30-470: Stephen David Reicher FBA FRSE is Bishop Wardlaw Professor of Social Psychology at the University of St Andrews . His research is in the area of social psychology, focusing on social identity , collective behaviour , intergroup conflict , leadership and mobilisation . He is broadly interested in the issues of group behaviour and the individual-social relationship. After attending
60-680: A Commonwealth Scholarship . This was preceded by a year as a Robert T. Jones Scholar at Emory University (Atlanta). Prior to his current appointment at the University of Queensland, Haslam worked at the Australian National University ( Canberra ) (1991–2001) and the University of Exeter (2001–2012). Haslam is a recipient of the European Association of Social Psychology 's Kurt Lewin Medal (2005),
90-489: A common social identity. This common identity specifies what counts as normative conduct. Unlike the 'classic' theories, which tended to presume that collectivity was associated with uncontrolled violence (due to a regression to instinctive drives or a pre-existing 'racial unconscious'), the social identity model explicitly acknowledges variety by suggesting that different identities have different norms – some peaceful, some conflictual – and that, even where crowds are conflictual,
120-405: A given social identity they are motivated to see that (in)group (‘us’) as positively distinct from other comparison (out)groups. In simple, terms we want the groups that matter to us to be special. Second, when a particular social identity is salient (i.e., psychologically operative in ways that contribute to a sense of social identification) we are focused, above all else, on the fate and standing of
150-490: A given social identity—and hence seek out and respond positively to their leadership—to the extent that they are perceived to be representative of a relevant ingroup. Stated more formally in the language of cognitive theorizing about the structure of categories, we are influenced by others to the extent that they are seen to be prototypical of a relevant ingroup At the same time, though, other research inspired by social identity theorizing has shown that leaders’ prototypicality
180-400: A moveable feast. Indeed, one of the hallmarks of effective leadership is precisely the ability to take advantage of this flexibility. More specifically, leaders need to be entrepreneurs of identity who work not only to create a sense of shared group membership amongst would-be followers but also to shape their understanding of social identity. In these terms, the first task of a would-be leader
210-543: A social identity analysis of leadership. This work focuses on the role of perceived shared identity as a basis for mutual influence between leaders and followers. It argues that leaders' success hinges on their ability to create, represent, advance and embed a social identity that is shared with those they seek to motivate and inspire. This approach to leadership is informed by two influential social psychological theories: social identity theory and self-categorization theory . The critical contribution of social identity theory
240-561: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Alex Haslam Stephen Alexander "Alex" Haslam AM (born 1962) is a professor of psychology and ARC Australian Laureate Fellow in the School of Psychology at the University of Queensland . His research focuses on areas of social psychology , organisational psychology and health psychology , exploring issues of stereotyping and prejudice , tyranny and resistance, leadership and power, stress and well-being. This work
270-439: Is broadly interested in the issues of group behaviour and the individual-social relationship. His research interests can be grouped into three areas. The first is an attempt to develop a model of crowd action that accounts for both social determination and social change. The second concerns the construction of social categories through language and action. The third concerns political rhetoric and mass mobilisation – especially around
300-486: Is informed by, and has contributed to the development of, theory and ideas relating to the social identity approach . Haslam grew up in Elsenham , Essex and completed his secondary education at Felsted School . He holds a Master of Arts (MA) degree from the University of St Andrews and a PhD from Macquarie University (Sydney). His doctoral work at Macquarie was supervised by John Turner (psychologist) and funded by
330-622: Is not all that matters when it comes to motivating followers. As well as being perceived to be “one of us” leaders also need to be seen to “do it for us” through their work as ingroup champions. Indeed, one of the things that is most problematic for leaders’ effectiveness is the perception that they are either acting for themselves or, worse, for an outgroup. In this vein another large body of research shows that regardless of how prototypical they are, leaders will be more effective when they are also seen to act in ways that advance group interests. But social identities are not set in stone. Instead they are
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#1732782389986360-623: Is to create a sense that they and their followers are bound together by a common cause which they embody. Again, though, these endeavors are not enough to guarantee success, especially in the long term. For leadership is not only about the behavior of leaders but also about the way they shape the behavior of followers. Accordingly, leaders need to fashion social identity in ways that are compelling for followers and that allow them to act in ways that embed shared group values in social reality. That is, they need to be identity impresarios who devise and choreograph collective activities and events that bring
390-596: Is to recognize that, in a range of social and organizational contexts, people’s sense of self is not primarily defined by their sense of themselves as individuals (in terms of their personal identity, as “me” and “I”). Rather, it is defined by their sense of themselves as members of particular groups (in terms of their social identity, as “we” and “us”). Through its capacity to structure people’s sense of self, social identity has wide-ranging implications for cognition and behavior — two of which are especially important for leadership. First, when people define themselves in terms of
420-578: The BBC television programme The Experiment ,which became known as the "BBC Prison Study". This examined the behaviour of a group of individuals within a simulated prison environment, returning to issues raised by the Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE). Amongst other things, the study's findings challenged the role account of tyranny associated with the SPE as well as broader ideas surrounding
450-778: The British Psychology Society 's Presidents' Award for distinguished contributions to psychological knowledge (2016), the International Society of Political Psychology 's Nevitt Sanford Award for distinguished contribution to political psychology (2017), and the Australian Psychological Society 's Award for distinguished contribution to psychological science (2018). In 2009 he was granted the British Psychological Society 's Award for Excellence in
