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44-667: The National Development and Reform Commission ( NDRC ) is the third-ranked executive department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China , which functions as a macroeconomic management agency. Established as the State Planning Commission, the NDRC has broad administrative and planning control over the economy of mainland China , and has a reputation of being the "mini-state council". The body

88-506: A "donor", China sees itself as working within a framework of South-South cooperation: China adheres to the principles of not imposing any political conditions, not interfering in the internal affairs of the recipient countries and fully respecting their right to independently choosing their own paths and models of development. The basic principles China upholds in providing foreign assistance are mutual respect, equality, keeping promise, mutual benefits and win-win. The founding declaration of

132-414: A donor country, instead using terminology like mutual assistance, joint development, and South-South cooperation . In China's 2011 foreign aid white paper , foreign aid is characterized as a model which adheres to equality and mutual benefit which avoids attaching political conditions on recipient countries. A RAND published study on "China's Foreign Aid and Government Sponsored Investment" estimates

176-532: A framework of South-South cooperation and " not interfering in the internal affairs of the recipient countries". In 2018, China established the China International Development Cooperation Agency (CIDCA) to have the main responsibility for coordinating the country's foreign aid. Other government bodies continue to have roles in administering foreign aid from China. China's approach to foreign aid has changed

220-511: A net provider of foreign development finance in 2005. The China International Development Cooperation Agency (CIDCA) was created in 2018 to help streamline the process of China's foreign aid, in which the ministries of commerce and foreign affairs and the State Council are also involved. Since 2018, it has had an increasingly significant role in coordinating aid and has done so with a greater focus on foreign policy objectives and opposed to foreign trade objectives. Chinese aid, unlike

264-718: A number of times since the 1949 establishment of the PRC, often prompted by changing domestic circumstances and domestic politics. During the Mao era, China focused on providing aid to other countries in support of socialist and anti-imperialist causes. An early instance was the donation of CHF 20 million to Egypt 1956 during the Suez Crisis . By the 1960s, China was more broadly providing aid to dozens of Third World countries in Asia and Africa. When China began its foreign aid program, it

308-526: A violation of human rights. In contrast to Western models of aid including the OECD model, China does not condition aid on political changes or market liberalization. As Professor Dawn C. Murphy summarizes, “From China’s perspective, it is not merely offering an alternative model of foreign aid; it is directly critiquing the current system and the mistreatment of developing countries in that system.” The only political commitment China requires from aid recipients

352-560: Is an African focus with about 45% of aid going to African countries in 2009, and a majority going to African countries in 2019. A report by AidData, a research lab at the College of William & Mary , found that as of 2014 the majority of Chinese official development assistance went to Africa. The greatest recipients of Chinese aid in sub-Saharan Africa are, in descending order, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Tanzania, Ghana, Mozambique, and Republic of Congo. In August 2022,

396-497: Is intended to prevent the economy from becoming too hot or cold, as well as to address China's overcapacity in production for sectors like aluminum, iron, steel, and energy. The NDRC works with other departments to formulate policies, including drafting laws and regulations. It monitors Chinese businesses' outbound foreign direct investment to ensure they do not invest in blacklisted projects. The NDRC must approve sensitive projects, including projects in countries that do not recognize

440-608: Is led by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . The Ministry of Education provides government scholarships. The National Health Commission coordinates China's overseas medical teams. The Export-Import Bank of China (China Exim), a policy bank , provides foreign assistance in the form of concessional loans. Due to the secrecy of China's aid programme details (of how much is given, to whom and for what) are difficult to ascertain. Official discourse and Chinese academic discourse on foreign aid do not typically describe China as

484-515: Is not regulated and measured under the OECD 's protocols for official development assistance (ODA). According to OECD estimates, 2020 official development assistance from China increased to US$ 4.8 billion. In this respect, the program is similar in monetary size to those of Norway and Canada. China, however, provides a larger amount of development finance in the form of less-concessional loans. The Chinese government represents its aid as characterised by

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528-627: Is responsible for the work of their department. Each department head is confirmed by the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee on the recommendation of the premier , and ceremonially appointed by the president afterwards. According to the Organic Law of the State Council, the head presides over the executive meetings of the department, and "signs important requests for instructions and reports to be submitted to

