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59-506: The flame is typically lit with a match or lighter and extinguished by placing the lid over the can to starve it of air, though any noncombustible cover will do. The Sterno brand and trademark is owned by Sterno Products, a portfolio company of Westar Capital LLC, based in Corona, California . The brand was purchased from Blyth, Inc. in late 2012. Blyth had acquired the business from Colgate-Palmolive in 1997. The name comes from that of

118-488: A 7-ounce (200 g) can will burn for up to two hours. Sterno contains methyl alcohol which makes it poisonous. In spite of this there are many instances of people drinking Sterno to become intoxicated as a form of surrogate alcohol . Moreover, the methanol can cause permanent blindness by destruction of the optic nerves . Bluesman Tommy Johnson alludes to the practice in his song "Canned Heat Blues" recorded in 1928. (The blues band Canned Heat derived their name from

177-536: A New York surgeon published a pamphlet with notes on nine cases. The conditions of working-class women at the Bryant & May factories led to the London matchgirls strike of 1888 . The strike was focused on the severe health complications of working with white phosphorus , such as phossy jaw . Social activist Annie Besant published an article in her halfpenny weekly paper The Link on 23 June 1888. A strike fund

236-565: A book called the Records of the Unworldly and the Strange written by Chinese author Tao Gu in about 950 stated: If there occurs an emergency at night it may take some time to make a light to light a lamp. But an ingenious man devised the system of impregnating little sticks of pinewood with sulfur and storing them ready for use. At the slightest touch of fire, they burst into flame. One gets

295-465: A chemist in London who commercialised his process. A version of Holden's match was patented by Samuel Jones, and these were sold as lucifer matches . These early matches had a number of problems – an initial violent reaction, an unsteady flame, and unpleasant odor and fumes. Lucifers could ignite explosively, sometimes throwing sparks a considerable distance. Lucifers were manufactured in

354-561: A law, but instead placed a "punitive tax" in 1913 on white phosphorus–based matches, one so high as to render their manufacture financially impractical, and Canada banned them in 1914. India and Japan banned them in 1919; China followed, banning them in 1925. In 1901 Albright and Wilson started making phosphorus sesquisulfide at their Niagara Falls , New York plant for the US market, but American manufacturers continued to use white phosphorus matches. The Niagara Falls plant made them until 1910, when

413-490: A little flame like an ear of corn. This marvelous thing was formerly called a "light-bringing slave", but afterward when it became an article of commerce its name was changed to 'fire inch-stick'. Another text, Wu Lin Chiu Shih , dated from 1270 AD, lists sulfur matches as something that was sold in the markets of Hangzhou , around the time of Marco Polo 's visit. The matches were known as fa chu or tshui erh . Before

472-497: A match head on the end of a paraffin -impregnated splint and the special striking surface (in addition to the safety aspect of replacing the white phosphorus with red phosphorus ). The idea for separating the chemicals had been introduced in 1859 in the form of two-headed matches known in France as Allumettes Androgynes . These were sticks with one end made of potassium chlorate and the other of red phosphorus. They had to be broken and

531-566: A match was achieved by crushing the capsule with a pair of pliers, mixing and releasing the ingredients in order for it to become alight. In London, similar matches meant for lighting cigars were introduced in 1849 by Heurtner who had a shop called the Lighthouse in the Strand. One version that he sold was called "Euperion" (sometimes "Empyrion") which was popular for kitchen use and nicknamed as "Hugh Perry", while another meant for outdoor use

590-460: A rash of 31 deaths in Philadelphia 's homeless population was traced to a local store that knowingly sold Sterno to people for them to consume and get drunk. Match A match is a tool for starting a fire . Typically, matches are made of small wooden sticks or stiff paper . One end is coated with a material that can be ignited by friction generated by striking the match against

649-588: A relatively long-burning, colored flame). However, when friction matches became commonplace, the term match came to refer mainly to these. A note in the text Cho Keng Lu , written in 1366, describes a sulfur match, small sticks of pinewood impregnated with sulfur, used in China by "impoverished court ladies" in AD 577 during the conquest of Northern Qi . During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (AD 907–960),

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708-475: A sample of red phosphorus matches from Albright at The Great Exhibition, but had misplaced it and therefore they did not try the matches until just before the Paris Exhibition of 1855 when they found that the matches were still usable. In 1858 their company produced around 12 million matchboxes. The safety of true "safety matches" is derived from the separation of the reactive ingredients between

