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89-839: The heartland of the region is the Northeast China Plain , the largest plain in China, with an area of over 350,000 km (140,000 sq mi). It is separated from the Russian Far East to the north by the Amur , Argun , and Ussuri Rivers; from North Korea to the south by the Yalu and Tumen Rivers ; and from Inner Mongolia to the west by the Greater Khingan and parts of the Xiliao River . Due to

178-482: A Han Chinese woman (surname Zhang); it is unknown which of them was Shi Tianze's mother. Shi Tianze was married to two Jurchen women, a Han Chinese woman, and a Korean woman, and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives. His Jurchen wives' surnames were Monian and Nahe, his Korean wife's surname was Li, and his Han Chinese wife's surname was Shi. Shi Tianze defected to the Mongol forces upon their invasion of

267-759: A bell tower and drum tower to announce the night curfew (which was revived after being abolished under the Song). The Jurchens followed Khitan precedent of living in tents amidst the Chinese-style architecture, which were in turn based on the Song dynasty Kaifeng model. A significant branch of Taoism called the Quanzhen School was founded under the Jin Dynasty by Han Chinese Wang Zhe (1113–1170), founder of formal congregations in 1167 and 1168. He took

356-564: A clear separation between the sedentary population who had lived under Liao rule, and the sedentary population who formerly lived under Northern Song rule but had never been under Liao rule. The former they referred to as hanren or yanren while the latter they referred to as nanren . Because the Jin had few contacts with its southern neighbour, the Song dynasty, different cultural developments took place in both states. Within Confucianism ,

445-521: A complete Canon for printing. After sending people on a "nationwide search for scriptures" that yielded 1,074 fascicles of text that had not been included in the Huizong edition of the Canon and also securing donations to fund the new printing, Sun Mingdao proceeded to have the new woodblocks cut in 1192. The final print consisted of 6,455 fascicles. Despite records that the Jin emperors offered copies of

534-600: A depleted military force, Wanyan Liang failed to make headway in his attempted invasion of the Southern Song dynasty. Finally he was assassinated by his own generals in December 1161, due to his defeats. His son and heir was also assassinated in the capital. Although crowned in October, Wanyan Yong (Emperor Shizong) was not officially recognised as emperor until the murder of Wanyan Liang's heir. The Khitan uprising

623-657: A new official edition of the Canon printed by the Northern Song. Completed in 1173, the Jin Tripitaka counted about 7,000 fascicles, "a major achievement in the history of Buddhist private printing." It was further expanded during the Yuan dynasty . Buddhism thrived during the Jin period, both in its relation with the imperial court and in society in general. Many sutras were also carved on stone tablets. The donors who funded such inscriptions included members of

712-446: A process called Chuang Guandong , intensifying during the reign of Guangxu Emperor in the late 18th century, and bringing with them large scale agriculture. It is suitable for mechanized farming, with thick and fertile soil and extensive amounts of arable land. The plain is a major Chernozem -producing region of the world. Huge areas are planted with wheat, corn, soybeans, rice, sugar beets, sunflowers, sorghum, and flax. The landscape

801-563: Is Han Chinese , many of whose ancestors came in the 19th and 20th centuries during a migration movement called " Chuang Guandong " ( simplified Chinese : 闯关东 ; traditional Chinese : 闖關東 ; lit. 'venture into the east of the Pass';). Northeast China historically had a significant Han Chinese population, reaching over 3 million by the end of the Ming Dynasty , but they were subjected to eviction and assimilation by

890-692: Is considered controversial by some historians such as Mark C. Elliott , Norman Smith, and Mariko Asano Tamanoi who question its legitimacy. In China, areas once considered part of Manchuria are referred to as the Northeast . The area was historically referred to by various names. During the Ming dynasty , the area in which the Jurchens lived was referred to as Nurgan . The Qing dynasty used names such as Guandong ( simplified Chinese : 关东 ; traditional Chinese : 關東 ; pinyin : Guāndōng ), East of

979-526: Is phonologically more different to Standard Mandarin than Northeastern Mandarin. Ethnic Manchus speak mostly Mandarin , and the Manchu language is almost extinct due to widespread assimilation to Han culture over the last four centuries. Ethnic Mongols tend to be bilingual in their own Mongolian tongues as well as Mandarin. Northeastern Chinese cuisine reflects the region's ethnic diversity, blending Northern Han, Manchu and Korean cooking styles. One of

