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59-585: Lavandula (common name lavender ) is a genus of 47 known species of perennial flowering plants in the mints family, Lamiaceae . It is native to the Old World , primarily found across the drier, warmer regions of mainland Eurasia , with an affinity for maritime breezes. Lavender is found on the Iberian Peninsula and around the entirety of the Mediterranean coastline (including

118-557: A species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in the nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

177-503: A glass of champagne. Lavender is used in savory dishes, giving stews and reduced sauces aromatic flair. It is also used to scent flans, custards, and sorbets. The flowers yield abundant nectar , from which bees make a high-quality honey . Monofloral honey is produced primarily around the Mediterranean Sea , and is marketed worldwide as a premium product. Flowers can be candied and are sometimes used as cake decorations . It

236-427: A heavy, soapy aftertaste. Chefs note to reduce by two-thirds the dry amount in recipes that call for fresh lavender buds. Lavender buds can amplify both sweet and savory flavors in dishes and are sometimes paired with sheep's milk and goat's milk cheeses. Lavender flowers are occasionally blended with black , green , or herbal teas . Lavender flavors baked goods and desserts, pairing especially well with chocolate. In

295-651: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

354-628: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

413-501: A noxious weed in Victoria since 1920. It is regarded as a weed in parts of Spain. Lavenders flourish best in dry, well-drained, sandy or gravelly soils in full sun. English lavender has a long germination process (14–28 days) and matures within 100–110 days. All types need little or no fertilizer and good air circulation. In areas of high humidity, root rot due to fungus infection can be a problem. Organic mulches can trap moisture around

472-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

531-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

590-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

649-423: Is also used as herbal filler inside sachets used to freshen linens. Dried and sealed in pouches, lavender flowers are placed among stored items of clothing to give a fresh fragrance and to deter moths . Dried lavender flowers may be used for wedding confetti . Lavender is also used in scented waters , soaps , and sachets . The ancient Greeks called the lavender herb νάρδος: nárdos, Latinized as nardus , after

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708-462: Is also used to make "lavender sugar". The German scientific committee on traditional medicine , Commission E , reported uses of lavender flower in practices of herbalism , including its use for restlessness or insomnia , Roemheld syndrome , intestinal discomfort, and cardiovascular diseases , among others. Flower spikes are used for dried flower arrangements. The fragrant, pale purple flowers and flower buds are used in potpourris . Lavender

767-608: Is commonly used for L. angustifolia , though some references say the proper term is "Old English lavender". The name "French lavender" may refer to either L. stoechas or to L. dentata . "Spanish lavender" may refer to L. pedunculata , L. stoechas , or L. lanata . The most common form in cultivation is the common or English lavender Lavandula angustifolia (formerly named L. officinalis ). A wide range of cultivars can be found. Other commonly grown ornamental species are L. stoechas , L. dentata , and L. multifida (Egyptian lavender). Because

826-612: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

885-473: Is listed as an ingredient in making a spiced wine, namely hippocras , in The Forme of Cury . Lavender was introduced into England in the 1600s. It is said that Queen Elizabeth I of England prized a lavender conserve (jam) at her table, so lavender was produced as a jam at that time, as well as used in teas both medicinally and for its taste. Lavender was not used in traditional southern French cooking at

944-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

1003-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

1062-747: Is tubular. The corolla is also tubular, usually with five lobes (the upper lip often cleft, and the lower lip has two clefts). Some 100 individual phytochemicals have been identified in lavender oil, including major contents of linalyl acetate (30–55%), linalool (20–35%), tannins (5–10%), and caryophyllene (8%), with lesser amounts of sesquiterpenoids , perillyl alcohols , esters , oxides , ketones , cineole , camphor , beta- ocimene , limonene , caproic acid , and caryophyllene oxide. The relative amounts of these compounds vary considerably among lavender species. Lavandula stoechas , L. pedunculata , and L. dentata were known in Roman times. From

1121-420: Is used in traditional medicine and as an ingredient in cosmetics . The genus includes annual or short-lived herbaceous perennial plants, and shrub -like perennials, subshrubs or small shrubs. Leaf shape is diverse across the genus. They are simple in some commonly cultivated species; in other species, they are pinnately toothed, or pinnate , sometimes multiple pinnate and dissected. In most species,