767-535: A slow match burns at a rate of around 30 cm (1 ft) per hour and a quick match at 4 to 60 centimetres (2 to 24 in) per minute. The modern equivalent of a match (in the sense of a burnable cord) is the simple fuse such as a visco fuse , still used in pyrotechnics to obtain a controlled time delay before ignition. The original meaning of the word still persists in some pyrotechnics terms, such as black match (a black-powder -impregnated fuse) and Bengal match (a firework akin to sparklers producing

826-594: A strikeable tip similar to a normal match, but the combustible compound – including an oxidiser – continues down the length of the stick, coating half or more of the entire matchstick. The match also has a waterproof coating (which often makes the match more difficult to light), and often storm matches are longer than standard matches. As a result of the combustible coating, storm matches burn strongly even in strong winds, and can even spontaneously re-ignite after being briefly immersed in water. The hobby of collecting match-related items, such as matchcovers and matchbox labels,

885-553: A suitable surface. Wooden matches are packaged in matchboxes , and paper matches are partially cut into rows and stapled into matchbooks . The coated end of a match, known as the match "head", consists of a bead of active ingredients and binder , often colored for easier inspection. There are two main types of matches: safety matches, which can be struck only against a specially prepared surface, and strike-anywhere matches, for which any suitably frictional surface can be used. The word match derives from Old French mèche , referring to

944-468: A textbook on chemistry, and founded several match factories. Those involved in the manufacture of the new phosphorus matches were afflicted with phossy jaw and other bone disorders, and there was enough white phosphorus in one pack to kill a person. Deaths and suicides from eating the heads of matches became frequent. The earliest report of phosphorus necrosis was made in 1845 by Lorinser in Vienna, and

1003-454: Is known as phillumeny . [REDACTED] Media related to Matches at Wikimedia Commons [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of Match at Wiktionary Candle wick A candle wick or lamp wick is usually made of braided cotton that holds the flame of a candle or oil lamp . A candle wick works by capillary action , conveying ("wicking") the fuel to the flame. When the liquid fuel, typically melted candle wax , reaches

1062-417: Is typically composed of 25% powdered glass or other abrasive material, 50% red phosphorus , 5% neutralizer, 4% carbon black , and 16% binder; and the match head is typically composed of 45–55% potassium chlorate , with a little sulfur and starch, a neutralizer (ZnO or CaCO 3 ), 20–40% of siliceous filler, diatomite , and glue. Safety matches ignite due to the extreme reactivity of phosphorus with

1121-486: The United States Congress forbade the shipment of white phosphorus matches in interstate commerce. The dangers of white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches led to the development of the "hygienic" or "safety match". The major innovation in its development was the use of red phosphorus , not on the head of the match but instead on a specially designed striking surface. Arthur Albright developed

1180-452: The wick of a candle. Historically, the term match referred to lengths of cord (later cambric ) impregnated with chemicals, and allowed to burn continuously. These were used to light fires and fire guns (see matchlock ) and cannons (see linstock ) and to detonate explosive devices such as dynamite sticks. Such matches were characterised by their burning speed i.e. quick match and slow match . Depending on its formulation,

1239-450: The "dangerous goods" classification U.N. 1331, Matches, strike-anywhere . Safety matches are classified as dangerous goods , "U.N. 1944, Matches, safety". They are not universally forbidden on aircraft ; however, they must be declared as dangerous goods and individual airlines or countries may impose tighter restrictions. Storm matches, also known as lifeboat matches or flare matches, are often included in survival kits . They have

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1298-427: The 1680s with phosphorus and sulfur, but their efforts did not produce practical and inexpensive methods for generating fires. A number of different ways were employed in order to light smoking tobacco: One was the use of a spill – a thin object something like a thin candle, a rolled paper or a straw, which would be lit from a nearby, already existing flame and then used to light the cigar or pipe – most often kept near

1357-550: The Chinese were using rice paper to create wicks and made wax out of insects and seeds. Stiffeners are used to direct the wick to remaining upright so that fuel can get to the flame. This provides two advantages: it makes the wick more rigid, letting it stand further out of the liquid wax, and it conducts heat downward, melting the wax more readily. The latter is particularly important in candles made of harder wax. Stiffeners were once made of lead , but these have been banned in

1416-691: The US for several years by the Consumer Product Safety Commission , due to the concerns about lead poisoning . Fine wire (such as copper) can be included in the wick. Other core stiffeners, such as paper and synthetic fibers, may also be used. The CPSC was petitioned to ban candle wicks containing lead cores and candles with such wicks by Public Citizen, the National Apartment Association, and National Multi Housing Council on February 20, 2001. The ban against manufacturing, importing, or selling candles in