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1068-415: Is rich in resources such as iron ore, coal, and oil. After 1949, land reclamation began on the plain and state farms were established. There are very few trees on this landscape that have not been planted, typically poplars in long rows along roads, or on either side of the train tracks. There are not many fences on the landscape, no long running fences, though there are many wooden or stone fences adjacent to

1157-509: Is the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture where ethnic Koreans make up roughly 35% of the population. Taoism and Chinese Buddhism coexist alongside predominating Chinese folk religions led by local shamans . The region has also a strong presence of folk religions and Confucian churches . The Northeast was one of the earliest regions to industrialize in China during the era of Manchukuo . After

1246-618: Is very closely related to Standard Mandarin , though with unique phonological and syntactic features, and has noticeable vocabulary differences, with some terms originating from Russian . There are enough differences from Mandarin to give dongbeihua its own distinctive characteristics. The second variety is Jiaoliao Mandarin , spoken in the Liaodong Peninsula , as well as the Jiaodong Peninsula in Shandong . It

1335-694: The Alliance Conducted at Sea with the Han -led Northern Song dynasty and agreed to jointly invade the Liao dynasty. While the Song armies faltered, the Jurchens succeeded in driving the Liao to Central Asia . In 1125, after the death of Aguda, the Jin dynasty broke its alliance with the Song dynasty and invaded north China. When the Song dynasty reclaimed the Han-populated Sixteen Prefectures , they were "fiercely resisted" by

1424-515: The Amur River provides very rich fisheries , and sheep are even more abundant than in southern Heilongjiang. Northeast China is the country's traditional industrial base, focusing mainly on equipment manufacturing. Major industries include the steel , automobile , shipbuilding , aircraft manufacturing, and petroleum refining industries. The Anshan Iron and Steel Works was the most important industrial enterprise in northeast China until

1513-609: The Canon as gifts, not a single fragment of it is known to have survived. A Buddhist Canon or "Tripitaka" was also produced in Shanxi , the same place where an enhanced version of the Jin-sponsored Taoist Canon would be reprinted in 1244. The project was initiated in 1139 by a Buddhist nun named Cui Fazhen, who swore (and allegedly "broke her arm to seal the oath") that she would raise the necessary funds to make

1602-776: The Chinese Civil War , further immigrations were organized by the Central Government to "develop the Great Northern Wilderness" ( 开发北大荒 ), eventually peaking the population at over 100 million people. Because most people in Northeast China trace their ancestries back to the migrants from the Chuang Guandong era, Northeastern Chinese were more culturally uniform compared to other geographical regions of China . People from

1691-654: The Chinese Civil War . With the encouragement of the Soviet Union , the area was used as a staging ground during the Civil War for the Chinese Communists , who were victorious in 1949 and have been controlling this region since. Northeast China has a total population of about 107,400,000 people, accounting for 8% of China's total population. The overwhelming majority of the population in the Northeast

1780-552: The Greater and Lesser Khingan and Changbai mountains , ending at the coast at Liaodong Bay in the Bohai Sea . Covering 350,000 km , it is China's largest plain , with an elevation of lower than 200 meters, and less than 100 meters to the southwest. The Songhua , Nen , and Liao rivers run through it. The Manchurian Plain of Asia is the other name of the Amur valley. The Northeast Plain includes Songnen Plain in

1869-648: The Heilong River , and the Sumo Mohe in the south, named after the Songhua River . From the Heishui Mohe emerged the Jurchens in the forested mountain areas of eastern Manchuria and Russia's Primorsky Krai . The Wuguo ("Five Nations") federation that existed to the northeast of modern Jilin are also considered to be ancestors of the Jurchens. The Jurchens were mentioned in historical records for

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1958-469: The Huai River to the Jin dynasty and the execution of Song general Yue Fei in return for peace. The peace treaty was formally ratified on 11 October 1142 when a Jin envoy visited the Song court. Having conquered Kaifeng and occupied northern China, the Jin later deliberately chose earth as its dynastic element and yellow as its royal color. According to the theory of the wuxing ('five elements'),

2047-689: The Neo-Confucian "Learning of the Way" that developed and became orthodox in Song did not take root in Jin. Jin scholars put more emphasis on the work of northern Song scholar and poet Su Shi (1037–1101) rather than on Zhu Xi 's (1130–1200) scholarship that constituted the foundation of the Learning of the Way. The Jin pursued a revival of Tang dynasty urban design with architectural projects in Kaifeng and Zhongdu (modern Beijing), building for instance