1180-482: Is usually English lavender, the most commonly used species in cooking ( L. angustifolia 'Munstead'). As an aromatic, it has a sweet fragrance with lemon or citrus notes. It is used as a spice or condiment in pastas, salads and dressings, and desserts. Their buds and greens are used in teas, and their buds, processed by bees, are the essential ingredient of a monofloral honey . Spanish nard ( Old French : "spykenard de spayn le pays" ), referring to L. stoechas ,

1239-507: The 13th century , and is generally thought to derive from Old French lavandre , ultimately from Latin lavare from lavo (to wash), referring to the use of blue infusions of the plants for bathing. The botanic name Lavandula as used by Linnaeus is considered to be derived from this and other European vernacular names for the plants. The names widely used for some of the species, "English lavender", "French lavender" and "Spanish lavender" are all imprecisely applied. "English lavender"

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1298-770: The Adriatic coast , the Balkans , the Levant , and coastal North Africa ), in parts of Eastern and Southern Africa and the Middle East , as well as in South Asia and on the Indian subcontinent . Many members of the genus are cultivated extensively in temperate climates as ornamental plants for garden and landscape use, for use as culinary herbs , and also commercially for the extraction of essential oils . Lavender

1357-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

1416-824: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

1475-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

1534-473: The French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or the scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of

1593-652: The Middle Ages onwards, the European species were considered two separate groups or genera, Stoechas ( L. stoechas , L. pedunculata , L. dentata ) and Lavandula ( L. spica and L. latifolia ), until Carl Linnaeus combined them. He recognised only five species in Species Plantarum (1753), L. multifida and L. dentata (Spain) and L. stoechas and L. spica from Southern Europe. L. pedunculata

1652-489: The North American version. In the 21st century, lavender is used in many world regions to flavor tea, vinegar, jellies , baked goods, and beverages. For most cooking applications the dried buds, which are also referred to as flowers, are used. Lavender greens have a more subtle flavor when compared to rosemary . The potency of the lavender flowers increases with drying which necessitates more sparing use to avoid

1711-493: The Syrian city of Naarda (possibly the modern town of Duhok , Iraq). It was also commonly called nard . The species originally grown was L. stoechas . During Roman times, flowers were sold for 100 denarii per pound , which was about the same as a month's wages for a farm laborer, or fifty haircuts from the local barber. Its late Latin name was lavandārius , from lavanda (things to be washed), from lavāre from

1770-480: The United States, both lavender syrup and dried lavender buds are used to make lavender scones and marshmallows . Lavender buds are put into sugar for two weeks to allow the essential oils and fragrance to transfer; then the sugar itself is used in baking. Lavender can be used in breads where recipes call for rosemary. Lavender can be used decoratively in dishes or spirits, or as a decorative and aromatic in

1829-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

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1888-456: The cultivated forms are planted in gardens worldwide, they are occasionally found growing wild as garden escapes, well beyond their natural range. Such spontaneous growth is usually harmless, but in some cases, Lavandula species have become invasive . For example, in Australia, L. stoechas has become a cause for concern; it occurs widely throughout the continent and has been declared

1947-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

2006-737: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

2065-432: The idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of the same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but

2124-633: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

2183-412: The leaves are covered in fine hairs or indumentum , which normally contain essential oils. Flowers are contained in whorls , held on spikes rising above the foliage, the spikes being branched in some species. Some species produce colored bracts at the tips of the inflorescences . The flowers may be blue, violet, or lilac in the wild species, occasionally blackish purple or yellowish. The sepal calyx

2242-483: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Lavandula pinnata Lavandula pinnata (also known as fernleaf lavender and jagged lavender ) is a species of flowering plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae , native to southern Madeira and the Canary Islands (Lanzarote). It

2301-809: The major cultivated and commercial forms resided in the Stoechas and Spica sections. There were four species within Stoechas ( Lavandula stoechas , L. dentata , L. viridis , and L. pedunculata ) while Spica had three ( L. officinalis (now L. angustifolia ), L. latifolia and L. lanata ). She believed that the garden varieties were hybrids between true lavender L. angustifolia and spike lavender ( L. latifolia ). Lavandula has three subgenera: In addition, there are numerous hybrids and cultivars in commercial and horticultural usage. The first major clade corresponds to subgenus Lavandula , and

2360-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

2419-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

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2478-489: The original authorship of the name " Lavandula pinnata " varies by source. The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families attributes the name to Johan Daniel Lundmark in 1780, a view followed by The Plant List and Tropicos . GRIN Taxonomy and the African Plant Database attribute the name to the younger Carl Linnaeus (1780); the International Plant Names Index has the same attribution, but without