572-480: Is that they adhere to the One China principle; China does not otherwise require concessions on issues of governance. China's approach to financial aid has not changed over time, but the scope of its aid has grown as its own economic development needs have increased. As of 2017, China does not provide comprehensive data on its foreign aid. The OECD has estimated that the quantity of China's ODA-like aid in 2018

616-496: Is viewed by the smaller south Asian countries as a means of insuring their respective bilateral relationships with China are mutually beneficial. From the 1970s up to 2022 China has reportedly implemented more than 100 aid projects in Pacific Island countries. From 2000 to 2014, Cambodia received 132 projects financed by Chinese aid, a greater number of projects than any other recipient of Chinese aid. China's role in

660-839: The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, the Leading Group for Promoting the Development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the Leading Group for Promoting the Development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and the Leading Group for Promoting Comprehensive Deepening of Reform and Opening in Hainan; these are led by the first-ranking vice premier , with the NDRC chairman usually being

704-615: The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) makes explicit China's critique of the dominant global mode of foreign aid, which in the Chinese view results in the mistreatment of developing countries: Each country has the right to choose, in its course of development, its own social system, development model and way of life in light of its national conditions. . . . Moreover, the politicization of human rights conditionalities on economic assistance should be vigorously opposed to as they constitute

748-597: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China announced that it would forgive 23 interest-free loans that matured at the end of 2021 to 17 unspecified African countries. In December 2005, China donated $ 20 million to the Asian Development Bank for a regional poverty alleviation fund; it was China's first such fund set up at an international institution. China's financial assistance for infrastructure development has significantly increased supply capacity in south Asia, particularly among

792-830: The National Defense Mobilization Commission , the State Council Leading Group for Western Development, and the State Council Leading Group for the Revitalization of Old Industrial Bases in Northeast China; all of these are led by the premier. It also hosts the General Offices of the State Council Leading Group for Promoting the Belt and Road Initiative, the Leading Group for Coordinated Development of

836-583: The external nameplate of the National Language Working Committee. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology retains the external nameplates of China National Space Administration and of China Atomic Energy Authority . The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security is supplemented with the nameplate of the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs . The Ministry of Natural Resources retains

880-499: The foreign aid process through coordinating aid to other countries for climate cooperation. The NDRC is also one of the main government agencies responsible for data collection for the Chinese Social Credit System . The NDRC's Social Development Division has a planning role in cultural industries including sports, tourism, and mass media. The NDRC manages the General Offices several leading groups, including

924-770: The Administration of Foreign Aid , (1) CIDCA is in charge of drafting aid policies, guidelines, annual plans, and budgets; (2) MOFCOM is in charge of implementing foreign aid projects and selecting the firms to undertake them; and (3) the Ministry of Foreign Affairs makes recommendations based on diplomatic needs and its consulates and embassies supervise overseas projects. Numerous other government bodies also have roles in administering foreign aid and development assistance. The National Development and Reform Commission coordinates handles aid on climate cooperation issues. The Ministry of Finance makes donations to multilateral financial institutions. Humanitarian assistance

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968-490: The NDRC published rules restricting private capital in "news-gathering, editing, broadcasting, and distribution." On 4 September 2023, the NDRC announced it established the Private Economy Development Bureau in order monitor the country's private economy, as well as establish regular communication with private businesses. The NDRC is China's main macroeconomic control institution, as well as

1012-610: The Office director. Officially, the candidate for the chairperson of the NDRC is nominated by the premier of the State Council , who is then approved by the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee and appointed by the president . The commission has been headed by Zheng Shanjie since March 2023. Ministries of the People%27s Republic of China The current 14th State Council has 26 constituent departments, 21 ministries, three commissions, along with

1056-475: The People's Bank of China and the National Audit Office. It also has a General Office, one directly affiliated specialized institution, 14 directly affiliated institutions, one office, 7 directly affiliated public institutions, and 17 national bureaus managed by ministries and commissions of the State Council. Each department is headed by a minister, director, governor or auditor-general, who

1100-492: The People's Republic of China, projects in countries experiencing civil war or other major domestic difficulties, or projects involving sensitive subject matter like cross-border water issues or weapons production. The NDRC works with the National Health Commission to research demographic trends and formulate policies on population. It promotes sustainable development strategies . The NDRC is involved in