2136-536: The Northeast Summit to improve policy coordination and integration. The region has experienced difficulty distancing itself from a planned economy, a legacy that began in 1905 with the establishment of the Japanese sphere of influence there. The region's once-abundant raw materials have also depleted and the economy has suffered from bureaucratic inefficiency and protectionist politics. The region is, on

2225-677: The Pass ) or the Three Provinces ( 東三省 ; 东三省 ; Dōngsānshěng ) referring to Jilin , Heilongjiang , and Fengtian since 1683 when Heilongjiang was split from Jilin. Northeast China was the homeland of several ethnic groups, including the Koreans , Manchus (or Jurchens ), Ulchs , Hezhen (also known as the Goldi and Nanai), Sushen , Xianbei , and Mohe . The Han Chinese have settled in Northeast China at several points in history, with

2314-588: The Southern Song dynasty in 1161. Meanwhile, two simultaneous rebellions erupted in Shangjing , at the Jurchens' former power base: led by Wanyan Liang's cousin, soon-to-be crowned Wanyan Yong , and the other of Khitan tribesmen. Wanyan Liang had to withdraw Jin troops from southern China to quell the uprisings. The Jin forces were defeated by Song forces in the Battle of Caishi and Battle of Tangdao . With

2403-647: The shrinking of its once-powerful industrial sector and the decline of its economic growth and population , the region is often referred to as China's Rust Belt . As a result, a campaign named Northeast Area Revitalization Plan was launched in the 2000s by the State Council of the People's Republic of China , in which five prefectures of eastern Inner Mongolia, namely Hulunbuir , Hinggan , Tongliao , Chifeng and Xilin Gol , are also formally defined as regions of

2492-465: The "Newly Submitted Army" ( 新附軍 ). Genghis Khan died in 1227 while his armies were attacking Western Xia. His successor, Ögedei Khan, invaded the Jin dynasty again in 1232 with assistance from the Southern Song dynasty . The Jurchens tried to resist; but when the Mongols besieged Kaifeng in 1233, Emperor Aizong fled south to the city of Caizhou . A Song–Mongol allied army surrounded the capital, and

2581-486: The Cultural Revolution. Shenyang and Dalian, meanwhile, have sizable populations of Japanese and South Koreans due to their traditional linkages. The Northeast is an important breadbasket region of China, as the Northeast China Plain has the largest stretch of arable flatland in the country, with an abundance of fertile black soil . The rural population heavily concentrated in the warmer southern part of

2670-536: The Great Wall against the ascendant Mongol Empire . The Jin also oversaw a number of internal cultural advances, such as the revival of Confucianism . The Mongols under Genghis Khan invaded in 1211, inflicting several crushing defeats upon Jin armies. After a sequence of defeats, revolts, defections, and coups over a span of 23 years, the Jin were ultimately conquered by the Mongols in 1234. The Jin dynasty

2759-532: The Han Chinese population there who had previously been under Liao rule, while when the Jurchens invaded that area, the Han Chinese did not oppose them at all and handed over the Southern Capital (present-day Beijing , then known as Yanjing) to them. The Jurchens were supported by the anti-Song, Beijing-based noble Han clans. The Han Chinese who worked for the Liao were viewed as hostile enemies by

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2848-568: The Imperial Jurchen Academy was founded, and the imperial examinations started to be offered in the Jurchen language. Emperor Shizong 's reign (1161–1189) was remembered by the posterity as the time of comparative peace and prosperity, and the emperor himself was compared to the mythological rulers Yao and Shun . Poor Jurchen families in the southern Routes (Daming and Shandong) Battalion and Company households tried to live

2937-550: The Imperial palaces in Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song dynasty, capturing both Emperor Qinzong and his father, Emperor Huizong , who had abdicated in panic in the face of the Jin invasion. Following the fall of Bianjing, the succeeding Southern Song dynasty continued to fight the Jin dynasty for over a decade, eventually signing the Treaty of Shaoxing in 1141, which called for the cession of all Song territories north of

