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52-1276: Starship Children's Hospital is a public children's hospital in Auckland , New Zealand. Opened on 18 November 1991, it was one of the first purpose-built children's hospitals in New Zealand , and is the largest such facility in the country. Although a separate facility, it is located on the same grounds as the Auckland City Hospital in Grafton , Auckland , and is adjacent to the Auckland Medical School . On 1 July 2022 Te Whatu Ora – Health New Zealand and Te Aka Whai Ora – Māori Health Authority became New Zealand's new national health authorities and Starship became part of Health New Zealand. There are more than 140,000 patient visits to Starship Child Health each year including around 1000 outreach clinics where Starship clinicians offer specialist consultation and support to their peers all around New Zealand. The main Starship building opened on 18 November 1991 on

104-479: A Psychiatrist in Leeds, detailed that children were emotionally damaged by their stay in hospital. In the post-war era, critiques became more widespread and studies were conducted to examine potential harms. René Spitz , an Austrian-American psychoanalyst , published an article in 1945 in which he noted deleterious effects of hospitalisation, based on his research with institutionalised children. L.A. Perry wrote

156-406: A 1947 Lancet article that protested the restrictions of parental visits on hospitalized children. However, Edelston wrote in 1948, that many of this colleagues still refused to believe in hospitalisation trauma Bowlby studied 44 juvenile thieves and found that a significantly high number had experienced early and traumatic separation from their mother. In 1949, he used the data to write a report for

208-648: A battery pack and 24 inch widescreen monitors capable of moving all around the hospital. It was the first Trust to receive the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society Stage 6 Award in November 2015 for the effective use of technology in providing high quality patient care within a year of going live, the fastest in the UK. In June 2018 the trust announced that it was abandoning its £140 million contract with Hewlett Packard Enterprise which

260-416: A better choice when it comes to treating rare afflictions that may prove fatal or severely detrimental to young children, in some cases before birth. Also, many children's hospitals will continue to see children with rare illnesses into adulthood, allowing for a continuity of care. Prior to 19th century hospital reforms, the well-being of the child was thought to be in the hands of the mother; therefore, there

312-596: A capacity of 219 beds. Besides the main building, Starship has outpatient clinics for the Auckland region in Tamaki , West Auckland and North Shore , as well as being associated with approximately 45 Outreach Clinics throughout the country. Starship Hospital is the major trauma centre for children in the Auckland region, and the tertiary major trauma centre for children in the Northland, Auckland, and northern parts of

364-403: A major cause of infant mortality. The voluntary nature of hospitals meant that such outbreaks were very costly. In the mid-19th century western world, middle-class women and physicians became increasingly concerned about the well-being of children in poor living conditions. Although infant mortality had begun to decline, it still remained a prominent issue. Social reformers blamed the emergence of

416-710: A number of high-specification facilities, equipment and resource to support all of this activity, including the recently expanded Cambridge Clinical Research Facilities offering 24/7 clinical beds to support Phase I and Phase II studies. In addition there is support to set up and initiate studies from the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, the Research & Development Department, the Cambridge BioResource and in processing and managing studies an onsite pharmacy and BioRepository. Cambridge

468-561: Is a hospital that offers its services exclusively to infants , children , adolescents , and young adults from birth up to until age 18, and through age 21 and older in the United States. In certain special cases, they may also treat adults. The number of children's hospitals proliferated in the 20th century, as pediatric medical and surgical specialties separated from internal medicine and adult surgical specialties. Children's hospitals are characterized by greater attention to

520-510: Is one of 13 Genomic Medicine Centres and the lead site for the East of England Genomic Medicine Centre, part of the 100,000 Genomes Project which is sequencing whole genomes of people with rare diseases and cancers. The trust was one of 26 responsible for half of the national growth in patients waiting more than four hours in accident and emergency over the 2014/5 winter. The trust spent £13.2 million on agency staff in 2014/5. Performance against

572-483: Is owned by 3i and NIBC Bank . Dr Narinder Kapur, consultant neuropsychologist and head of neuropsychology was sacked in 2010. The trust claimed there had been a breakdown in their relationship because of his management style and working methods. He said he had raised concerns about staff shortages and the impact on patient care several times to his line managers. In July 2013 an employment tribunal ruled that he had been unfairly dismissed. Dr Kapur subsequently set up

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624-671: Is the current chief executive; Sinker joined the Trust in 2015 moving from King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust in London where he was acting CEO. He had previously been the Chief Operating Officer from 2009 to 2015. Cambridge University Hospitals sits in the heart of the Cambridge Biomedical Campus and is part of the internationally renowned research campus which has seen a huge expansion over