480-549: The Perse School , Cambridge , Reicher completed his undergraduate degree at the University of Bristol and his PhD also at the University of Bristol in 1984 with a thesis on collective behaviour . At Bristol, Reicher worked closely with Henri Tajfel and John Turner on social identity theory and social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE). Reicher held positions at the University of Dundee and University of Exeter before moving to St Andrews in 1997. He
510-584: The Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) and led to a number of publications in leading psychology journals. Amongst other things, these challenged the role account of tyranny associated with the SPE as well as broader ideas surrounding the Banality of Evil , and advanced a social identity-based understanding of the dynamics of resistance. -He was interviewed by Jim Al-Khalili for The Life Scientific first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in March 2018. Fellow of
540-541: The " banality of evil ". The core insight from the study was that tyranny results from the engaged followership of subordinates rather than blind conformity to roles or rules. Recent work has also demonstrated that the same analysis can explain the behaviour of participants in Milgram's Obedience to Authority experiments. Since the 1990s, Haslam has collaborated with a number of social identity researchers, notably Steve Reicher, Michael Platow, and John Turner, developing
570-825: The British Academy Fellowship of the British Academy ( post-nominal letters FBA ) is an award granted by the British Academy to leading academics for their distinction in the humanities and social sciences. The categories are: The award of fellowship is based on published work and fellows may use the post-nominal letters FBA . Examples of Fellows are Edward Rand ; Mary Beard ; Roy Porter ; Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford ; Michael Lobban ; M. R. James ; Friedrich Hayek ; John Maynard Keynes ; Lionel Robbins ; and Rowan Williams . This award -related article
600-737: The Sage subcommittee advising on behavioural science during the COVID-19 pandemic . He was also a member of the advisory committee to the Scottish Government and convened the behavioural science group of Independent SAGE. Reicher's work on crowd psychology has challenged the dominant notion of crowd as site of irrationality and deindividuation . His social identity model (SIM, 1982, 1984, 1987) of crowd behaviour suggests that people are able to act as one in crowd events not because of 'contagion' or social facilitation but because they share
630-880: The Teaching of Psychology, and a National Teaching Fellowship from the Higher Education Academy . He was an Associate Editor of the British Journal of Social Psychology from 1999 to 2001 and Editor-in-Chief of the European Journal of Social Psychology from 2001 to 2005, and President of the psychology section of the British Science Association from 2009 to 2010. He is currently an Associate Editor of Leadership Quarterly (from 2017). In 2001, Haslam collaborated with Steve Reicher ( University of St Andrews ) on
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#1732782389986660-750: The groups they lead to life and give them a material force. The form that such activities take necessarily varies as a function of nature of the social identity that leaders are seeking to entrench. Nevertheless, whatever the domain, the long-term effectiveness of groups and leadership is generally buttressed by formalized identity performances and structures—such things as competitions and conferences, feasts and festivals, ceremonies and celebrations. Early work on social identity and leadership focused mainly on leaders’ identity prototypicality. However, as it has evolved, social identity research has broadened out to also explore leaders’ identity advancement, identity entrepreneurship and identity impresarioship. In 2011, this work
690-535: The issue of national identity. His research has been funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). His former doctoral students include John Dixon, John Drury, Nick Hopkins, Mark Levine, Eva Loth, Fabio Sani and Clifford Stott Stephen Reicher as well as his direct University of Sussex colleague John Drury are both participants in
720-431: The leadership process it also referred to this work as being broadly concerned with identity leadership . Haslam has worked with Michelle K. Ryan on the leadership experiences of women, and together they coined the term " glass cliff " to describe some of their key findings – specifically, evidence that women are more likely than men to be appointed to leadership roles in organisations that are performing poorly. This
750-411: The relevant group. A key point here is that when a person defines themselves in terms of a particular social identity (e.g., as a feminist), they will be motivated both to discover the meaning of that social identity (e.g., what it means to be a feminist) and to act in ways that embody that meaning. But in a changing and uncertain world, these things may be hard to discern. Accordingly, to makes sense of
780-496: The targets will be only those specified by the social identity of the crowd. Reicher collaborated with Alex Haslam of the University of Exeter on the BBC television programme The Experiment , which examined conflict, order, rebellion and tyranny in the behaviour of a group of individuals held in a simulated prison environment. The experiment (which became known as the BBC Prison Study) re-examined issues raised by
810-544: The world and our place within it, we rely on information from other people who are members of our ingroup. But clearly not everyone is going to be helpful here. If you are a feminist, it makes no sense to look to an anti-feminist or a non-feminist for guidance on matters related to gender relations. Instead, you turn to fellow ingroup members (i.e., other feminists) because you see them as best positioned to inform you about self-relevant features of social reality. More particularly, we will see others as qualified to inform us about
840-427: Was brought together in the first edition of Haslam, Reicher and Platow’s monograph The New Psychology of Leadership . This showcased the work of around 50 researchers who had contributed to research on social identity and leadership at that time (a number that had grown to more than 150 by the time the second edition was published in 2020). To capture the breadth of social identity processes understood to be implicated in
870-554: Was formerly head of the School of Psychology at St Andrews. He is a former Associate Editor of the Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology and Chief Editor (with Margaret Wetherell ) of the British Journal of Social Psychology . Reicher is an editor for a number of journals including Scientific American Mind . His research is in the area of social psychology, focusing on social identity , collective behaviour , intergroup conflict , leadership and mobilisation . He
900-814: Was short-listed for the Times Higher Education "Research Project of the Year" in 2005. Haslam's more recent work (funded by the Australian Research Council ) has contributed to the development of the Social Identity Approach to health and well-being, also referred to as "The Social Cure", including the Integrated Social Identity model of Stress (ISIS). This work argues that the sense of social identity derived from shared group membership
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