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73-561: William Ford Robinson Stanley (2 February 1829 – 14 August 1909) was a British inventor with 78 patents filed in both the United Kingdom and the United States of America. He was an engineer who designed and made precision drawing and mathematical instruments , as well as surveying instruments and telescopes, manufactured by his company "William Ford Stanley and Co. Ltd." Stanley was a skilled architect who designed and founded

146-406: A 180° protractor, a 15 cm ruler, a metal compass, a metal divider, a 9 cm pencil, a pencil sharpener, an eraser and a 10mm stencil. This mathematics -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Holborn Holborn ( / ˈ h oʊ b ər n / HOH -bərn or / ˈ h oʊ l b ər n / ), an area in central London , covers

219-440: A capital of £150, but died in 1859. Stanley stopped using the name Robinson and changed his signature as a consequence of being robbed of his cheque book during the early days of his business. Stanley produced a 'Panoptic Stereoscope ' in 1855, which was financially successful. Stereoscopes had sold for five shillings each – Stanley discovered a simpler method to make them, which enable him to sell them for one shilling. He

292-628: A cortege of 15 carriages drew past." The first 14 carriages were filled with family and dignitaries, whilst the 15th carried the domestic staff from Cumberlow. The cortege went to Elmers End Cemetery in Beckenham at walking pace and was met at the gates of the Cemetery by scholars from the School and members of staff from the firm. He was buried in the part of the Cemetery reserved for those who attended St. John's Church, Upper Norwood . His tomb has

365-523: A cost of £13,000 (as Stanley Public Hall ) to provide the local community with a public space for plays, concerts and lectures. It was the first building in Croydon to have electricity. In 1904 a clock tower and a hall were added. In 1993, a blue plaque was installed on a wall of Stanley Halls by English Heritage . The plaque reads W.F.R. STANLEY (1829–1909) Inventor, Manufacturer and Philanthropist, founded and designed these halls and technical school. It

438-483: A dairy farm. When it closed the 6 acres (0.024 km) of land was purchased in 1878 by Stanley. It was written into his will that the building should be used only as a children's home, and it was used for this purpose for over a century. In 1963, ownership was transferred to the London Borough of Lambeth and child murderer Mary Bell was housed there for a short time, until the local residents protested and she

511-658: A distance. The component parts were reduced to fewer than half of the 226 used in the previous version, making it lighter, cheaper and more accurate. Stanley designed and set up a factory in 1875 or 1876 (called The Stanley Works , it was listed in the 1876 Croydon Directories as Stanley Mathematical Instruments ) in Belgrave Road near Norwood Junction railway station , which produced a variety of instruments for civil, military, and mining engineers, prospectors and explorers, architects, meteorologists and artists, including various Technical drawing tools . The firm moved out of

584-477: A fine portrait carved in stone. When his widow died in 1913, she was placed in the tomb beside Stanley. There were obituaries in several national and local newspapers and journals, including The Times , The Norwood Herald , The Norwood News , The Engineer , The Electrical Review , The Electrician , Engineering and The Journal of the Geological Society of London . On Saturday 22 August 2009,

657-563: A girl in Buntingford, Bessie Sutton, but her family refused to let them marry. On 2 February 1857 (Stanley's 28th birthday), he married Eliza Ann Savory. They lived "above the shop", as they could afford only to rent four rooms in the same street as his shop. Five years later, the couple moved to Kentish Town , later moving to South Norwood in the mid-1860s. The couple adopted Stanley's niece Eliza Ann and another child, Maud Martin, whose father and brother drowned at sea. Stanley acted upon

730-715: A letter from Cameron, a copy of the speech given by William Stanley, on the opening of the Stanley Technical Trades School on 26 March 1907, two reference books ( William Stanley the Man ; William Stanley’s School ), as well as artefacts from both Stanley Technical High School for Boys and the Harris Federation of schools. Stanley Halls (in South Norwood) were opened on 2 February 1903 by Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee at

