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47-544: In August 1949, prior to the proclamation of the People's Republic of China , Wu Yuzhang wrote a letter to Mao Zedong , proposing that it was necessary to promptly carry out language reform in order to eliminate illiteracy. Mao replied with support to the proposal in the same month. In October 1949, the Chinese Language Reform Association was established. In December, Wu Yuzhang was appointed

94-587: A crackdown by the People's Liberation Army . Following the crackdown, many of the student leaders escaped to the United States with the help of foreign intelligence agencies and other parties through Operation Yellowbird . The urban context of the square was altered in the 1990s with the construction of National Grand Theater in its vicinity and the expansion of the National Museum. Used as

141-490: A special status as the "Gate of the Nation", as can be seen from its successive names. It normally remained closed, except when the emperor passed through. Commoner traffic was diverted to side gates at the western and eastern ends of the square, respectively. Because of this diversion in traffic, a busy marketplace, called "Chess Grid Streets", was developed in the large fenced square to the south of this gate. In 1860, during

188-577: A time when Deng Xiaoping was still consolidating power and China had suffered a rebuff in a border war with Vietnam early in the year. By 1984, with the situation much improved and stabilized, the PRC held a military parade for the first time since 1959. The aftermath of the Tiananmen Square massacre prevented any such activities in October 1989, but military parades have been held in 1999 and 2009, on

235-583: A venue for mass gatherings since its creation, its flatness is contrasted by both the 38-meter (125 ft)-high "Monument to the People's Heroes" and the "Mausoleum of Mao Zedong". The square lies between two ancient, massive gates: the Tiananmen to the north and the Zhengyangmen, known as Qianmen , to the south. Along the west side of the square is the Great Hall of the People. Along the east side

282-635: Is an accepted version of this page Tiananmen Square or Tian'anmen Square ( / ˈ t j ɛ n ə n m ə n / ) is a city square in the city center of Beijing , China , named after the Tiananmen (" Gate of Heavenly Peace ") located to its north, which separates it from the Forbidden City . The square contains the Monument to the People's Heroes , the Great Hall of the People ,

329-607: Is sponsored by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China and run by the Research Institute of Language Application ( 语言文字应用研究所 ). Applied Linguistics covers the areas of Chinese information processing, language teaching, sociolinguistics, language application, language standards, and book reviews. The readers of Applied Linguistics include Chinese language researchers and teachers, college students, secretarial workers, etc. Proclamation of

376-401: Is the National Museum of China dedicated to Chinese history predating 1919. Erected in 1989, Liberty, a statue representing the western icon previously held her torch over the square. Since Dec 15, 2021, visitors must make a reservation before entering the square area. Tiananmen Square has been the site of a number of notable political events, student protests, and armed conflict. Among

423-732: Is willing to observe the principles of equality, mutual benefit, and mutual respect of territorial integrity and sovereignty. Beijing, October 1, 1949 The first National Day military parade took place right after the proclamation of the PRC. Commanded by Nie Rongzhen , the Commander of the Northern China Military Region and inspected by Zhu De , the Commander-in-Chief of the PLA, the parade involved around 16,000 PLA officers and personnel. The parade, which

470-970: The Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet was approved by the State Council, and approved and officially adopted at the Fifth Session of the 1st National People's Congress on February 11, 1958. In May 1964, the General List of Simplified Chinese Characters was released by the Chinese Character Reform Committee. In December 1977, the Chinese Character Reform Committee issued the Second Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (Draft) , which

517-470: The 50th anniversary of the People's Republic of China in 1999; the Tiananmen Square self-immolation incident in 2001; military displays and parades on the 60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China in 2009, and a terror attack in 2013 involving a vehicle that plowed into pedestrians . In 2023, police detained over 20 people, including Activist Alexandra Wong , on the 34th anniversary of

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564-569: The Imperial City , was built in 1417 during the Ming dynasty . During the 17th century, fighting between Li Zicheng 's rebel forces and the forces of the Manchu -led Qing dynasty caused heavy damage to, or even destroyed, the gate. Tiananmen Square was designed and built in 1651 and was enlarged fourfold in the 1950s. The gate historically known as the "Great Ming Gate", the southern gate to