3026-450: The Jin "eastern capital", and in 1213 they besieged the "central capital", Zhongdu (present-day Beijing ). In 1214 the Jin made a humiliating treaty but retained the capital. That summer, Emperor Xuanzong abandoned the central capital and moved the government to the "southern capital" Kaifeng , making it the official seat of the Jin dynasty's power. In 1216, a hawkish faction in the Jin imperial court persuaded Emperor Xuanzong to attack

3115-434: The Jin dynasty merged Jurchen customs with institutions adopted from the Liao and Song dynasties. The pre-dynastic Jurchen government was based on the quasi-egalitarian tribal council. Jurchen society at the time did not have a strong political hierarchy. The Shuo Fu ( 說郛 ) records that the Jurchen tribes were not ruled by central authority and locally elected their chieftains. Tribal customs were retained after Aguda united

3204-512: The Jin dynasty. His son, Shi Gang, married a Keraite woman; the Keraites were Mongolified Turkic people and considered as part of the "Mongol nation". Shi Tianze, Zhang Rou, Yan Shi and other Han Chinese who served in the Jin dynasty and defected to the Mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new Mongol state. The Mongols created a Han army out of defecting Jin troops, and another army out of defected Song troops called

3293-417: The Jin imperial family, high officials, common people, and Buddhist priests. Some sutras have only survived from these carvings and thus they are important in the study of Chinese Buddhism. At the same time, the Jin court sold monk certificates for revenue. This practice was initiated in 1162 by Emperor Shizong to fund his wars, and stopped three years later when the wars were over. His successor Zhanzong used

3382-525: The Jin southern capital Kaifeng (the former Northern Song capital) to the central capital's "Abbey of Celestial Perpetuity" ( Tianchang guan 天長觀), on the site of what is now the White Cloud Temple in Beijing. Other Daoist writings were also moved there from another abbey in the central capital. Zhangzong instructed the abbey's superintendent Sun Mingdao (孫明道) and two civil officials to prepare

3471-534: The Jurchen tribes and formed the Jin dynasty, coexisting alongside more centralised institutions. The Jin dynasty had five capitals, a practice they adopted from the Balhae and the Liao. The Jin had to overcome the difficulties of controlling a multicultural empire composed of territories once ruled by the Liao and Northern Song. The solution of the early Jin government was to establish separate government structures for different ethnic groups. The Jin court maintained

3560-578: The Jurchens as the Liao violently extorted annual tribute from the Jurchen tribes. Leveraging the Jurchens' desire for independence from the Khitans, chief Wugunai (1021–1074) of the Wanyan clan rose to prominence, dominating all of eastern Manchuria from Mount Changbai to the Wuguo tribes. According to tradition, Wugunai was a sixth generation descendant of Hanpu while his father held a military title from

3649-527: The Khitan Xiao Zhala defected and commanded the three tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Genghis Khan's successor, Ögedei Khan . Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were four Han tumens and three Khitan tumens, with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan generals Shimo Beidi'er , Tabuyir , and Xiao Zhongxi  [ zh ] (Xiao Zhala's son) commanded

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3738-506: The Liao court, although the title did not confer or hold any real power. As described, Wugunai was a great warrior, eater, drinker, and lover of women. His grandson Aguda eventually founded the Jin dynasty. The Jin dynasty was created in modern Jilin and Heilongjiang by the Jurchen tribal chieftain Aguda in 1115. According to tradition, Aguda was a descendant of Hanpu . Aguda adopted

3827-489: The Liao dynasty, but they also sent a number of tributary and trade missions to the Song capital of Kaifeng , which the Liao tried unsuccessfully to prevent. Some Jurchens paid tribute to Goryeo and sided with the latter during the Khitan–Goryeo War . They offered tribute to both courts out of political necessity and for material benefits. In the 11th century there was widespread discontent against Khitan rule among

3916-460: The Mongols. The Jurchen Jin emperor Wanyan Yongji 's daughter, Jurchen Princess Qiguo was married to Mongol leader Genghis Khan in exchange for relieving the Mongol siege of Zhongdu in the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty . Many Han Chinese and Khitans defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin dynasty. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze and Liu Heima  [ zh ] , and

4005-648: The Mysterious Metropolis of the Great Jin ( Da Jin Xuandu baozang 大金玄都寶藏). Based on a smaller version of the Canon printed by Emperor Huizong (r. 1100–1125) of the Song, it was completed in 1192 under the direction and support of Emperor Zhangzong (r. 1190–1208). In 1188, Zhangzong's grandfather and predecessor Shizong (r. 1161–1189) ordered for the Song Canon woodblocks to be transferred from

