32-556: [REDACTED] Look up sterling in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Sterling may refer to: Common meanings [ edit ] Sterling silver , a grade of silver Sterling (currency) , the currency of the United Kingdom Pound sterling , the primary unit of that currency Places [ edit ] United Kingdom [ edit ] Stirling ,
64-602: A 'little star'), as some early Norman pennies were imprinted with a small star. Another argument is that the Hanseatic League was the source for both the origin of its definition and manufacture, and in its name is that the German name for the Baltic is Ostsee , or 'East Sea', and from this the Baltic merchants were called "Osterlings", or "Easterlings". In 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. Because
96-1698: A Scottish city whose alternative historical spelling is Sterling United States [ edit ] Sterling, Alaska Sterling, Colorado Sterling Micropolitan Statistical Area , Colorado Sterling, Connecticut Sterling, Georgia Sterling, in Bingham County, Idaho Sterling Wildlife Management Area , Idaho Sterling, Illinois Sterling, a ghost town in Jackson County, Iowa Sterling, Kansas Sterling, Massachusetts Sterling, Michigan Sterling Heights, Michigan Sterling State Park , Michigan Sterling Center, Minnesota Sterling, Missouri Sterling, in Madison County, Montana Sterling, Nebraska Sterling, New York Sterling, in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina Mount Sterling (Great Smoky Mountains) , North Carolina Sterling, North Dakota Sterling, Ohio Sterling, Oklahoma Sterling, in Woodward Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania Sterling City, Texas Sterling County, Texas Sterling, Utah Sterling, Virginia Sterling, Washington Sterling, Polk County, Wisconsin Sterling, Vernon County, Wisconsin Sterling Township (disambiguation) Businesses [ edit ] Sterling Airlines ,
128-407: A black tarnish during exposure to airborne compounds of sulfur (byproducts of the burning of fossil fuels and some industrial processes), and low level ozone reacts to form silver oxide. As the purity of the silver decreases, the problem of corrosion or tarnishing increases because other metals in the alloy, usually copper, may react with oxygen in the air. The black silver sulfide (Ag 2 S)
160-563: A charter of the abbey of Les Préaux , dating to either 1085 or 1104. The English chronicler Orderic Vitalis (1075 – c. 1142) uses the Latin forms libræ sterilensium and libræ sterilensis monetæ . The word in origin refers to the newly introduced Norman silver penny . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the most plausible etymology is a derivation from a late Old English steorling (with, or like,
192-598: A former commercial truck brand in the United States Hotel Sterling , a former hotel in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States Schools [ edit ] Sterling College (Kansas) , Sterling, Kansas Sterling College (Vermont) , Craftsbury Common, Vermont Sterling High School (disambiguation) Music [ edit ] Sterling Records (Sweden) , a classical music record label Sterling Records (US) , noted for being
224-515: A former low-cost Danish airline Sterling Armaments Company , based near London, England Sterling Bank (Nigeria) , a national commercial bank Sterling Bicycle Co. , a 19th-century American bicycle manufacturer Sterling (cigarette) , a British cigarette brand Sterling Commerce , a former software company Sterling Drug (a.k.a. Sterling Products, Inc.), a pharmaceutical company now owned by Bayer Sterling Furniture , Scotland's largest furniture retail outlet Sterling Industries ,
256-465: A likely source for a nickname. S.E. Rigold disputes the origin being Norman, stating, "that, while medieval British coins seldom copy or are copied by those of France, they have many typological connexions with the lands to the east—the Netherlands, the Baltic, Germany, and even deeper regions of central Europe." A piece of sterling silver dating from Henry II 's reign was used as a standard in
288-584: A medical device contract manufacturer Sterling Jewelers , the largest retail jewelry company in the United States Sterling (marque) , a British automobile brand, sold in the U.S. from 1987 to 1991 Sterling Optical Sterling Plumbing , a brand of products from Kohler Co. Sterling Publishing , a publisher of nonfiction books Sterling Software , a (now defunct) company co-founded by Sterling Williams Sterling Sports Cars , an American automobile kit company Sterling Trucks ,
320-432: Is among the most insoluble salts in aqueous solution , a property that is exploited for separating silver ions from other positive ions . Sodium chloride (NaCl) or common table salt is known to corrode silver-copper alloy, typically seen in silver salt shakers where corrosion appears around the holes in the top. Several products have been developed for the purpose of polishing silver that serve to remove sulfur from
352-478: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Sterling silver Sterling silver is an alloy composed by weight of 92.5% silver and 7.5% other metals , usually copper . The sterling silver standard has a minimum millesimal fineness of 925. Fine silver , which is 99.9% pure silver, is relatively soft, so silver is usually alloyed with copper to increase its hardness and strength. Sterling silver