611-886: The Kuomintang (KMT)-led Nationalist government of the ROC and the CCP lasting intermittently between 1927 and 1949. The war is generally divided into two phases with an interlude: from the August 1927 to 1937, the First United Front collapsed during the Northern Expedition , and the Nationalists controlled most of China. On November 7, 1931, the Chinese Soviet Republic (CSR) was declared by

658-604: The National Museum of China , and the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong . Mao Zedong proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China in the square on October 1, 1949; the anniversary of this event is still observed there. The size of Tiananmen Square is 765 x 282 meters (215,730 m or 53.31 acres). It has great cultural significance as it was the site of several important events in Chinese history. Outside China,

705-597: The Second Opium War , when British and French troops occupied Beijing, they pitched camp near the gate and briefly considered burning down the gate and the Forbidden City. Ultimately, they decided to spare the Forbidden City and instead burn down the Old Summer Palace . The Xianfeng Emperor eventually agreed to let Western powers barrack troops – and later establish diplomatic missions – in

752-683: The 18th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 9th National People's Congress, and came into effect on January 1, 2001. On June 4, 2013, the List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters was issued by the SLC and MoE. The mandate of the State Language Commission includes: The State Language Commission has the following organizations: Applied Linguistics ( 语言文字应用 ) is a quarterly academic journal founded in 1992. It

799-458: The 50th and 60th anniversaries of the PRC's founding. One year after Mao's death, a mausoleum was built near the site of the former Gate of China along the main north–south axis of the square. In connection with this project, the square was further increased in size to become fully rectangular and being able to accommodate 600,000 people. In 1989, Tiananmen Square was the site of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests that culminated in violence and

846-609: The CCP had proclaimed the establishment of the Chinese Soviet Republic (CSR) within the discontinuous territories of China they controlled, on November 7, 1931, in Ruijin . The CSR had lasted seven years until it was abolished in 1937. " March of the Volunteers " was played as the new national anthem, and the new national flag of the People's Republic of China (the Five-starred Red Flag) was officially unveiled to

893-831: The CCP in Ruijin within Communist-controlled areas of China and the CSR government moved north to Yan'an during the Long March until the CSR's dissolution. From 1937 to 1945, hostilities were put on hold, and the Second United Front fought the Japanese invasion of China with eventual help from the World War II Allies . The civil war resumed with the Japanese defeat, and the CCP gained

940-770: The Central Military Band of the PLA) provided musical accompaniment which included the Military Anthem of the People's Liberation Army ’. The Republic of China retreated to the island of Taiwan by December 1949. The CCP remains the sole ruling party of China , officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), since October 1, 1949. The PRC officially claims Taiwan as its 23rd province as Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China in its constitution . The People's Republic of China on mainland China and Republic of China on Taiwan both officially claim to be

987-703: The Imperial City stands near the center of the square. It was renamed the "Great Qing Gate" during the Qing dynasty, and the " Gate of China " during the Republican era . Unlike the other gates in Beijing, such as the Tiananmen and the Zhengyang Gate , this was a purely ceremonial gateway, with three arches but no ramparts, similar in style to the ceremonial gateways found in the Ming tombs . This gate had

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1034-702: The People%27s Republic of China The proclamation of the People's Republic of China was made by Mao Zedong , the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), on October 1, 1949, in Tiananmen Square in Beijing . The government of a new state under the CCP, formally called the Central People's Government , was proclaimed by Mao at the ceremony, which marked the foundation of the People's Republic of China. Previously,

1081-577: The People's Republic of China (PRC), the Great Hall of the People and the Revolutionary History Museum (now the National Museum of China ) were erected on the western and eastern sides of the square. For the first decade of the PRC, each National Day (October 1) was marked by a large military parade in Tiananmen Square, in conscious emulation of the annual Soviet celebrations of the Bolshevik Revolution. After

