On 12 August 2013, the first ETR 610 was delivered. High speed tests involving the new trainset were largely conducted on the CMK Central Rail Line ; on 16 November, the first day of testing,

1980-567: The loops of wire each half turn, it caused the flow of electricity to reverse, generating an alternating current . At Ampère's suggestion, Pixii later added a commutator , a type of "switch" where contacts on the shaft work with "brush" contacts to produce direct current. The late 1870s and early 1880s saw electricity starting to be generated at power stations . These were initially set up to power arc lighting (a popular type of street lighting) running on very high voltage (usually higher than 3,000 volts) direct current or alternating current. This

2035-512: The metal frame of the vehicle is connected to one pole of the battery and used as the return conductor in a circuit. Often the negative pole is the chassis "ground" connection, but positive ground may be used in some wheeled or marine vehicles. In a battery electric vehicle , there are usually two separate DC systems. The "low voltage" DC system typically operates at 12V, and serves the same purpose as in an internal combustion engine vehicle. The "high voltage" system operates at 300-400V (depending on

2090-494: The operator to was increase the number of daily services on its network from 56 to 68. The introduction of the rest of the fleet saw service frequencies being further increased across 2018 to 90 trains per day. China Railway High-speed (CRH) purchased technologies from Alstom to assemble 60 sets of high speed EMU trains, which have been named CRH5 and are based on the New Pendolino trains. The CRH5 are non-tilting trains. 30 additional sets were ordered in 2009 and 20 additional sets

2145-541: The project's value. The original intended schedule for the type's introduction was to coincide with the December 2007 timetable change, together with the opening of the Lötschberg Base Tunnel ; however, it was deferred and rescheduled for spring 2009, this date was also missed. During August 2009, the ETR 610 fleet finally achieved sufficient progress as to permit it to enter revenue service. The train

2200-428: The raw output of a rectifier or the fluctuating voice signal on a telephone line. Some forms of DC (such as that produced by a voltage regulator ) have almost no variations in voltage , but may still have variations in output power and current. A direct current circuit is an electrical circuit that consists of any combination of constant voltage sources, constant current sources, and resistors . In this case,

2255-438: The then under-construction Gotthard Base Tunnel , the only completely flat route through the great Alpine barrier . Bids were placed by Stadler Rail (Switzerland), Siemens (Germany), Alstom ( France ) and Talgo ( Spain ). All four bids were rejected by SBB and a second round took place, at which point Siemens withdrew. On 9 May 2014 SBB announced an order worth CHF  980,000,000 for 29 Stadler EC250s. The final signing

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2310-594: The train the EC250 . This was changed in 2017 to SMILE , short for S chneller M ehrsystemfähiger I nnovativer L eichter E xpresszug (English: “speedy multi-system innovative lightweight express train”). The SBB have named the train Giruno ( Romansh : " Buzzard "). In April 2012, Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) issued a tender for 29 new single-deck trains, capable of reaching 250 km/h (155 mph), for service on routes between Germany , Switzerland and Italy via

2365-600: The type revealed some shortcomings, perhaps the most significant of which was that the type was too heavy for the main Gotthard route from Zurich to Milan for which they had been ordered. In fact, the ETR 610's weight impacted the train's permitted cornering speed due to forces exerted upon the track that it compelled a lower-than-expected operating speed; it was determined that the new trains would have to run so slowly that traditional trains that lacked tilting systems would be just as fast, and thus some officials publicly questioned

2420-464: The vehicle), and provides the power for the traction motors . Increasing the voltage for the traction motors reduces the current flowing through them, increasing efficiency. Telephone exchange communication equipment uses standard −48 V DC power supply. The negative polarity is achieved by grounding the positive terminal of power supply system and the battery bank. This is done to prevent electrolysis depositions. Telephone installations have