803-814: A member of the Physical Society of London (elected 25 February 1882) and the British Astronomical Association (1900), as well as a member of the Croydon School Board from 1873. Stanley read many papers to the various societies, including Clocks (1876, to the Royal Meteorological Society), The Mechanical Conditions of Storms, Hurricanes and Cyclones (1882, to the Royal Meteorological Society), Forms of Movements in Fluids (1882, to

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876-744: A memorial service in his honour was held at his grave in Beckenham Cemetery to mark the centenary of his death. During the last 15 years of his life, Stanley gave over £80,000 to education projects. Most of his estate was bequeathed to trade schools and students in south London. Stanley's will was signed on 20 March 1908, and was probated on 26 October 1909. When he died, his wealth was £58,905 18s. 4d. The will provided for Stanley's wife, and each nephew, niece, great-nephew and great-niece were mentioned by name, and left money and shares. His brother's wife and his adopted daughter also received shares. Every servant received £5, as did each teacher in

949-559: A mile, roughly as far as Southampton Row and Holborn tube station . The station was originally named Holborn (Kingsway) as it was on the junction of those two roads. Most of the area lies north of the eponymous road, rather than to the south. The nearest London Underground stations are Chancery Lane and Holborn . The closest mainline railway station is City Thameslink . Holborn is served by bus routes 1, 8, 19, 25, 38, 55, 59, 68, 76, 91, 98, 133, 168, 171, 188, 243, 341, X68 and night routes N1, N8, N19, N38, N41, N55, N68 and N171. In

1022-531: A number of extra-parochial areas, parts of the ecclesiastical parish of Holborn but formed their own (usually tiny) civil parish areas: The St George the Martyr Queen Square area became a separate parish, for both civil and ecclesiastical matters, in 1723; but for civil matters was reunited with the part of St Andrew outside the city ( Above the Bars ) of London in 1767, to form St Andrew Holborn Above

1095-488: A plumber/drainage contractor and joiner in London. He joined his father in 1849 at an engineering works at Whitechapel , working as a Pattern Maker's Improver where he invented the steel wheel spider-spokes. His father discouraged him from seeking a patent for this invention. For the following five years, he was in partnership with his maternal uncle (a Mr Warren), a builder, at Buntingford . In 1854, Stanley fell in love with

1168-474: A remark made by his father in 1854 about the high cost and poor quality of English drawing instruments compared to those imported from France and Switzerland, and started a business making mathematical and drawing instruments. At first he rented a shop and parlour at 3 Great Turnstile, Holborn , and began the business with £100 capital . He invented a new T-square which improved the standard one and became universally used. A cousin, Henry Robinson, joined him with

1241-518: Is a Grade II listed building. Stanley became a magistrate ( Justice of the peace ), and sat on the Croydon Bench on Mondays and Saturdays. He had a reputation for helping the poor, and when he retired from the Bench, one of his colleagues commented that there would be "no more £10 notes put in the poor-box ". In July 1907 he was given the freedom of the borough of Croydon, an honour which

1314-473: Is bestowed on people that the council (at that point, the Corporation of Croydon) feel have made a significant contribution to the borough. Stanley was the fourth person to be accorded this honour. Stanley died on 14 August 1909 of a heart attack, aged 80. His funeral was held on 19 August, and "local flags were flown at half mast , shops closed and local people drew their curtains as a mark of respect as

1387-458: Is nicknamed the Devil's Own , a name given by George III , not due to ferocity in battle, but rather to his dislike of lawyers. In the 18th century, Holborn was the location of the infamous Mother Clap 's molly house (meeting place for homosexual men). There were 22 inns or taverns recorded in the 1860s. The Holborn Empire , originally Weston's Music Hall , stood between 1857 and 1960, when it

1460-631: Is notionally in the very middle of London, being situated between the Westminster and the City , but this Americanisation has been widely criticised and not accepted or used by Londoners. The MPs for the area are: The three ward councillors for Holborn and Covent Garden , representing the London Borough of Camden part of the district are: Holborn is represented in the London Assembly as part of Barnet and Camden by: The following