676-492: The Foundling Hospital founded by Thomas Coram in 1741 were created to receive abandoned infants, nurse them back to health, teach them a trade or skill, and integrate them back into society. Dispensaries funded by donations also provided medicine and medical attention to those who could not afford private care. The Scottish paediatrician George Armstrong , who established the first British dispensary , in 1769,

728-634: The National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) to the Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, a research partnership with the University of Cambridge. There are approximately 1,000 research studies underway at one time covering a range of health conditions including common conditions like diabetes and heart disease, through to specialist research in rare dementias and rare cancers. The hospital has

780-667: The Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP), Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH), and the American Board of Pediatrics . In New Zealand, the RACP offers vocational training in paediatrics. Once RACP training is completed the doctor is awarded the Fellowship of the RACP (FRACP) in paediatrics. While many normal hospitals can treat children adequately, pediatric specialists may be

832-639: The Royal Manchester Children's Hospital . Early western children's hospitals were independent institutions funded by voluntary donations, and from research. Often, children could only be admitted if they were sponsored by a letter of recommendation from a hospital affiliate. The "undeserving poor" were sent to workhouse infirmaries, whilst middle class children were generally cared for, and indeed operated on, at home. Hospitals set their own rules and had their own way of working, including regulating admissions. They often excluded children under

884-466: The Tavistock Clinic , James Robertson , a Scottish social worker and psychoanalyst , researched the separation of young children from their parents during hospital stays and criticised the negative impacts on the children of policies of limited visiting. By the 1950s, British politicians were concerned enough about the impact of children's hospital policy to create a committee to research

936-504: The University of Cambridge with physical and mental health services located alongside research activity. In addition to psychosocial support, children's hospitals have the added benefit of being staffed by professionals who are trained in treating children. A medical doctor that undertakes vocational training in paediatrics must also be accepted for membership by a professional college before they can practice paediatrics. These include

988-608: The World Health Organization 's on the mental health of homeless children in post-war Europe. With the introduction of penicillin into the majority of the medical community by the 1940s, the major objection by doctors and nurses, that visits by parents into hospital wards introduced cross infections had been removed. A major review in 1949, over an 11-month period, showed that children admitted to 26 wards in 14 hospitals showed no correlation between visits and cross infection from parents to children. By that time,

1040-673: The psychosocial support of children and their families. Some children and young people have to spend relatively long periods in hospital, so having access to play and teaching staff can also be an important part of their care. With local partnerships, this can include trips to local botanical gardens, zoos, and public libraries for instance. Designs for the new Cambridge Children's Hospital, approved in 2022, plan to fully integrate mental and physical health provision for children and young people, bringing together services of three partners: Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust , and

1092-597: The 200 patients affected". Chief information officer, Dr Afzal Chaudhry, said "well over 90% of implementation [had] proceeded successfully". Dr Chaudhry has described the difficulties of computerising clinical practice in some detail. "If you take some of the senior consultants who'd never left notepad and books. They'd trained as a student, used them as junior doctors all the way through and some of these people, they'd been there for years. Then overnight we took everything that they knew, then threw it away." The trust has installed 6,000 new PCs and 395 workstations on wheels with

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1144-606: The Cambridge area, in eastern England , and specialist services such as transplantation , treatment of rare cancers and neurological intensive care for a much wider area. It is located on the Cambridge Biomedical Campus and runs Addenbrooke's Hospital and the Rosie Hospital . It is a member of the Shelford Group , an informal organisation of ten leading English university teaching hospitals. Roland Sinker

1196-528: The Waikato region. The Green Lane Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Service, based at Starship Hospital, provides national treatment for paediatric and adult congenital heart problems. The volunteer group Radio Lollipop operate a hospital radio station, as well as visiting children with games and entertainment in the evenings. The hospital includes a number of food outlets and a convenience store. Children%27s hospital A children's hospital (CH)

1248-517: The ability of children and parents to interact, such as by limiting visiting hours. This approach was criticised for decades before shifts in practice occurred. Surgeon James Henderson Nicholl of the Glasgow Hospital for Sick Children, who pioneered day surgery procedures such as Hernia and cleft palate , stated in 1909 that: '[I]n children under 2 years of age, there a few operations indeed that cannot be as advantageously carried out in

1300-445: The age of two on humanitarian and pragmatic grounds and were often hesitant to admit children who required long-term care in fear that those lives would be lost or that long-term care would block beds for those in immediate need. Early children's hospitals focused more on short-term care and treating mild illnesses rather than long-term intensive care. Treating serious diseases and illnesses in early children's hospitals could result in

1352-540: The country. The ranking system used is currently under review. Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust is a British public sector healthcare provider located in Cambridge , England. It was established on 4 November 1992 as Addenbrooke's National Health Service Trust , and authorised as an NHS foundation trust under its current name on 1 July 2004. The Trust provides healthcare for people in