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#1732772030373384-458: Is prone to tarnishing , and elements other than copper can be used in alloys to reduce tarnishing, as well as casting porosity and firescale . Such elements include germanium , zinc , platinum , silicon , and boron . Recent examples of these alloys include argentium , sterlium and silvadium . One of the earliest attestations of the term is in Old French form esterlin , in
416-651: The Trial of the Pyx until it was deposited at the Royal Mint in 1843. It bears the royal stamp ENRI. REX ("King Henry") but this was added later, in the reign of Henry III . The first legal definition of sterling silver appeared in 1275, when a statute of Edward I specified that 12 troy ounces of silver for coinage should contain 11 ounces 2 + 1 ⁄ 4 pennyweights of silver and 17 + 3 ⁄ 4 pennyweights of alloy, with 20 pennyweights to
448-819: The 2003 TV series Mister Sterling Roger Sterling, on the TV series Mad Men Other uses [ edit ] Sterling (horse) (1868–1891), a British racehorse and sire Sterling (program) , a program for generating fractals Sterling Plaza , a historic building in Beverly Hills, California Sterling submachine gun , produced by the Sterling Armaments Company a scuppernong (large muscadine grape, Vitis rotundifolia ) cultivar See also [ edit ] Sterling Forest State Park , New York Mount Sterling (disambiguation) Stirling (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
480-539: The Byzantine solidus , originally known as the solidus aureus meaning 'solid gold' or 'reliable gold'. In support of this he cites the fact that one of the first acts of the Normans was to restore the coinage to the consistent weight and purity it had in the days of Offa, King of Mercia . This would have been perceived as a contrast to the progressive debasement of the intervening 200 years, and would therefore be
512-672: The League's money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, which was contracted to sterling . Their Kontor , the Steelyard of London , was called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle . The Hanseatic League was officially active in the London trade from 1266 to 1597. This etymology may have been first suggested by Walter de Pinchebek ( c. 1300 ) with
544-483: The boudoir (dresser trays, mirrors, hair and suit brushes, pill bottles, manicure sets, shoehorns , perfume bottles, powder bottles, hair clips ) and even to children (cups, cutlery , rattles ). Other uses for sterling silver include: Silver is not a very reactive metal and does not react with oxygen or water at ordinary temperatures, so does not easily oxidize. However, it is attacked by common components of atmospheric pollution . Silver sulfide slowly appears as
576-640: The explanation that the coin was originally made by moneyers from that region. The claim has been made in Henry Spelman 's glossary ( Glossarium Archaiologicum ) as referenced in Commentaries on the Laws of England by William Blackstone . Yet another claim on this same hypothesis is from William Camden , as quoted in Chamber's Journal of Popular Literature, Science and Arts , Volume 4. By 1854,
608-512: The first to sign Hank Williams Music Man Sterling , a bass guitar by Music Man People [ edit ] Sterling (given name) Sterling (surname) Sterling Golden, early ring name of American professional wrestler Hulk Hogan (born 1953) Fictional characters [ edit ] Sterling Archer , eponymous protagonist of the animated TV series Archer Bruce Sterling ( Love of Life ) , American television soap opera character (1959 to 1980) Bruce Sterling, protagonist of
640-874: The following: carving knife and fork, salad knife and fork, cold meat fork, punch ladle , soup ladle, gravy ladle, casserole -serving spoon, berry spoon, lasagna server, macaroni server, asparagus server, cucumber server, tomato server, olive spoon, cheese scoop, fish knife and fork , pastry server, petit four server, cake knife, bon bon spoon, salt spoon , sugar sifter or caster and crumb remover with brush. Cutlery sets were often accompanied by tea sets , hot water pots, chocolate pots, trays and salvers , goblets, demitasse cups and saucers, liqueur cups, bouillon cups, egg cups, plates, napkin rings, water and wine pitchers and coasters, candelabra and even elaborate centerpieces. The interest in sterling silver extended to business ( paper clips , mechanical pencils , letter openers, calling card boxes, cigarette cases ), to
672-504: The gaps with a solder of 80 wt% silver and 20 wt% bronze. Finally, they would file and polish their work to remove all seams, finishing off with engraving and stamping the smith's mark. The American revolutionary Paul Revere was regarded as one of the best silversmiths from this "Golden Age of American Silver". Following the Revolutionary War , Revere acquired and made use of a silver rolling mill from England. Not only did