1128-543: The Pinyin Scheme Committee of the Chinese Character Reform Committee was established, with Wu Yuzhang and Hu Yuzhi as the chairman and vice-chairmen. The members included Wei Que, Ding Xilin, Lin Handa, Luo Changpei, Lu Zhiwei, Li Jinxi, Wang Li, Ni Haishu, Ye Laishi, and Zhou Youguang . In September 1955, the Chinese Character Reform Committee proposed a revised draft for simplifying Chinese characters, which

1175-545: The Tiananmen Gate, declaring: The people throughout China have been plunged into bitter suffering and tribulations since the Chiang Kai-shek Kuomintang reactionary government betrayed the fatherland, colluded with imperialists, and launched the counter-revolutionary war. Fortunately our People's Liberation Army , backed by the whole nation, has been fighting heroically and selflessly to defend

1222-751: The area, hence there was the Legation Quarter immediately to the east of the square. When the forces of the Eight-Nation Alliance besieged Beijing during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, they badly damaged the office complexes and burnt down several ministries. After the Boxer Rebellion ended, the area became a space for the Eight-Nation Alliance to assemble their military forces. In Beijing, Tiananmen

1269-638: The chairman of the standing council of the association. In October 1954, the Chinese Character Reform Association was reorganized into the Chinese Character Reform Committee directly under the State Council. Wu Yuzhang was the chairman, Hu Yuzhi was the vice chairman. On January 7, 1955, the Chinese Character Reform Committee issued the Draft Scheme for the Simplification of Chinese Characters . In February 1955,

1316-430: The crackdown, a man, dubbed Tank Man , was photographed obstructing a column of tanks on Chang'an Avenue near the square. Other notable events included annual mass military displays on each anniversary of the 1949 proclamation until October 1, 1959; the 1984 military parade for the 35th anniversary of the People's Republic of China which coincided with the ascendancy of Deng Xiaoping ; military displays and parades on

1363-639: The disaster of the Great Leap Forward, the CCP decided to cut costs and have only smaller annual National Day celebrations in addition to a large celebration with a military parade every 10 years. However, the chaos of the Cultural Revolution almost prevented such an event from taking place on National Day in 1969 but did take place in 1966 and 1970. In 1971, large portraits of Karl Marx , Friedrich Engels , Vladimir Lenin , Joseph Stalin , Sun Yat-sen , and Mao Zedong were erected in

1410-573: The establishment of the People's Republic of China with a speech at the First Plenary Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference . This was followed by a mass celebration in Tiananmen Square on October 1, at which the proclamation was made publicly by Mao at the Tiananmen Gate, the date becoming the new country's first National Day . At exactly 3:00pm Beijing Time on October 1, 1949, Mao announced to

1457-412: The first session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, composed of delegates of all the democratic parties and people's organization of China, the People's Liberation Army, the various regions and nationalities of the country, and the overseas Chinese and other patriotic elements, has been convened. Representing the will of the whole nation, [this session of the conference] has enacted

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1504-554: The legitimate government of all China . No armistice or peace treaty has ever been signed over the Chinese Civil War. Shortly after the proclamation occurred, the Soviet Union and other communist states were the first to recognize the PRC. Moreover, many Western countries, including the United States, initially continued to recognize the move of the ROC to Taiwan as the legitimate government of China. Following

1551-496: The most notable events that have occurred on Tiananmen Square were protests during the May Fourth Movement in 1919, the proclamation of the People's Republic of China by Mao Zedong on October 1, 1949, the Tiananmen Square protests in 1976 after the death of Zhou Enlai , and the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre after the death of Hu Yaobang , which was suppressed in a military crackdown. Shortly after

1598-534: The nation from the top of the Tiananmen Gate: 同胞们，中华人民共和国中央人民政府今天成立了！ Tóngbāo men, Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhōngyāng Rénmín Zhèngfǔ jīntiān chénglì le! Fellow countrymen, the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China was established today! After the national anthem had been played, Chairman Mao proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China that day on top of

1645-416: The newly founded state and hoisted for the first time during the celebrations as a 21-gun salute fired in the distance. The first public military parade of the People's Liberation Army took place following the national flag raising with the playing of the PRC national anthem. The Republic of China (ROC) had retreated to the island of Taiwan by December 1949. The Chinese Civil War was fought between