1533-588: The West End of London or of the wider West London area. The River Fleet also gave its name to the streets Holborn and High Holborn which extend west from the site of the former Newgate in the London Wall , over the Fleet, through Holborn and towards Westminster . The district benefits from a central location which helps provide a strong mixed economy. The area is particularly noted for its links to

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1606-473: The abacus , slide rule and calculator ) or in algebra (the integraph ). In astronomy, many have said the pyramids (along with Stonehenge) were actually instruments used for tracking the stars over long periods or for the annual planting seasons. The Oxford Set of Mathematical Instruments is a set of instruments used by generations of school children in the United Kingdom and around the world in mathematics and geometry lessons. It includes two set squares,

1679-468: The astrolabe , the quadrant , and others were used to measure and accurately record the relative positions and movements of planets and other celestial objects. The sextant and other related instruments were essential for navigation at sea. Most instruments are used within the field of geometry , including the ruler , dividers , protractor , set square , compass, ellipsograph , T-square and opisometer . Others are used in arithmetic (for example

1752-619: The total solar eclipse of 28 May . He engaged in different forms of art. In 1891, three of his oil paintings were exhibited at the Marlborough Gallery and in May 1904, a carved inlaid tray Stanley had made was shown at the Stanley Art Exhibition Club . He also enjoyed composing partsongs , painting, playing music and photography. Stanley decided in 1901 to build and set up Stanley Technical Trades School,

1825-594: The 11th century, before the Norman Conquest. The civil division of the parish is very ancient and predates the establishment of the parish in its settled form. In 1394 the Ward of Farringdon was subdivided into Farringdon Within and Farringdon Without , with south-east Holborn part of the latter. The City Bars mark the boundary of the City of London within Holborn. In 1994 the City boundary shifted slightly to

1898-495: The 12th century St Andrew's was noted in local title deeds as lying on "Holburnestrate"—Holborn Street, but as the street leads from Roman Newgate , and the church was sited on it by the 10th century, it is probably considerably older. In 1394 the population had grown so large that the Ward of Farringdon had grown too large for effective governance and was formally divided into the separate Wards, (rather than separate named areas within

1971-567: The Bars with St George the Martyr . The Holborn District was created in 1855, consisting of the civil parishes and extra-parochial places of Holborn outside the city; St Andrew Holborn Above the Bars with St George the Martyr, Saffron Hill, Hatton Garden, Ely Rents and Ely Place , as well as two tiny units that were added from the Finsbury Division : Glasshouse Yard and St Sepulchre, Middlesex . The Metropolitan Borough of Holborn

2044-552: The Farringdon Without ward of the City of London (later known as St Andrew Holborn Below the Bars ) – which includes the parish church and the part within the Ossulstone Hundred of Middlesex (later known as St Andrew Above the Bars ). It is not known when the parish of Holborn took on its settled form, but it is likely to have been by the time of the introduction of Canon Law around 1180, with records from

2117-515: The London Mechanics’ Institution (now called Birkbeck College ), where he enrolled in 1843, attending engineering and phrenology lessons. While living in Buntingford between 1849 and 1854, Stanley founded a literary society with a local chemist. They charged a subscription of five shillings a year. This was spent on books to form a library which grew to 300 volumes. They had many guest speakers, and on one occasion Lord Lytton ,

2190-579: The Physical Society of London), Integrating Anemometer (1883, to the Royal Meteorological Society), Earth Subsidence and Elevation (1883, to the Physical Society of London), Certain effects which may have been produced from the eruptions of Krakatoa and Mount St. Augustin (1884, to the Royal Meteorological Society), Improvement in Radiation Thermometers (1885, to the Royal Meteorological Society), Three years' work with