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#1732772030373704-448: The metal without damaging or warping it. Because harsh polishing and buffing can permanently damage and devalue a piece of antique silver, valuable items are typically hand-polished to preserve the unique patinas of older pieces. Techniques such as wheel polishing , which are typically performed by professional jewelers or silver repair companies, are reserved for extreme tarnish or corrosion. Sterling Commerce Sterling Commerce
736-476: The mill, such as flatware. With the onset of the first Industrial Revolution , silversmithing declined as an artistic occupation. From about 1840 to 1940 in the United States and Europe, sterling silver cutlery (US: 'flatware') became de rigueur when setting a proper table . There was a marked increase in the number of silver companies that emerged during that period. The height of the silver craze
768-425: The rolling mill increase his rate of production —hammering and flattening silver took most of a silversmith's time—he was able to roll and sell silver of appropriate, uniform thickness to other silversmiths. He retired a wealthy artisan, his success partly due to this strategic investment. Although he is celebrated for his beautiful hollowware , Revere made his fortune primarily on low-end goods produced by
800-502: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sterling . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sterling&oldid=1240716706 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Educational institution disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
832-506: The silver, which become increasingly brittle and difficult to shape. To restore the workability, the silversmith would anneal the piece—that is, heat it to a dull red and then quench it in water—to relieve the stresses in the material and return it to a more ductile state. Hammering required more time than all other silver manufacturing processes, and therefore accounted for the majority of labor costs. Silversmiths would then seam parts together to create complex and artistic items, sealing
864-534: The standard set by the London Goldsmiths Company : sterling silver consisted of 91.5–92.5% by weight silver and 8.5–7.5 wt% copper. Stamping each of their pieces with their personal maker's mark , colonial silversmiths relied upon their own status to guarantee the quality and composition of their products. Colonial silversmiths used many of the techniques developed by those in Europe. Casting
896-462: The tie between Easterling and Sterling was well-established, as Ronald Zupko quotes in his dictionary of weights. The British numismatist Philip Grierson disagrees with the "star" etymology, as the stars appeared on Norman pennies only for the single three-year issue from 1077 to 1080 (the Normans changed coin designs every three years). Grierson's proposed alternative is that sterling derives from ster meaning 'strong' or 'stout', by analogy with
928-571: The troy ounce. This is (not precisely) equivalent to a millesimal fineness of 926. In Colonial America , sterling silver was used for currency and general goods as well. Between 1634 and 1776, some 500 silversmiths created items in the "New World" ranging from simple buckles to ornate Rococo coffee pots. Although silversmiths of this era were typically familiar with all precious metals, they primarily worked in sterling silver. The colonies lacked an assay office during this time (the first would be established in 1814), so American silversmiths adhered to
960-668: Was a software and services company providing Omni-Channel Commerce , B2B including Electronic data interchange (EDI) translation software and one of the first B2B Integration platforms and managed file transfer ("MFT") products such as Connect:Direct (originally named Network Data Mover ). Sterling Commerce was headquartered near Columbus, Ohio in Dublin, Ohio . SBC Communications acquired Sterling Commerce (see "Ownership" below), then SBC merged with AT&T (renamed as Sterling Commerce, an AT&T Company), who sold Sterling Commerce to IBM . Sterling Commerce's Columbus, Ohio campus
992-554: Was during the 50-year period from 1870 to 1920. Flatware lines during this period sometimes included up to 100 different types of pieces. Some countries developed systems of hallmarking silver : Individual eating implements often included: This was especially true during the Victorian period, when etiquette dictated no food should be touched with one's fingers. Serving pieces were often elaborately decorated and pierced and embellished with ivory , and could include any or all of
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1024-478: Was frequently the first step in manufacturing silver pieces, as silver workers would melt down sterling silver into easily manageable ingots . Occasionally, they would create small components (e.g. teapot legs) by casting silver into iron or graphite molds, but it was rare for an entire piece to be fabricated via casting. Silversmiths would forge an ingot into the desired shape, by hammering at room temperature; this cold forming process, caused work hardening of
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