1144-600: The Republic of China government on Taiwan). From 1956 to 1976, China provided $ 3.665 billion in foreign aid to the third world. China provided ten percent of these aid funds to Middle Eastern countries. From 1970 and 1975, China helped finance and build the TAZARA Railway in East Africa , which cost about $ 500m, and as of 2012 was considered to be China's largest-ever single-item aid project. In 1974 (near

1188-625: The State Council Ministry of Commerce 国家计划委员会 ↓ (renamed 1998) State Development Planning Commission 国家发展计划委员会 1954 (of PRC) 国家经济委员会 国家经济体制改革委员会 国家体育运动委员会 1954 (of PRC) 国家机械工业委员会 Chinese foreign aid Chinese foreign aid may be considered as both governmental (official) and private development aid and humanitarian aid originating from the People's Republic of China (PRC). Chinese official aid - unlike most major nation-state sources of aid -

1232-557: The State Council as well as the orders and directives to be issued". Each department additionally has two to four deputy heads (vice ministers, deputy directors, deputy governors and deputy auditors-general), assisting the department head. They are appointed or removed by the State Council. Generally, the authority of government departments is defined by regulations and rules rather than law. The 14th State Council has 26 constituent departments. State Councillor Minister of Public Security The Ministry of Education retains

1276-414: The aid provided by most developed countries, is not governed by the categories of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , and is not counted in international statistics as Official Development Assistance (ODA). Because it does not operate within the OECD framework, China does not refer to its foreign aid as ODA, instead describing it as foreign aid/assistance ( duiwai yuanzhu ). Rather than being

1320-457: The amount of both traditional aid and much more broadly defined government sponsored investment that was pledged by China in 2011 was 189.3 billion US dollars. According to a 2017 study, described as “The most detailed study so far of Chinese aid,” by AidData , between 2000 and 2014 China gave about $ 75 billion, and lent about $ 275 billion — compared to $ 424 billion given by America during the same period. A fifth of this Chinese aid, $ 75 billion,

1364-686: The commission was renamed into the State Development Planning Commission. It was renamed again in March 2003 to its current name, the National Development and Reform Commission. In 2008, the NDRC issued a set of policies designed to further development the economies of central regions of China, consistent with the Hu-Wen administration 's efforts to balance regional development. In 2017, the NDRC announced

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1408-492: The creation of China's national carbon emissions trading system . Prior to 2018, it was also responsible for enforcing China's antitrust law , but this function has been transferred to the State Administration for Market Regulation . In February 2015, the NDRC completed an investigation into Qualcomm , finding that violated the Anti-Monopoly Law by imposing unreasonable requirements for patent licensing. Qualcomm

1452-520: The end of Mao Zedong's period as China's leader), aid reached the remarkably high proportion of 2% of gross national product. The proportion declined greatly thereafter although the absolute quantity of aid has risen with China's growing prosperity. During the Reform and Opening Up era, China deemed revolutionary-oriented foreign aid no longer financially feasible. The motivation of aid became more pragmatic and less about promoting ideology. Outgoing aid

1496-2387: The external nameplate of the State Oceanic Administration . The Ministry of Ecology and Environment retains the external nameplate of the National Nuclear Safety Administration . The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is supplemented with the nameplate of the National Rural Revitalization Administration . 1954 (of PRC) 1954 (of PRC) ∟ National Railway Administration China Railway Corporation 1954 (of PRC) 1954 (of PRC) → Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation  [ zh ] (MOFTEC) (renamed 1993) State Post Bureau 1954 (of PRC) 1954 (of PRC) → Ministry of Radio, Film and Television  [ zh ] (renamed 1986) → Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources  [ zh ] (renamed 1982) 1954 (of PRC) Ministry of Electronics Industry China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation Ministry of Coal Industry  [ zh ] Ministry of Electric Industry  [ zh ] Ministry of Personnel  [ zh ] → Ministry of Space Industry (renamed 1982) → Ministry of Aviation Industry (renamed 1982) → 2nd Ministry of Machine Building (renamed 1958) → Ministry of Nuclear Industry (renamed 1982) → Ministry of Ordnance Industry (renamed 1982) 1954 (of PRC) 1954 (of PRC) → 8th Ministry of Machine Building (renamed 1965) 1954 (of PRC) Ministry of Public Security 4th Ministry of Machine Building (electronics industry) 5th Ministry of Machine Building (ordnance industry) 6th Ministry of Machine Building (shipbuilding industry) 1954 (of PRC) 1954 (of PRC) Ministry of Petroleum Industry  [ zh ] Ministry of Electric Industry  [ zh ] 国家卫生和计划生育委员会 国家计划生育委员会 ↓ (renamed 2003) National Population and Family Planning Commission 国家人口和计划生育委员会 国防科学技术工业委员会 ∟ State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence 国家经济贸易委员会 State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of