2475-486: The voltage and signalling systems used in Switzerland and Germany. This includes the need for much heavier on-board traction power transformers necessary as a result of the lower traction power frequency of 16.7 Hz used in Switzerland and Germany in comparison with those required for the 25 kV 50 Hz AC traction power supplies. The innovative features concern the interior and exterior design, now closer to

2530-515: Was galvanic current . The abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and direct , as when they modify current or voltage . Direct current may be converted from an alternating current supply by use of a rectifier , which contains electronic elements (usually) or electromechanical elements (historically) that allow current to flow only in one direction. Direct current may be converted into alternating current via an inverter . Direct current has many uses, from

2585-617: Was delayed, however, as Alstom and Talgo both launched legal challenges: Alstom withdrew theirs in September 2014, while Talgo's complaint – that SBB gave the domestic producer an advantage – was dismissed by the Federal Administrative Court in October 2014. The final contract was signed between SBB and Stadler on 30 October 2014. The EC250's first public appearance – as

2640-406: Was followed by the widespread use of low voltage direct current for indoor electric lighting in business and homes after inventor Thomas Edison launched his incandescent bulb based electric " utility " in 1882. Because of the significant advantages of alternating current over direct current in using transformers to raise and lower voltages to allow much longer transmission distances, direct current

2695-571: Was impossible, since ETCS Level 2 was not operational anywhere in Poland, and the Central Rail Line (where the first ED250 Pendolino had reached 293 km/h (182 mph) in testing) was equipped with ETCS Level 1, not Level 2. On 26 June 2014, a compromise was reached between PKP and Alstom under which the Pendolinos would be delivered under a two-stage homologation, first homologated for operation using ETCS Level 1 and eventually to be homologated for ETCS Level 2. Hopes were expressed that

2750-484: Was launched in 2006 with ETR 600 for Trenitalia and ETR 610 / RABe 503 for Cisalpino , a railway company that operated trains between Switzerland and Italy. Manufacturer Alstom labeled them as New Pendolino . The ETR 610 / RABe 503 (also known as the Cisalpino Due as it was the second class of tilting trains used by Cisalpino ) primarily differs from the ETR 600 in the sense that the ETR 610 / RABe 503 supports

2805-682: Was ordered in 2010 to complete the current fleet operating on China's northern and eastern lines. The trains have the following characteristics: Many of the new Pendolinos have been fitted with the European Train Control System (ETCS) Level 2 signalling system; some operations, such as the Swiss Federal Railway (ETR 610) have installed other signalling systems such as SCMT , ZUB, LZB , and Integra-Signum , in order to operate over lines not equipped with ETCS. Direct current Direct current ( DC )

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2860-407: Was produced in 1800 by Italian physicist Alessandro Volta 's battery, his Voltaic pile . The nature of how current flowed was not yet understood. French physicist André-Marie Ampère conjectured that current travelled in one direction from positive to negative. When French instrument maker Hippolyte Pixii built the first dynamo electric generator in 1832, he found that as the magnet used passed

2915-535: Was publicly presented at the Expo Ferroviaria exhibition in Milan ; by this point, the type was undergoing certification trials ahead of operating regular revenue service. In November 2017, NTV announced that it was exercising an option to purchase an additional five trainsets. On 7 December 2017, the first four out of NTV's 17 ETR 675 trains entered service on its route between Rome and Venice , enabling

2970-477: Was replaced over the next few decades by alternating current in power delivery. In the mid-1950s, high-voltage direct current transmission was developed, and is now an option instead of long-distance high voltage alternating current systems. For long distance undersea cables (e.g. between countries, such as NorNed ), this DC option is the only technically feasible option. For applications requiring direct current, such as third rail power systems, alternating current

3025-440: Was subsequently reduced to thirteen trainsets, supplemented the operator's older fleet of Class 104 Pendolinos. In autumn 2008, the first train of the new class was formally presented. The RENFE has operated its S-114 fleet on its high-speed services between Madrid, Segovia, and Valladolid, along the high-speed line . The Pendolino EVO ETR 675 operated by the open-access high-speed operator Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori (NTV),

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