4094-457: The Northeast would first identify themselves as "Northeasterners" ( 东北人 ) before affiliating to individual provinces and cities/towns. Ethnic Manchus form the second significant ethnic group in Northeast China, followed by the Mongols , Koreans , and the Huis , as well as 49 other ethnic minorities such as Daurs , Sibos , Hezhens , Oroqens , Evenks , and Kyrgyz . Located in the Northeast

4183-426: The Northeast, where very warm to hot summer weather permits crops such as maize and millet to be grown with high yields. Soybeans and flax are also very important, as are wheat and barley . The region possesses large flocks of sheep , and pigs are abundant in the more densely settled southern part. The northern half of Heilongjiang is so cold and poorly drained that agriculture is almost impossible; however,

4272-448: The Northeast. The name Manchuria is an exonym of Japanese origin, derived from the endonym Manchu and first used in the 18th or 19th century, though not itself used by the Manchus or Chinese people. Variations of Manchuria which arrived in European languages through Dutch , as a calque of the Japanese Manshū ( 満州 'Region of the Manchus'). The toponym has since become associated with Japanese colonialism. Its use

4361-418: The Song dynasty, but in 1219 they were defeated at the same place by the Yangtze River where Wanyan Liang had been defeated in 1161. The Jin dynasty now faced a two front war that they could not afford. Furthermore, Emperor Aizong won a succession struggle against his brother and then quickly ended the war and went back to the capital. He made peace with the Tanguts of Western Xia, who had been allied with

4450-415: The Song dynasty. Song Han Chinese also defected to the Jin. One crucial mistake that the Song made during this joint attack was the removal of the defensive forest it originally built along the Song-Liao border. Because of the removal of this landscape barrier, in 1126/27, the Jin army marched quickly across the North China Plain to Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng ). On 9 January 1127, the Jurchens ransacked

4539-413: The ban on Jurchen nobility marrying outside of their ethnicity was only annulled in 1191. Following the death of Emperor Taizong in 1135, each of the next three emperors were the remaining grandsons of Aguda , each by a different one of his sons. Emperor Xizong ( r.   1135–1149) studied the classics and wrote Chinese poetry. He adopted Han Chinese cultural traditions, but the Jurchen nobles had

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4628-424: The conquest of the Qing Dynasty , who then set up Willow Palisades during the reign of Shunzhi Emperor and prohibited any settlement of Han Chinese into the region. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement, by the 18th century the Qing decided to settle Han into the Northeast so that Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares in the region by the 1780s. Besides moving into the Liao area in southern Manchuria,

4717-440: The discovery of the Daqing oil field in 1959. In recent years, the Chinese government has initialized the "Revitalize the Northeast campaign" to turn this region into one of China's economic growth engines. As of 2015 the region was losing population and the economy, dominated by state-owned enterprises, was stagnant. In general, the culture of Northeast China takes its elements from the cultures of North China and Shandong ,

4806-411: The distinguishing characteristics of the cuisine is the use of uncooked fresh vegetables. During the long winter season, pickled Chinese cabbage , which is called " suan cai ", is preserved and used for cooking. Different from other parts of Northern China, rice is consumed more in Northeast China. Most of the meat dishes are based around pork due to how cold it can get. Often braised pork or dumplings are

4895-438: The earth element follows the fire, the dynastic element of the Song, in the sequence of elemental creation. Therefore, this ideological move shows that the Jin regarded the Song reign of China was officially over and themselves as the rightful ruler of China Proper. The decision to choose "earth" (signalling the Jin as successor of the Song) was chosen against the alternative suggestion of linking Jin (literally meaning "gold") with

4984-407: The element of metal. This rejected suggestion was based on a nativist current that distanced the Jin from the Song and interpreted the Jin as an autonomous development rooted in Northeast Asia unrelated to the precedents of Chinese dynasties. However, the emperor dismissed the "metal" suggestion. After taking over northern China, the Jin became increasingly sinicised . Over the span of twenty years,