2263-508: The Shelverdine Goathouse. The William Stanley pub sign and memorabilia from the pub were donated to Stanley Halls where they are on show. 78 patents are attributed to Stanley (sometimes the number is quoted as 79, as in 1885 a proposed patent application was never followed through) Many of the patents Stanley applied for were improvements on techniques or of other patents. Mathematical instruments Instruments such as

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2336-623: The UK's first Trades school , Stanley Technical Trades School (now Harris Academy South Norwood ), as well as designing the Stanley Halls in South Norwood. Stanley designed and built his two homes. He was a noted philanthropist, who gave over £80,000 to education projects during the last 15 years of his life. When he died, most of his estate, valued at £59,000, was bequeathed to trade schools and students in south London, and one of his homes

2409-446: The ancient parish of Holborn, a course now marked by Farringdon Street , Farringdon Road and other streets. The northern boundary with St Pancras was formed by a tributary of the Fleet later known as Lamb's Conduit . The curving alignment of Roger Street follows part of the course of that lost brook, and marked the northern boundary of the parish and later borough. The area extends west from Farringdon Street, for three-quarters of

2482-476: The area is not an administrative unit so contemporary perceptions of its extent can be vague and highly variable. In particular there are overlapping perceptions of the extent of the districts of Holborn, Bloomsbury and St Giles . One of the many factors in this, is a tendency to conflate the Holborn and High Holborn roads with the district. The now buried River Fleet formed the historic eastern boundary of

2555-632: The area occurs in a charter of AD 959, in which King Edgar the Peaceful granted Westminster Abbey an area of land (much larger than the later parish of Holborn) stretching from the Abbey, on Thorney Island , to the River Fleet . The charter mentions "the old wooden church of St Andrew" ( St Andrew, Holborn ). The name Holborn is used in the charter, but it refers to the River Fleet rather than

2628-572: The author of The Last Days of Pompeii , came to address the Society on Pompeii. Being "intensely interested" in architecture, he submitted a design for a competition in The Builder magazine, but did not win. In 1843, Stanley's father insisted that he leave school, at the age of 14, and help him in his trade. Stanley worked in his father's unsuccessful building business, becoming adept at working with metal and wood, later to obtain employment as

2701-711: The chrono- barometer and chrono-thermometer (1886, to the Royal Meteorological Society), The Phonometer (1891, to the Royal Meteorological Society) and Perception of Colour (1893, to the Physical Society of London). Following his election as a Fellow of the Geologists' Association, he went on an expedition to the Ardennes and the River Meuse . He visited Egypt and Palestine in 1889, and Switzerland in 1893. In 1900 Stanley travelled to Navalmorel in Spain to observe

2774-425: The company were selling Magic Lanterns , with a variety of slides including such subjects as the siege of Paris (1870–1871) , the travels of Dr Livingstone and Dante's Inferno , as well as improving stories for children such as Mother's Last Words and The Drunkard's Children , while in the catalogue for 1891, Stanley refers to the company having 17 branches, with over 130 workmen. On 20 April 1900 his company

2847-674: The corner of Hatton Garden was the old family department store of Gamages . Until 1992, the London Weather Centre was located in the street. The Prudential insurance company relocated in 2002. The Daily Mirror offices used to be directly opposite it, but the site is now occupied by Sainsbury's head office. Behind the Prudential Building lies the Anglo-Catholic church of St Alban the Martyr. Originally built in 1863 by architect William Butterfield , it

2920-630: The day-to-day operations. By 1903 (when the company reached its golden jubilee), it claimed to be the "largest business of its kind in the world". Stanley was a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (1862), the Geological Society of London (elected 9 January 1884), the Royal Astronomical Society (elected 9 February 1894), and a life fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society (1876) He was also

2993-844: The diamond trade, was leased to a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I , Sir Christopher Hatton, at the insistence of the Queen to provide him with an income. The area was not damaged by the Great Fire of London in 1666, though the area of destruction reached its south-eastern boundary. Charles Dickens took up residence in Furnival's Inn (later the site of " Holborn Bars ", the former Prudential building designed by Alfred Waterhouse ). Dickens put his character "Pip", in Great Expectations , in residence at Barnard's Inn opposite, now occupied by Gresham College . Staple Inn , notable as