1475-465: The US with lead wicks became effective in October 2003. Virtually all wicks are treated with various flame-resistant solutions in a process known as mordanting. Without mordanting the wick would be destroyed by the flames and the flow of melted wax to the flame would cease. Beyond that, wicks can be treated with substances to improve the color and brightness of the flame, provide better rigidity to keep

1534-548: The United States by Ezekial Byam. The term "lucifer" persisted as slang for a match into the 20th century. For example, the song " Pack Up Your Troubles " includes the line "while you’ve a lucifer to light your fag". Matches are still called "lucifers" in Dutch . Lucifers were quickly replaced after 1830 by matches made according to the process devised by Frenchman Charles Sauria , who substituted white phosphorus for

1593-582: The addition of phosphorus sesquisulfide meant that the substance was not poisonous, that it could be used in a "strike-anywhere" match, and that the match heads were not explosive. British company Albright and Wilson was the first company to produce phosphorus sesquisulfide matches commercially. The company developed a safe means of making commercial quantities of phosphorus sesquisulfide in 1899 and started selling it to match manufacturers. However, white phosphorus continued to be used, and its serious effects led many countries to ban its use. Finland prohibited

1652-545: The alcohol. In an article for the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1961, Capt. James H. Shinaberger, MC, writes about a study of three people who had suffered methanol poisoning as a result of drinking Sterno. One of the patients "had been drinking Sterno for about a week and had been in the city prison for 48 hours when severe abdominal pain and vomiting occurred". In December 1963,

1711-420: The amount fuel brought into the flame. Prior to the introduction of these wicks specialty scissors were used to trim the excess wick without extinguishing the flame. Large diameter wicks typically result in a larger flame, a larger pool of melted wax, and the candle burning faster. In tealights , the wick is tethered to a piece of metal to stop it from floating to the top of the molten wax and burning before

1770-403: The antimony sulfide. These new phosphorus matches had to be kept in airtight metal boxes but became popular and went by the name of loco foco ("crazy fire") in the United States, from which was derived the name of a political party . The earliest American patent for the phosphorus friction match was granted in 1836 to Alonzo Dwight Phillips of Springfield, Massachusetts . From 1830 to 1890,

1829-533: The battlefields of the Pacific Theatre in 1944 and 1945. Discovered around 1900 as a byproduct of the nitrocellulose manufacturing process, Sterno is made from ethanol denatured by adding methanol , water, and an amphoteric oxide gelling agent , plus, in recent decades, a safety dye that gives it a characteristic pink color. The methanol is added to denature the product, which is intended to make it too toxic for consumption. Designed to be odorless,

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1888-460: The composition of these matches remained largely unchanged, although some improvements were made. In 1843 William Ashgard replaced the sulfur with beeswax, reducing the pungency of the fumes. This was replaced by paraffin in 1862 by Charles W. Smith, resulting in what were called "parlor matches". From 1870 the end of the splint was fireproofed by impregnation with fire-retardant chemicals such as alum, sodium silicate, and other salts resulting in what

1947-408: The fireplace in a spill vase . Another method saw the use of a striker , a tool that looked like scissors , but with flint on one "blade" and steel on the other. These would then be rubbed together, ultimately producing sparks. If neither of these two was available, one could also use ember tongs to pick up a coal from a fire and light the tobacco directly. The first modern, self-igniting match

2006-422: The flame it then vaporizes and combusts . In other words, the wick brings the liquified wax up into the flame to burn. The candle wick influences how the candle burns. Important characteristics of the wick include diameter, stiffness, fire-resistance, and tethering. Wicks are sometimes braided flat, so that as they burn they also curl back into the flame, thus making them self-consuming. The wick sizes determine

2065-492: The flame to a slow-burning substance like wood. While Walker was preparing a lighting mixture on one occasion, a match that had been dipped in it took fire by an accidental friction upon the hearth. He at once appreciated the practical value of the discovery, and started making friction matches. They consisted of wooden splints or sticks of cardboard coated with sulfur and tipped with a mixture of sulfide of antimony , chlorate of potash , and gum . The treatment with sulfur helped

2124-583: The heads rubbed together. There was however a risk of the heads rubbing each other accidentally in their box. Such dangers were removed when the striking surface was moved to the outside of the box. The development of a specialized matchbook with both matches and a striking surface occurred in the 1890s with the American Joshua Pusey , who sold his patent to the Diamond Match Company . The striking surface on modern matchboxes