5073-561: The first Chinese kingdom to enter the area being the state of Yan . The region came under the rule of various states throughout history, including Yan, Gija Joseon , Wiman Joseon , Buyeo , Western Han , Goguryeo , Xin dynasty , Eastern Han , Gongsun Yan , Cao Wei , Western Jin , Former Yan , Former Qin , Later Yan , Tang dynasty , Wu Zhou , Balhae , Liao dynasty , Jin dynasty , Eastern Liao , Later Liao , Eastern Xia , Mongol Empire , Yuan dynasty , Northern Yuan , Ming dynasty , Qing dynasty , and Republic of China . During

5162-404: The first time in the 10th century as tribute bearers to the Liao , Later Tang , and Song courts. They practiced hunting, fishing, and kept domestic oxen while their primary export was horses. They had no script, calendar, or offices during the mid-11th century. The Jurchens were minor political actors in the international system at the time. By the 10th century, the Jurchens had become vassals of

5251-453: The founding of the People's Republic of China , Northeast China continued to be a major industrial base of the country, and has been hailed as "the Republic's eldest son" ( 共和国长子 ). Recent years, however, have seen the stagnation of Northeast China's heavy-industry-based economy, as China's economy continues to liberalize and privatize; the government has initialized the Revitalize the Northeast campaign to counter this problem, and established

5340-555: The hometowns of most of the Han Chinese who migrated into Northeast China during the Chuang Guandong . Northeast China also takes cultural inspiration from the Tungusic peoples . There are two main varieties of Mandarin Chinese spoken in Northeast China. The most widely spoken lect is Northeastern Mandarin , commonly as dongbeihua ( simplified Chinese : 东北话 ; traditional Chinese : 東北話 ; pinyin : Dōngběihuà ; lit. 'northeastern speech'), spoken throughout Heilongjiang, Jilin, and most of Liaoning. It

5429-403: The houses. There is also much wetland , vast marshes , and many areas that are subject to flooding. 45°00′N 125°00′E  /  45.000°N 125.000°E  / 45.000; 125.000 Jin dynasty (1115%E2%80%931234) The Jin dynasty ( / dʒ ɪ n / , Chinese : 金朝 ; pinyin : Jīn cháo ), officially known as the Great Jin ( 大金 ; Dà Jīn ),

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5518-468: The late Qing dynasty, Northeast China came under influence of the Russian Empire with the building of the Chinese Eastern Railway through Harbin to Vladivostok . The Empire of Japan replaced Russian influence in the region as a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904–1905, and Japan laid the South Manchurian Railway in 1906 to Port Arthur . During the Warlord Era in the Republic of China, Zhang Zuolin established himself in Northeast China, but

5607-531: The lifestyle of wealthy Jurchen families and avoid doing farming work by selling their own Jurchen daughters into slavery and renting their land to Han tenants. The wealthy Jurchens feasted and drank and wore damask and silk. The History of Jin says that Emperor Shizong took note and attempted to halt these things in 1181. Shizong's grandson, Emperor Zhangzong (r. 1189–1208), venerated Jurchen values, but he also immersed himself in Han Chinese culture and married an ethnic Han Chinese woman. The Taihe Code of law

5696-428: The main attraction of a meal. Errenzhuan , yangge , Jilin opera and stilts are popular forms of traditional entertainment in Northeast China. " Northeastern Cradle Song " is an example of the folk songs of this region. Because of its climatic conditions, Northeast China is the base for China's winter sports . Ice hockey and ice skating athletes often come from or were educated in Northeast China. In 2019,

5785-487: The movement include Shuang Xuetao 's fiction collection Moses on the Plain and the Diao Yinan film Black Coal, Thin Ice . Northeast China Plain The Northeast China Plain ( simplified Chinese : 东北平原 ; traditional Chinese : 東北平原 ; pinyin : Dōngběi Píngyuán ), commonly known as Song liao Plain or the Manchurian Plain or just the Northeast Plain , is located in Northeast China , historically also known as Manchuria . It lies between

5874-402: The nascent Jin to the Western Regions , where they would become known in Chinese historiography as the Western Liao . After conquering the Liao territory, the Jin launched a century-long campaign against the Song dynasty (960–1279) based in southern China, whose rulers were ethnically Han Chinese . Over the course of the Jin's rule, their emperors adapted to Han customs and even fortified

5963-523: The new Jurchen ruling class constituted around half of a larger pattern of migration southward into northern China. There, many Jurchens were granted land, which was then organised around a social structure based on hereditary military units: a mouke ('company') was a unit consisting of 300 households, and groups of 7–10 moukes were further organised into meng-an ('battalions'). The Jurchen ruling class ruled over an estimated 30 million people. Many Jurchens intermarried with Han Chinese, though