1692-412: The organic law of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China, elected proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China and decided on Beijing as the capital of the People's Republic of China. The Central People's Government Council of the People's Republic of China took office today in the capital and unanimously made the following decisions: and to charge them with

1739-442: The proclamation, the PRC moved quickly to consolidate its power from the ROC and began nationalizing industries. [REDACTED] Communist Party / [REDACTED] Soviet Republic ( [REDACTED] Red Army ) → Liberated Area ( [REDACTED] 8th Route Army , New Fourth Army , etc. → [REDACTED] People's Liberation Army ) → [REDACTED]   People's Republic of China Tiananmen Square This

1786-452: The square is best known for the 1989 protests and massacre that ended with a military crackdown due to international media coverage, internet and global connectivity, its political implications, and other factors. Within China, there is a strict censorship of knowledge of the crackdowns by the Chinese Communist Party . The Tiananmen ("Gate of Heavenly Peace"), a gate in the wall of

1833-471: The square the largest and most spectacular in the world and intended to hold over 500,000 people. In that process, a large number of residential buildings and other structures were demolished. On its southern edge, the Monument to the People's Heroes has been erected. Concomitantly, as part of the Ten Great Buildings constructed between 1958 and 1959 to commemorate the ten-year anniversary of

1880-478: The square, painted by artist Ge Xiaoguang , who is also responsible for producing the famous portrait of Mao that hangs over the Gate of Heavenly Peace. In 1980, with the downgrading of political ideology following Mao's death, the portraits were taken down and thenceforth only brought out on Labor Day (May 1) and National Day. Ten years later, in 1979, the CCP again decided against a large-scale celebration, coming at

1927-441: The task of the speedy formation of the various organs of the government to carry out the work of the government. At the same time, the Central People's Government Council decided to declare to the governments of all other countries that this government is the sole legal government representing all the people of the People's Republic of China. This government is willing to establish diplomatic relations with any foreign government that

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1974-489: The territorial sovereignty of our homeland, to protect the people's lives and property, to relieve the people of their sufferings, and to struggle for their rights, and it eventually wiped out the reactionary troops and overthrew the reactionary rule of the Nationalist government. Now, the People's War of Liberation has been basically won, and the majority of the people in the country have been liberated. On this foundation,

2021-468: The upper hand in the final phase of the war from 1945 to 1949, generally referred to as the Chinese Communist Revolution . Major combat in the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949 with the CCP in control of most of mainland China , and the Kuomintang retreating offshore , reducing its territory to only Taiwan (a former Japanese colony that was received in 1945), Hainan , and their surrounding islands. On 21 September 1949, CCP Chairman Mao Zedong announced

2068-412: Was approved in June 1949, was the first large-scale and modern Chinese military parade , with the country having never done a public review of troops before under previous governments. Liu Bocheng proposed to parade directors Yang Chengwu and Tang Yanjie be organized in the Soviet format, having personally witnessed a military parade on Red Square in Moscow . The Northern Military Region Band (now

2115-433: Was re-developed from an insular imperial quarter to a larger public space viewed as consistent socialist political. Over the 1950s, the square was quadrupled in size. In 1954, the Gate of China was demolished to allow for the enlargement of the square. In November 1958, a major expansion of Tiananmen Square started, which was completed after only 11 months, in August 1959. This followed the vision of Mao Zedong to make

2162-413: Was rescinded in 1986. On December 16, 1985, the Chinese Character Reform Committee was renamed the State Language Commission (or National Language and Script Working Committee). It is a national bureau (vice-ministerial level) directly under the management of the Ministry of Education. On October 31, 2000, the Law on the Standard Spoken and Written Language of the People’s Republic of China was adopted at

2209-475: Was reviewed by the State Council Chinese Character Simplification Scheme Review Committee and passed by the State Council plenary meeting on January 28, 1956. On January 31, 1956, the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme was officially announced by People's Daily . In December 1955, the Ministry of Culture and the Chinese Character Reform Committee of the PRC jointly announced the First List of Processed Variant Chinese Characters . On November 1, 1957,

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