2183-474: The ill-effects on workers through the introduction of inspections and regulations. Anton Schrötter von Kristelli discovered in 1850 that heating white phosphorus at 250 °C in an inert atmosphere produced a red allotropic form, which did not fume in contact with air. It was suggested that this would make a suitable substitute in match manufacture although it was slightly more expensive. Two French chemists, Henri Savene and Emile David Cahen, proved in 1898 that

2242-400: The industrial process for large-scale manufacture of red phosphorus after Schrötter's discoveries became known. By 1851, his company was producing the substance by heating white phosphorus in a sealed pot at a specific temperature. He exhibited his red phosphorus in 1851, at The Great Exhibition held at The Crystal Palace in London. The idea of creating a specially designed striking surface

2301-737: The invention of Charles Sauria, a French chemistry student at the time. Walker did not divulge the exact composition of his matches. Between 1827 and 1829, Walker made about 168 sales of his matches. It was however dangerous and flaming balls sometimes fell to the floor burning carpets and dresses, leading to their ban in France and Germany. Walker either refused or neglected to patent his invention. In 1829, Scots inventor Sir Isaac Holden invented an improved version of Walker's match and demonstrated it to his class at Castle Academy in Reading, Berkshire . Holden did not patent his invention and claimed that one of his pupils wrote to his father Samuel Jones,

2360-414: The leap into mass production, due to the expense, their cumbersome nature and inherent danger. An alternative method was to produce the ignition through friction produced by rubbing two rough surfaces together. An early example was made by François Derosne in 1816. His crude match was called a briquet phosphorique and it used a sulfur-tipped match to scrape inside a tube coated internally with phosphorus. It

2419-463: The original manufacturer, S. Sternau & Co. of Brooklyn, New York , a maker of chafing dishes , coffee percolators and similar appliances since 1893. It had previously applied the name to its "Sterno-Inferno" alcohol burner. In 1918, it promoted its Sterno Stove as being a perfect gift for a soldier going overseas. In his book With the Old Breed , E. B. Sledge describes its use on

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2478-476: The paste-like mass into a jar, and dipped the pine sticks into the mixture and let them dry. When he tried them that evening, all of them lit evenly. He sold the invention and production rights for these noiseless matches to István Rómer, a Hungarian pharmacist living in Vienna , for 60 florins (about 22.5  oz t of silver). As a match manufacturer, Rómer became rich, and Irinyi went on to publish articles and

2537-602: The potassium chlorate in the match head. When the match is struck, the phosphorus and chlorate mix in a small amount and form something akin to the explosive Armstrong's mixture , which ignites due to the friction. The red color of the matchhead is due to addition of red dyes , not the red phosphorus content. The Swedes long held a virtual worldwide monopoly on safety matches, with the industry mainly situated in Jönköping, by 1903 called Jönköpings & Vulcans Tändsticksfabriks AB today Swedish Match . In France, they sold

2596-784: The rights for the British safety match patent from the Lundström brothers. Friction matches made with white phosphorus as well as those made from phosphorus sesquisulfide can be struck on any suitable surface. They have remained particularly popular in the United States, even when safety matches had become common in Europe, and are still widely used today around the world, including in many developing countries , for such uses as camping, outdoor activities, emergency/survival situations, and stocking homemade survival kits . However, strike-anywhere matches are banned on all kinds of aircraft under

2655-479: The rights to their safety match patent to Coigent Père & Fils of Lyon , but Coigent contested the payment in the French courts, on the basis that the invention was known in Vienna before the Lundström brothers patented it. The British match manufacturer Bryant and May visited Jönköping in 1858 to try to obtain a supply of safety matches, but was unsuccessful. In 1862 it established its own factory and bought

2714-640: The song.) The practice is said to have become popular during Prohibition and during the Great Depression in hobo camps, or "jungles", when the Sterno would be squeezed through cheesecloth or a sock and the resulting liquid mixed with fruit juice to make " jungle juice ", "sock wine", or "squeeze". The 1956 American documentary On the Bowery includes footage of three homeless men straining Sterno cooking fuel to make "squeeze" and then drinking

2773-417: The splints to catch fire, and the odor was improved by the addition of camphor. The price of a box of 50 matches was one shilling . With each box was supplied a piece of sandpaper, folded double, through which the match had to be drawn to ignite it. Walker did not name the matches " Congreves " in honour of the inventor and rocket pioneer Sir William Congreve , as it is sometimes stated. The congreves were

2832-525: The use of matches, fires were sometimes lit using a burning glass (a lens) to focus the sun on tinder , a method that could only work on sunny days. Another more common method was igniting tinder with sparks produced by striking flint and steel, or by sharply increasing air pressure in a fire piston . Early work had been done by alchemist Hennig Brand , who discovered the flammable nature of phosphorus in 1669. Others, including Robert Boyle and his assistant, Ambrose Godfrey , continued these experiments in