6052-415: The next year Emperor Aizong committed suicide by hanging himself to avoid being captured in the Mongols besieged Caizhou , ending the Jin dynasty in 1234. The territory of the Jin dynasty was to be divided between the Mongols and the Song dynasty. However, due to lingering territorial disputes, the Song dynasty and the Mongols eventually went to war with one another over these territories. The government of

6141-405: The nickname of Wang Chongyang (Wang "Double Yang") and his disciples were retrospectively known as the "seven patriarchs of Quanzhen". The ci poetry that characterized Jin literature was tightly linked to Quanzhen: two-thirds of the ci poetry written in Jin times was composed by Quanzhen Taoists. The Jin state sponsored an edition of the Taoist Canon that is known as the Precious Canon of

6230-424: The north, Liaohe Plain in the south, and Sanjiang Plain in the northeast. The Songnen plain was formed by the Songhua and alluvial soils from the Nen. The Liaohe plain, located in the hilly areas near Changchun , was created by the separation of watersheds of the Songhua and Liaohe, which are collectively known as the Liaohe plain. The Sanjiang plain, at the confluence of the Sungari , Amur , and Ussuri rivers,

6319-400: The path linking Jinzhou, Fengtian, Tieling, Changchun, Hulun, and Ningguta was settled by Han Chinese during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, and Han Chinese were the majority in urban areas of Manchuria by 1800. This resulted in the local Han Chinese population growing to over 20 million before the Second Sino-Japanese War . After the establishment of the People's Republic of China at the end of

6408-489: The permanence of the move, he razed the nobles' residences in Huining Prefecture. Wanyan Liang also reconstructed the former Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng ), which had been sacked in 1127, making it the Jin's southern capital. Wanyan Liang also tried to suppress dissent by killing Jurchen nobles, executing 155 princes. To fulfil his dream of becoming the ruler of all China, Wanyan Liang attacked

6497-436: The position of emperor. Historians have consequently referred to him by his posthumous name "Prince of Hailing". Having usurped the throne, Wanyan Liang embarked on the program of legitimising his rule as an emperor of China. In 1153, he moved the empire's main capital from Huining Prefecture (south of present-day Harbin) to the former Liao capital, Yanjing (present-day Beijing ). Four years later, in 1157, to emphasise

6586-488: The pressure of Mongols from the north. Genghis Khan first led the Mongols into Western Xia territory in 1205 and ravaged it four years later. In 1211 about 50,000 Mongol horsemen invaded the Jin Empire and began absorbing Khitan and Jurchen rebels. The Jin had a large army with 150,000 cavalry but abandoned the "western capital" Datong (see also the Battle of Yehuling ). The next year the Mongols went north and looted

6675-515: The term Dongbei renaissance was coined by the rapper Gem to describe a revival in interest in the culture of the Northeast after his song Yelang Disco went viral. Artwork associated with the Dongbei renaissance often incorporates nostalgia for the "corny" aesthetics of the 1970s boom period of the Northeast, self-deprecating humor, and speculations on the decline and potential future of the economically depressed region. Notable works associated with

6764-413: The term for "gold" as the name of his state, itself a translation of "Anchuhu" River, which meant "golden" in Jurchen . This river, known as Alechuka in modern Chinese, is a tributary of the Songhua River east of Harbin . Alechuka (阿勒楚喀) is a transliteration of its Manchu name alchuqa (ᠠᠯᠴᡠᡴᠠ), suggesting that the Jurchen name for the river sounded more similar to alchuhu rather than anchuhu . It

6853-421: The three Khitan tumens and the four Han generals Zhang Rou  [ zh ] , Yan Shi  [ zh ] , Shi Tianze and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Ögedei Khan. Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived under Jin rule. Inter-ethnic marriage between Han Chinese and Jurchens became common at this time. His father was Shi Bingzhi . Shi Bingzhi married a Jurchen woman (surname Nahe) and

6942-541: The top positions. Later in life, Emperor Xizong became an alcoholic and executed many officials for criticising him. He also had Jurchen leaders who opposed him murdered, even those in the Wanyan clan. In 1149 he was murdered by a cabal of relatives and nobles, who made his cousin Wanyan Liang the next Jin emperor. Because of the brutality of both his domestic and foreign policy, Wanyan Liang was posthumously demoted from