1404-430: The disease spreading throughout the hospital which would drain already limited resources. A serious disease outbreak in a children's hospital would result in more deaths than lives saved and would therefore reinforce the previous notion that people often died while in the hospital. In the 19th century, there was a societal shift in how children were viewed. This shift took away some of the parents' control and placed it in

1456-516: The grounds of Auckland City Hospital. Its name was chosen to appeal to children and young people and to reflect the building's design. The building has a central atrium lit by natural light and designed to a rainforest theme with a playground. Each of its five levels is painted a different colour, with a symbolic meaning: aqua for the Pacific Ocean ; orange for land; blue for sky; yellow for sunshine; and pink for health. The building

1508-442: The hands of medical professionals. By the early 20th century, a child's health became increasingly tied to physicians and hospitals. This was a result of licensing acts, the formation of medical associations, and new fields of medicine being introduced across countries. New areas of medicine offered physicians the chance to build their careers by "overseeing the medical needs of private patients, caring for and trying new therapies on

1560-476: The industrial society and poor parents for not properly caring for their children. By the 1870s, the prevalent view among doctors and nurses was that children were better off by being removed to hospital, away from the often poor, unsanitary conditions at home. In response, reformers and physicians founded children's hospitals. By the early 19th century, children's hospitals opened in major cities throughout Europe. The first formally recognized paediatrics hospital

1612-417: The last 20 years. The hospital is a partner in one of 6 designated academic health science centres , Cambridge University Health Partners , formed with Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Cambridge . Research is central to the role and function of this specialist teaching hospital. In 2017 it was awarded £114 million from

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1664-480: The new Epic electronic health record system. Waiting times for treatment increased and as many as 200 beds were occupied by patients who were medically fit for discharge, so that the hospital was repeatedly unable to admit patients. It projected a loss of £64 million for 2015/6. In December 2015 staff were told payment of their salaries was dependent on a loan from the Department of Health. In February 2016 it

1716-452: The out patient departments as in the wards.' Nicholl believed that hospitalisation wasn't necessary, and children were better cared from in their own home by their parents and by nurses making daily visits. Nicholl argued that "separation from mother is often harmful". During the interwar period, leading up to World War II , psychiatrists expressed concerns about children being away from parents, such as during hospitalisation. Harry Edelston,

1768-444: The rising aggregate costs and costs per discharge, hospitalizations (except for mental health hospitalizations) for children aged 0–17 decreased over the same time, and were projected to continue decreasing. In 2006–2011, the rate of emergency department (ED) use in the United States was highest for patients aged under one year, but lowest for patients aged 1–17 years. The rate of ED use for patients aged under one year declined over

1820-434: The same time period; this was the only age group to see a decline. Between 2008 and 2012, growth in mean hospital costs per stay in the United States was highest for patients aged 17 and younger. In 2012 there were nearly 5.9 million hospital stays for children in the United States, of which 3.9 million were neonatal stays and 104,700 were maternal stays for pregnant teens. Every year U.S. News & World Report ranks

1872-417: The sick poor, and teaching medical students." In order to raise their status further, physicians began organizing children's hospitals; by doing so, it also brought attention and importance to their speciality in the modern health care system. Voluntary or religiously associated female care was often replaced by care provided by professionally trained nurses. Historically, many children's hospitals limited

1924-399: The surgical hospitalizations and decreased for injury hospitalizations. Further, average hospital costs, or cost per discharge, increased at least 2% for all hospitalizations and were expected to grow by at least 4% through 2013. The exception to this was mental health hospitalizations, which saw a lower percentage increase of 1.2%, and was projected to increase only 0.9% through 2013. Despite

1976-558: The target in November 2019 was the worst since 2009. Only 92 per cent of patients were seen within four hours. The Care Quality Commission placed the trust in special measures in September 2015. This was a surprising move and generated considerable publicity and controversy. The chief executive, Dr Keith McNeil and the finance director resigned. Its sudden failure has been blamed on shortages of staff and an increased use of agency staff, which increased costs and reduced quality and on

2028-474: The top children's hospitals and pediatric specialties in the United States. For the year 2010–2011, eight hospitals ranked in all 10 pediatric specialties. The ranking system used by U.S. News & World Report depends on a variety of factors. In past years (2007 was the 18th year of Pediatric Ranking), ranking of hospitals has been done solely on the basis of reputation, gauged by random sampling and surveying of pediatricians and pediatric specialists throughout

2080-460: The trust installed an Epic Systems electronic health record system in 2014, which together with a Hewlett-Packard infrastructure transformation, will cost the Trust £200 million over 10 years. The Epic implementation is the first end-to-end deployment of Epic in Europe, as well as the first Epic implementation in the UK. 2.1 million records were transferred to it and it went live on 26 October. In