2891-679: The use of white phosphorus in 1872, followed by Denmark in 1874, France in 1897, Switzerland in 1898, and the Netherlands in 1901. An agreement, the Berne Convention , was reached at Bern, Switzerland, in September 1906, which banned the use of white phosphorus in matches. This required each country to pass laws prohibiting the use of white phosphorus in matches. The United Kingdom passed a law in 1908 prohibiting its use in matches after 31 December 1910. The United States did not pass

2950-706: The wax does. Candles designed to float in water require not only a tether for the wick, but also a seal on the bottom of the candle to prevent the wick from wicking water and extinguishing the flame. Wicks can be made of material other than string or cord, such as wood and (historically) even asbestos , although they are rare. The 17th century rushlight and rush candles also uses rush-pith. The cotton of tampons can be used as wicks for oil lamps in wilderness survival situations. Wicked candles initially started to be used by ancient Egyptians in 3000 B.C. Wicked candles were assumed to be made by waxes from available plants and animals in this time period. During this time,

3009-399: Was both inconvenient and unsafe. The first successful friction match was invented in 1826 by John Walker , an English chemist and druggist from Stockton-on-Tees , County Durham. He developed a keen interest in trying to find a means of obtaining fire easily. Several chemical mixtures were already known that would ignite by a sudden explosion, but it had not been found possible to transmit

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3068-459: Was called a "Vesuvian" or "flamer". The head was large and contained niter , charcoal and wood dust, and had a phosphorus tip. The handle was large and made of hardwood so as to burn vigorously and last for a while. Some even had glass stems. Both Vesuvians and Prometheans had a bulb of sulfuric acid at the tip which had to be broken to start the reaction. Samuel Jones introduced fuzees for lighting cigars and pipes in 1832. A similar invention

3127-410: Was commonly called a "drunkard's match" that prevented the accidental burning of the user's fingers. Other advances were made for the mass manufacture of matches. Early matches were made from blocks of woods with cuts separating the splints but leaving their bases attached. Later versions were made in the form of thin combs. The splints would be broken away from the comb when required. A noiseless match

3186-601: Was developed in 1844 by the Swede Gustaf Erik Pasch . Pasch patented the use of red phosphorus in the striking surface. He found that this could ignite heads that did not need to contain white phosphorus. Johan Edvard Lundström and his younger brother Carl Frans Lundström (1823–1917) started a large-scale match industry in Jönköping, Sweden around 1847, but the improved safety match was not introduced until around 1850–55. The Lundström brothers had obtained

3245-403: Was further refined in the following decades, culminating with the 'Promethean match' that was patented by Samuel Jones of London in 1828. His match consisted of a small glass capsule containing a chemical composition of sulfuric acid colored with indigo and coated on the exterior with potassium chlorate, all of which was wrapped up in rolls of paper. The immediate ignition of this particular form of

3304-505: Was invented in 1805 by Jean Chancel, assistant to Professor Louis Jacques Thénard of Paris . The head of the match consisted of a mixture of potassium chlorate , sulfur , gum arabic and sugar . The match was ignited by dipping its tip in a small asbestos bottle filled with sulfuric acid . This kind of match was quite expensive, however, and its use was also relatively dangerous, so Chancel's matches never really became widely adopted or in commonplace use. This approach to match making

3363-497: Was invented in 1836 by the Hungarian János Irinyi , who was a student of chemistry. An unsuccessful experiment by his professor, Meissner, gave Irinyi the idea to replace potassium chlorate with lead dioxide in the head of the phosphorus match. He liquefied phosphorus in warm water and shook it in a glass vial, until the two liquids emulsified . He mixed the phosphorus with lead dioxide and gum arabic , poured

3422-514: Was patented in 1839 by John Hucks Stevens in America. In 1832, William Newton patented the "wax vesta" in England. It consisted of a wax stem that embedded cotton threads and had a tip of phosphorus. Variants known as "candle matches" were made by Savaresse and Merckel in 1836. John Hucks Stevens also patented a safety version of the friction match in 1839. Chemical matches were unable to make

3481-495: Was set up and some newspapers collected donations from readers. The women and girls also solicited contributions. Members of the Fabian Society , including George Bernard Shaw , Sidney Webb , and Graham Wallas , were involved in the distribution of the cash collected. The strike and negative publicity led to changes being made to limit the health effects of the inhalation of white phosphorus. Attempts were made to reduce

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