7031-551: The two empires. In the early 1180s, Emperor Shizong instituted a restructuring of 200 meng'an units to remove tax abuses and help Jurchens. Communal farming was encouraged. The Jin Empire prospered and had a large surplus of grain in reserve. Although learned in Chinese classics , Emperor Shizong was also known as a promoter of Jurchen language and culture; during his reign, a number of Chinese classics were translated into Jurchen,

7120-525: The usage of "China" by dynasties to refer to themselves began earlier than previously thought. The progenitors of the Jin and the Jurchen people were the Mohe people , who lived in what is now Northeast China . The Mohe were a primarily sedentary people who practiced hunting, pig farming, and grew crops such as soybean, wheat, millet, and rice. Horses were rare in the region until the Tang period and pastoralism

7209-825: The whole, more heavily urbanised than most parts of China, largely because it was the first part of the country to develop heavy industry owing to its abundant coal reserves. Major cities include Shenyang , Dalian , Harbin , Changchun and Anshan , all with several million inhabitants. Other cities include the steel making centres of Fushun and Anshan in Liaoning, Jilin City in Jilin, and Qiqihar and Mudanjiang in Heilongjiang. Harbin, more than any other city in China, possesses significant Russian influences: there are many Orthodox churches that have fallen out of use since

7298-634: Was an imperial dynasty of China that existed between 1115 and 1234. As the ruling Wanyan clan was of Jurchen descent, it is also sometimes called the Jurchen dynasty or the Jurchen Jin . At its peak, the empire extended from Outer Manchuria in the north to the Qinling–Huaihe Line in the south. The Jin dynasty emerged from Wanyan Aguda 's rebellion against the Liao dynasty (916–1125), which held sway over northern China until being driven by

7387-529: Was common for Chinese translators at the time to use the final -n sound at the end of a Chinese character to transliterate -l , -r , -s , -z etc. at the end of a syllable in foreign words. The Jurchens' early rulers were the Khitan -led Liao dynasty , which had held sway over modern north and northeast China and the Mongolian Plateau , for several centuries. In 1121, the Jurchens entered into

7476-465: Was murdered by the Japanese for being too independent. The last Qing emperor, Puyi , was then placed on the throne to lead a Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . After the atomic bombing of Japan in 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the region as part of its declaration of war against Japan. From 1945 to 1948, Northeast China was a base area for the Communist People's Liberation Army in

7565-454: Was not suppressed until 1164; their horses were confiscated so that the rebels had to take up farming. Other Khitan and Xi cavalry units had been incorporated into the Jin army. Because these internal uprisings had severely weakened the Jin's capacity to confront the Southern Song militarily, the Jin court under Emperor Shizong began negotiating for peace. The Treaty of Longxing was signed in 1164, ushering in more than 40 years of peace between

7654-584: Was not widespread until the 10th century under the domination of the Khitans . The Mohe exported reindeer products and may have ridden them as well. They practiced mass slavery and used the slaves to aid in hunting and agricultural work. The Tang described the Mohe as a fierce and uncultured people who used poisoned arrows. The two most powerful groups of Mohe were the Heishui Mohe in the north, named after

7743-439: Was officially known as the "Great Jin" (大金), with Jin meaning "gold". The Jurchen word for "gold", and therefore also for their state name, was alchun . Furthermore, the Jin emperors referred to their state as China, Zhongguo ( 中國 ), just as some other non-Han dynasties. Non-Han rulers expanded the definition of "China" to include non-Han peoples in addition to Han people whenever they ruled China. Jin documents indicate that

7832-583: Was originally a swamp known as the "Great Northern Wilderness", becoming a food-producing area after reclamation. The original wetland area of the Sanjiang plain has been greatly reduced. The Northeast Plain was inhabited by Sushen ethnic groups since the Zhou Dynastic period, up to and including the Jurchen people , who were semi-nomadic. Large scale Han migration occurred during the Qing dynasty, in

7921-460: Was promulgated in 1201 and was based mostly on the Tang Code . In 1207, the Southern Song dynasty attempted an invasion, but the Jin forces effectively repulsed them. In the peace agreement, the Song dynasty had to pay higher annual indemnities and behead Han Tuozhou , the leader of the hawkish faction in the Song imperial court. Starting from the early 13th century, the Jin dynasty began to feel

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