2132-473: The trust was confirmed as one of four additional NHS Global Digital Exemplars ; joining the twelve announced in September 2016. It plans a deficit of £93 million for 2018-19, and has outstanding loans of £263 million. Roland Sinker, the chief executive, warned staff in November 2021 that patients could be sent to hospitals in Birmingham or London if it could not tackle an ongoing bed crisis and that he

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2184-767: The weeks after Go-Live, it experienced significant teething problems. There were particular problems with communicating pathology results with both the new Epic system and the system used by The Pathology Partnership, the newly formed joint venture pathology provider. The trust reported ongoing issues with pathology codes and reporting leading to difficulty matching test results to patients, requiring re-checking. "GPs were asked to stop all routine blood tests at short notice; patients were attending their GP surgery for blood tests and had to be turned away. Some tests that had already been taken had to be discarded and GPs had to repeat them. The trust has apologised to GPs’ patients and The Pathology Partnership has written to GPs giving details of

2236-756: The welfare of sick children in hospital. This committee produced the Platt Report of 1959 , recommending that children should have more access to their parents while ill. The Report had effects on hospital care of children in the UK and New Zealand , Australia , Canada and the United States . Using hospital discharge data from 2003 to 2011, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) studied trends in aggregate hospital costs, average hospital costs, and hospital utilization. The Agency found that for children aged 0–17, aggregate costs rose rapidly for

2288-553: The working practices of doctors and nurses, still posed the main objection to visiting. A.D. Hunt reported that: The hospitalised child was considered essentially a biological unit, far better off without his parents who, on weekly or bi-weekly visiting hours, were fundamentally toxic in their effect, causing noise, generally disorderly conduct, and rejection by hospital personnel. British Psychiatrist John Bowlby , who had previously criticised World War II evacuation schemes separating parents and children, and his research assistant at

2340-473: Was against in-patient care for sick children. Armstrong stated: But a very little reflection will clearly convince any thinking person that such a Scheme as this can never be executed. If you take away a sick child for its Parents or Nurse, you break its heart immediately. Objections to admission were sometimes based on pragmatic reasons, e.g. reducing the threat of cross infection from children with diseases such as typhus , diphtheria and measles , that were

2392-424: Was designed by Stephenson & Turner architects to fit on a small sloping site. Having rooms curve around the atrium avoids long institutional corridors and reduces walking distance for staff and patients. Facilities include inpatient and outpatient services as well as community-based services such as Community Child Health and Disability Service, Safekids and Paediatric Home Care. The building has nine wards and

2444-505: Was expecting a deficit of £39.7 million for the year. In September 2015, the trust was placed in special measures after Care Quality Commission inspectors deemed it inadequate. It was taken out of special measures in January 2017, following a visit from inspectors the previous September. The Care Quality Commission has since given the Trust a rating of "good". At the end of March 2017,

2496-532: Was little discussion of children's medicine, and as a result next to no widespread formal institutions which focused on healing children. Dispensaries and foundling hospitals were the earliest forms of what would later become children's hospitals. Florence's Hospital of the Innocent ( Ospedale degli Innocenti ) was originally a charity based orphanage which opened in 1445; its aim was to nurse sick and abandoned infants back to health. Foundling hospitals such as

2548-431: Was supposed to run until 2020 and had signed a new contract with Novosco , a Belfast based company, for the introduction of new hardware, IT infrastructure, Wi-Fi, and cyber security at a cost of £107 million. The trust made a Private Finance Initiative deal in 2007 for the building of a £76 million elective care centre. It is required to pay £9 million a year for 30 years to Key Health Services (Addenbrookes) Ltd. which

2600-767: Was the Hôpital des Enfants Malades in Paris , which opened in 1802. Great Ormond Street Hospital was established in London in 1852, and was the first British children's hospital. The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania was created in 1855. The Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh was the first children's hospital in Scotland and opened in 1860. The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario

2652-530: Was the first Canadian children's hospital and opened in 1875. By the end of the 19th century, and the during the first two decades of the 20th century, the number of children's hospitals tripled in both Canada and the United States. From the 1850s to around 1910, most cities in the UK had built children's hospitals, which included a large number of prestigious hospitals such as the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow , Great Ormond Street Hospital and

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2704-623: Was ‘anxious and scared’ that its main acute site was under so much pressure from the COVID-19 pandemic in England that it was "ceasing to function as a hospital" as 150 beds out of 900 were out of action. The trust has 825 on-site bedrooms for staff and in 2022 is planning to increase that number, as the cost of local accommodation is causing recruitment problems, especially for nursing and midwifery staff. 60 offices could be returned to residential use. As part of its eHospital transformation,

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