1540-682: The smaller south Asian countries, beginning in the mid-2000s. Nepal benefitted from increased Chinese aid, including Chinese financing for a railway from Kathmandu to Lhasa . China has been an important foreign aid contributor to Sri Lanka since the end of the Sri Lankan Civil War in 2009. In Bangladesh , Chinese foreign aid has also become increasingly important. China has built six major "friendship bridges" in Bangladesh, among other projects. Because China has trade surpluses with these countries, its providing of foreign aid

1584-567: The start of aid efforts up to 2009, in the categories of farming, water distribution, conference buildings, education facilities, power supply, transport, industrial facilities, and other projects. Perhaps the famous type of project is a football stadium, which has been referred to as stadium diplomacy . A similar type of project that receives attention is the construction of theatres and opera houses . By 2019, China had provided more capital to emerging market and developing countries than all Western development institutions combined. There

1628-728: The top organization in the State Council in matters related to economic policymaking. It oversees the planning system in China, including producing the five-year plans of China . The NDRC has responsibilities over economic targets, price policies, market policies, supply-side structural reform, overseas investment, domestic investment policy, regional development strategies, industrial development strategies, major infrastructure projects, consumption policy, innovation-driven development, scientific and technological infrastructure, high-tech industries, social development, basic public services and social development. NDRC's responsibility for large infrastructure

1672-518: Was $ 4.4 billion. If counted as ODA, this would have placed China tenth in the list of donor states that year, between Norway and Canada, and far behind the United States which provided $ 34 billion. However, China provides a much higher volume of development financing that would not qualify as ODA because it lacks a sufficient concessional element and/or is linked to commercial transactions. A 2017 study by AidData found that China's ODA-like aid

1716-590: Was decreased and redirected towards smaller projects which were more likely to be sustainable. China also received increased amounts of development finance, including from Japan and the World Bank, and became a net recipient of foreign aid. China again changed its foreign aid approach in the 1990s. Following the Cold War, China's participation in foreign aid was increasingly motivated by economic interests, especially resource security. China again became

1760-472: Was effective at producing economic growth in recipient countries. The Department of Foreign Aid (established in 1982) of the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) became the primary government body responsible for coordinating and disbursing foreign aid until 2018. That department was incorporated into CIDCA in 2018, and CIDCA now has the primary role in this area. According to the December 2021 Measures for

1804-462: Was fined the equivalent of US$ 975 million. Also in 2018, the NDRC's climate policymaking functions were transferred to the newly created Ministry of Ecology and Environment . On 19 December 2020, the NDRC published rules for reviewing foreign investment on national security grounds. The rules allow government agencies "to preview, deny and punish foreign investment activities in areas that are deemed as important to national security." In October 2021,

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1848-550: Was first established in November 1952 as the State Planning Commission of the Central People's Government . In 1954, it was transformed to the State Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China. The NDRC's functions are to study and formulate policies for economic and social development, maintain the balance of economic development, and to guide restructuring of the economic system of mainland China. In March 1998,

1892-797: Was in the form of grants (about equivalent to Britain's), while the rest was concessional lending at below-market interest rates. In 2019, China provided approximately $ 5.9 billion in foreign aid. Official sources divide financial aid into three categories: grants, interest free loans, and concessional loans. Concessional loans are subsidized by China's tax revenues and therefore inexpensive for borrowers. Deborah Bräutigam identifies nine types of aid from China including "medical teams, training and scholarships, humanitarian aid, youth volunteers, debt relief, budget support, turn-key or ‘complete plant’ projects [infrastructure, factories], aid-in-kind and technical assistance." Grants or non-interest loans have funded 2,025 complete infrastructure project, from

1936-411: Was the only poor country that was supplying outbound foreign aid, even providing assistance to countries that had a higher GDP per capita than China. Although China also received foreign aid, it was a net donor of foreign aid during this period. During the Cold War, China's foreign aid was often motivated by geopolitics, particularly the issue of international recognition of the PRC (as opposed to

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