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3066-539: The district. The name "Holborn" may derive from the Middle English hol for "hollow", and bourne , a "brook", referring to the River Fleet as it ran through a steep valley (hollow) in places. However, the 16th-century historian John Stow attributes the name to a different watercourse: the Old Bourne ("old brook"), a small stream which he believed ran into the Fleet at Holborn Bridge. This structure

3139-441: The early 21st century, Holborn has become the site of new offices and hotels. For example, the old neoclassical Pearl Assurance building near the junction with Kingsway was converted into a hotel in 1999. There has been attempts by some commercial organisations to rebrand the southern parts of the London Borough of Camden (Holborn, Bloomsbury and St Giles ; the former Metropolitan Borough of Holborn ) as "Midtown". This area,

3212-462: The era of Edward   I . Henry VII paid for the road to be paved in 1494 because the thoroughfare "was so deep and miry that many perils and hazards were thereby occasioned, as well to the king's carriages passing that way, as to those of his subjects". Criminals from the Tower and Newgate passed up Holborn on their way to be hanged at Tyburn or St Giles . Hatton Garden , the centre of

3285-470: The factory in the 1920s, with the factory being occupied by a joinery firm until, following a fire, it was converted into residential use in 2000. In South Norwood, Stanley designed and built his two homes Stanleybury , at 74–76 Albert Road and Cumberlow Lodge in Chalfont Road. Cumberlow Lodge was originally Pascall's large brickfield dating from the early part of the 19th century, and subsequently

3358-529: The factory land to buying new machinery, the high value of the pound affecting export orders, and the loss of Ministry of Defence orders following the end of the Cold War . A cast-iron clock tower was erected in South Norwood at the junction of Station Road and the High Street in 1907 to mark the golden wedding anniversary of William and Eliza Stanley, as a measure of the esteem in which they were held in

3431-616: The first catalogue of his products in 1864. By the fifth edition, Stanley was able to list important customers such as several government departments, the Army , the Royal Navy , railways at home and abroad, and London University . From 1865, he worked on improving the elegance and stability of surveying instruments , especially the theodolite , whose construction he simplified. It had a rotating telescope for measuring horizontal and vertical angles and able to take sights on prominent objects at

3504-472: The first of its kind in the country. The school was designed to educate boys between the ages of 12 and 15 in general studies, as well as trade. It was made to Stanley's own design and included an astronomy tower, and opened in 1907. When it was presented to the public in 1907, it had an endowment valued at £50,000. It was later renamed as Stanley Technical School (now Harris Academy South Norwood). The William F. Stanley Trust (originally The Stanley Foundation )

3577-504: The first time, this started with relief of the poor . The two parts became, for civil but not ecclesiastical purposes, two separate parishes known as St Andrew Holborn Below the Bars and St Andrew Holborn Above the Bars , the Bars being the City boundary markers. The area "above Bars" (outside the city's jurisdiction) was organised by the vestry board of the parish of St Andrew . As well as Holborn's two main civil parishes, there were

3650-551: The junction of Chancery Lane and the Bars were moved accordingly. It has been described how the two parts of the parish came under separate civil governance (though without any civil governance at parish level) according to whether the part was in the city or outside. From the Tudor period onwards new local government were introduced in England, and parish areas were obliged to take on civil as well as ecclesiastical responsibilities for

3723-440: The legal profession, for the diamond centre at Hatton Garden and for Great Ormond Street Hospital . Holborn emerged from the ancient parish of St Andrew Holborn and its later sub-divisions. The parish church is first mentioned, and described as old , in a charter of 959, but this is before the parish or the landholdings on which it was based took on anything like their settled form. The earliest surviving written record of