2537-447: The plants tend to be easier to harvest. They yield a similar essential oil, but with higher levels of terpenes including camphor , which add a sharper overtone to the fragrance, regarded by some as of lower quality than that of English lavender. The US Food and Drug Administration considers lavender as generally recognized as safe for human consumption. The essential oil was used in hospitals during World War I . Culinary lavender

2596-462: The plants' bases, encouraging root rot. Gravelly materials such as crushed rocks give better results. It grows best in soils with a pH between 6 and 8. Most lavender is hand-harvested, and harvest times vary depending on intended use. The U.S. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) states that lavender is considered likely safe in food amounts, and that topical uses may cause allergic reactions . The NCCIH does not recommend

2655-617: The pound. This Lavender or Nardus was called Asarum by the Romans, because it was not used in garlands or chaplets. It was formerly believed that the asp, a dangerous kind of viper, made Lavender its habitual place of abode, so that the plant had to be approached with great caution.' Genus The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including

2714-541: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

2773-555: The second Fabricia . The Sabaudia group is less clearly defined. Within the Lavandula clade, the subclades correspond to the existing sections but place Dentatae separately from Stoechas , not within it. Within the Fabricia clade, the subclades correspond to Pterostoechas , Subnudae , and Chaetostachys . Thus the current classification includes 39 species distributed across 8 sections (the original 6 of Chaytor and

2832-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

2891-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

2950-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

3009-401: The turn of the 20th century. It does not appear at all in the best-known compendium of Provençal cooking, J.-B. Reboul's Cuisinière Provençale . French lambs have been allowed to graze on lavender as it is alleged to make their meat more tender and fragrant. In the 1970s, a blend of herbs called herbes de Provence was invented by spice wholesalers. Culinary lavender is added to the mixture in

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3068-496: The two new sections of Upson and Andrews ), in three subgenera (see table below). However, since lavender cross-pollinates easily, countless variations present difficulties in classification. This is based on the classification of Upson and Andrews, 2004. I. Subgenus Lavendula Upson & S.Andrews II. Subgenus Fabricia (Adams.) Upson & S.Andrews III. Subgenus Sabaudia (Buscal. & Muschl.) Upson & S.Andrews The English word lavender came into use in

3127-536: The use of lavender oil on skin. Commercially, the plant is grown mainly for the production of lavender essential oil. English lavender ( Lavandula angustifolia ) yields an oil with sweet overtones and can be used in balms, salves, perfumes, cosmetics, and topical applications. Lavandula × intermedia , also known as lavandin or Dutch lavender , hybrids of L. angustifolia and L. latifolia . are widely cultivated for commercial use since their flowers tend to be bigger than those of English lavender and

3186-514: The use of lavender while pregnant or breastfeeding because of lack of knowledge of its effects. It recommends caution if young boys use lavender oil because of possible hormonal effects leading to gynecomastia . A 2007 study examined the relationship between various fragrances and photosensitivity , stating that lavender is known "to elicit cutaneous photo-toxic reactions", but does not induce photohaemolysis . Some people experience contact dermatitis , allergic eczema , or facial dermatitis from

3245-576: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

3304-592: The verb lavo (to wash). Since the late 19th century, lavenders and their color have been associated with the queer community . 'By the Greeks the name Nardus is given to Lavender, from Naarda, a city of Syria near the Euphrates, and many persons call the plant "Nard." St. Mark mentions this as Spikenard, a thing of great value. In Pliny's time, blossoms of the Nardus sold for a hundred Roman denarii (or L.3 2s. 6d.)

3363-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

3422-403: Was first described in 1780. Lavandula pinnata is a shrub growing between 18 and 24 inches in height, with opposite, simple, pinnately dissected leaves , and square stems. Leaves are covered in fine white hairs, giving the plant a downy appearance. Flowers are deep violet in colour, with single or triple flower spikes, blooming from late spring to summer. As of 4 February 2018 ,

3481-624: Was included within L. stoechas . By 1790, L. pinnata and L. carnosa were recognised. The latter was subsequently transferred to Anisochilus . By 1826, Frédéric Charles Jean Gingins de la Sarraz listed 12 species in three sections, and by 1848 eighteen species were known. One of the first modern major classifications was that of Dorothy Chaytor in 1937 at Kew. The six sections she proposed for 28 species still left many intermediates that could not easily be assigned. Her sections included Stoechas , Spica , Subnudae , Pterostoechas , Chaetostachys , and Dentatae . However, all

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