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3796-475: The locality. On 18 December 1998, the Wetherspoon's pub chain opened The William Stanley on the High Street in South Norwood. It is a 19th-century style of building, with a portrait of Stanley inside, as well as pictures of other Norwood notables ( Lillie Langtry , H. Tinsley (another scientific instrument maker), Samuel Coleridge-Taylor and John Brock ). This pub was closed in 2016 and has re-opened as

3869-464: The promotional image for Old Holborn tobacco, is nearby. The three of these were Inns of Chancery . The most northerly of the Inns of Court , Gray's Inn , is off Holborn, as is Lincoln's Inn : the area has been associated with the legal professions since mediaeval times, and the name of the local militia (now Territorial Army unit, the Inns of Court & City Yeomanry ) still reflects that. The unit

3942-493: The purchase of books annually to be used as prizes for students in Croydon. The W.F. Stanley and Co. company continued to expand after Stanley's death, moving to a factory in New Eltham ( The Stanley Scientific Instrument Works ) in 1916. During World War I, the factory was requisitioned by the government. Between the wars, it continued to expand its position in the market place for quality surveying instruments, although it

4015-433: The same Ward) in 1394. The westward growth towards Westminster accelerated in the Tudor period. The westerly ribbon development through the parish was complete before the Great Fire of 1666, with the displacement of people accelerating the development of the rest of the area. The northern fringe the last area to be developed, with this process finalised in the 18th century. St Etheldreda's Church , in gated Ely Place ,

4088-629: The school. Every factory employee received £2. Several individuals received monthly incomes of £1 or £2 a month. Croydon General Hospital, the Croydon Natural History & Scientific Society , The British Home and Hospital for Incurables, Croydon Police Court Relief Fund and Croydon Society for the Protection of Women and Children all received shares, as did the Croydon Corporation , although these were to be used for

4161-499: The seat of government in Westminster , took place along the banks of the River Thames and along the roads leading from Ludgate ( Fleet Street and The Strand ) and Newgate ( Holborn and High Holborn ). This growth, initially limited to Farringdon Without (which includes a part of Holborn) was well underway in the 12th century, leading to the Ward being retrospectively described as the capital's original West End . In

4234-537: The south-eastern part of the London Borough of Camden and a part ( St Andrew Holborn Below the Bars ) of the Ward of Farringdon Without in the City of London . The area has its roots in the ancient parish of Holborn, which lay on the west bank of the now buried River Fleet ; the district takes its name from an alternative name for the river: the Holbourne (or Oldbourne). The area is sometimes described as part of

4307-441: The time the hospital of St Giles was established in 1120 indicating that the parish extended further west at that time, presumably to encompass what would become the combined parish of St Giles and Bloomsbury . A charter of around 1000 shows the boundaries of the city being pushed west to their settled historic extent in around 1000, though this extramural area would have been very sparsely settled. The city's wards take shape in

4380-437: The west of the circus, but originally sited in the middle, is a large equestrian statue of Prince Albert by Charles Bacon, erected in 1874 as the city's official monument to him. It was presented by Charles Oppenheim, of the diamond trading company De Beers , whose headquarters is in nearby Charterhouse Street. The district can best be described in reference to the ancient parish and the sub-divisions that succeeded it, however

4453-454: Was floated on the stock market , becoming a limited company under the name of William Ford Stanley and Co Ltd . Around 25,000 shares in his company sold at £5 each, giving an authorised capital of £120,000. Stanley retired from the company (although still acting as Chairman of the Board and Managing Director ), leaving Henry Thomas Tallack (a business partner) and his brother Joseph to run

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4526-479: Was a painter, musician and photographer, as well as an author of a variety of publications, including plays, books for children, and political treatises. William Stanley was born on Monday 2 February 1829 in Islington , London, one of nine children of John Stanley (a mechanic and builder) and his wife, Selina Hickman, and a direct descendant of Thomas Stanley , the 17th-century author of History of Philosophy . He

4599-491: Was able to take an additional shops at 3–4 Great Turnstile and 286 High Holborn , as well as a skilled assistant. He did not patent the Panoptic, so it was soon copied around the world, but he had sold enough to provide the capital required to manufacture scientific instruments. In 1861 he invented a straight line dividing machine for which he won first prize in the 1862 International Exhibition in London. Stanley brought out

4672-499: Was baptised on Wednesday 4 March 1829 at St Mary's Church, Islington . At the age of 10 Stanley started going regularly to a day school run by a Mr Peil until he was 12. From the age of 12 until he was 14, his maternal uncle William Ford Hickman paid for his education at a different school. Despite having limited formal learning, Stanley taught himself mathematics, mechanics, astronomy, music, French, geology, chemistry, architecture and theology. He attended lessons in technical drawing at

4745-681: Was created in 1900, consisting of the former area of the Holborn District and the St Giles District , but the small units previously part of the Finsbury Division were instead included in the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury . The Metropolitan Borough of Holborn was abolished in 1965 and its area now forms part of the London Borough of Camden . The westward growth of London beyond the City Wall , and towards

4818-514: Was gutted during the Blitz but later reconstructed, retaining Butterfield's west front. On Holborn Circus lies the Church of St Andrew , an ancient Guild Church that survived the Great Fire of London . However, the parochial authority decided to commission Sir Christopher Wren to rebuild it. Although the nave was destroyed in the Blitz, the reconstruction was faithful to Wren's original. Just to

4891-414: Was lost when the river was culverted in 1732. The exact course of the stream is uncertain, but according to Stow it started in one of the many small springs near Holborn Bar, the old City toll gate on the summit of Holborn Hill. Other historians, however, find the theory implausible, in view of the slope of the land. The Parish of St Andrew, Holborn , was divided by a civil boundary, with part within

4964-473: Was originally the chapel of the Bishop of Ely 's London palace. This ecclesiastical connection allowed the street to remain part of the county of Cambridgeshire until the mid-1930s. This meant that Ye Olde Mitre , a pub located in a court hidden behind the buildings of the Place and the Garden, was licensed by the Cambridgeshire Magistrates. St Etheldreda's is the oldest Roman Catholic church in Britain, and one of two extant buildings in London dating back to

5037-459: Was pulled down after structural damage sustained in the Blitz . The theatre premièred one of the first full-length feature films in 1914, The World, the Flesh and the Devil , a 50-minute melodrama filmed in Kinemacolor . Subsequently, the area diversified and become recognisable as the modern street. A plaque stands at number 120 commemorating Thomas Earnshaw 's invention of the Marine chronometer , which facilitated long-distance travel. At

5110-473: Was removed to Wales. It was knocked down in 2006 before it could become a listed building . By 1881, Stanley was employing 80 people and producing 3,000 technical items, as detailed in his catalogue. A few years later, in 1885, Stanley was given a gold medal at the International Inventors Exhibition at Wembley . The rapid growth of his business led to the opening of branches at Lincoln's Inn , at London Bridge and at South Norwood. His 1890 catalogue shows that

5183-401: Was requisitioned by the British Government during World War II. After the war, the company continued to expand, participating in many large projects – for example, RMS  Queen Mary and Royal Navy ships used the company's compasses and other navigational instruments. The company went into liquidation in July 1999 – the main factors were not investing the proceeds of the sale of

5256-768: Was set up as a charitable Trust to assist with the management of the Stanley Technical Trades School. On 23 November 2006, Lady Harris (wife of Philip Harris, Baron Harris of Peckham , founder of the Harris Federation ) and David Cameron (at the time, the leader of the Conservative Party and the Leader of the Opposition ) placed a time capsule to recognise the contribution of Stanley to South Norwood. The capsule included

5329-400: Was used as a children's home after his death, in accordance with his will. Stanley was a member of several professional bodies and societies (including the Royal Society of Arts , the Royal Meteorological Society (elected 17 May 1876), the Royal Astronomical Society (elected 9 February 1894) and the British Astronomical Association (elected 31 October 1900)). Besides these activities, he

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