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20-819: From 1561 to 1563, theological controversy between the prominent pastor Johann Marbach and Professor Girolamo Zanchi of the Strasbourg Academy divided the Church in the city of Strasbourg . In February, 1562, the Basel city council had offered to send theologians to mediate the dispute between the Strasbourg clergy and the Academy. Strasbourg agreed and a year later Basel sent Simon Sulzer and others. The mediators then met separately with each group and drafted several articles on main issues. “A general paragraph

40-475: A considerable number of deviations, and was not satisfied with the explanations of Chemnitz. Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel , also opposed the Formula, so that it was not accepted in his country, and thus lost much of its general authority. Tilemann's sons, Gottfried Heshusius (1554-1625) and Heinrich Heshusius (1556-1597) followed him into the ministry and became Lutheran pastors and superintendents in

60-654: The Calvinists but the Schwenkfeldians and Anabaptists , who were still active at Strasbourg; and introduced the Lutheran catechism (1554). He instituted private confession in the Church of St. Nicholas, and kept up the rite of confirmation when it began to fall into disuse in other Strasbourg churches. Marbach also took an active part in bringing about the acceptance of the Formula of Concord ; and prevailed on

80-650: The Church Convocation. In 1551 he was an envoy from Strasbourg to the Council of Trent . Until Martin Bucer 's departure for England (1549) Marbach was on good terms with him as the recognized head of the Strasbourg Church, and remained a regular correspondent. Gradually, however, Marbach developed a more exclusive Lutheranism than that represented by other Strasbourg Reformers. In the position to

100-691: The Lutheran Tilemann Hesshusen , De præsentia corporis Christi in cœno Domini with the author's vehement preface against Frederick III, Elector Palatine and his theologians in Strasburg, open conflict broke out between Zanchi and Marbach. The main points of contention were the doctrines of the Eucharist, of Ubiquity (just then coming into prominence), and of the perseverance of the elect and predestination . Marbach advocated his views in three major works. He combatted not only

120-1015: The Strasbourg theologians to sign the Zerbst Formula (1571), while the official acceptance of the Formula of Concord was opposed by the town council. In the Palatinate he assisted Louis VI in 1576 to restore Lutheranism after the death of Frederick III. He died at Strasbourg. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication in the public domain :  Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ed. (1914). New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls. {{ cite encyclopedia }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help ) Tilemann Hesshusen Tilemann Heshusius (also Hesshus, Heßhusen, Hess Husen, Heshusen ) (3 November 1527 in Wesel — 25 September 1588 in Helmstedt )

140-589: The Swiss, Calvinistic, and Unionistic elements in Strasbourg, Marbach was the leader. The outcome of this conflict was evidenced in the Strasbourg Kirchenordnung of 1598, principally Marbach's work. From 1553 complaints began against the pastor of the local French refugee Calvinist congregation, Jean Garnier, because he did not hold the doctrine of the Strasbourg church on the Eucharist . He

160-706: The cause of Lutheran unity. In 1573, when the Elector August of Saxony took over the administration of Saxe-Weimar after the death of Duke John William , nearly 100 pastors were forced to leave the territory. Heshusius and Johann Wigand went to Königsberg in East Prussia . There Heshusius became the Bishop of Samland in 1573, but when Wigand turned against him, he was dismissed from his post. Martin Chemnitz helped him secure an influential position on

180-825: The church of the Electorate of the Palatinate in Heidelberg . In 1559 a controversy broke out in Heidelberg over the Lord's Supper between Heshusius and his deacon Wilhelm Klebitz. To restore peace, Elector Frederick released both clerics from their posts—a decision later approved by Melanchthon. He became involved in another controversy over the Lord’s Supper in Bremen , which did not redound to his glory, opposing Albert Hardenberg and Jacob Probst . Heshusius himself resigned and went from there to Magdeburg , where he received

200-562: The expense of the city. However, he soon came into conflict with Goslar and left in 1556 to take a post at the University of Rostock . There too he became involved in a dispute over Sunday weddings and the participation of Protestants in Roman Catholic celebrations. After attempting to excommunicate two leading city officials, he was expelled from the town. Melanchthon was able to arrange his appointment as general superintendent of

220-566: The gate, and he and his "very pregnant wife" were forcibly conducted out of the city on 21 October 1562. Even his hometown Wesel refused him asylum. Count Palatine Wolfgang of Pfalz-Zweibrücken took him in. After Wolfgang’s death, Heshusius went to Jena . There he advocated the theological position that obedience should be a defining mark of the church in addition to Word and Sacrament (the only two “marks” recognized by most Lutherans). For that reason he challenged Jacob Andreae , Victorinus Strigel , Matthias Flacius and all those who pursued

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240-417: The other mediators were there in Strasbourg to draw up a common statement “which would end the controversy and reconcile the two sides, not to reach a final agreement on the doctrinal issues. At the official ceremony of reconciliation, Zanchi was unwilling to shake hands with Marbach, who still condemned Zanchi's teachings... At this point Sulzer took Zanchi aside and told him that the handshake did not mean that

260-539: The pastorate at the Church of St. John in 1560 and the position of superintendent in 1561. But he would not refrain from publicly testifying against the Crypto-Calvinists, Synergists, and others, and he felt compelled to pronounce the ban on the city council. After continuing to preach in spite of the prohibition he had received, the border warden and 30 to 40 armed citizens invaded and occupied his parsonage property at 3 a.m., with 500 armed citizens stationed at

280-546: The theology faculty at the newly established University of Helmstedt . In 1578 his claims against Wigand were vindicated at the Herzberger Konvent . Though he had earlier opposed the union efforts of Andreae, he was finally persuaded to sign the Formula of Concord , and every obstacle to its introduction in Brunswick seemed to be removed; but in comparing the printed copy with the written text, Hesshusius found

300-537: The two parties agreed on doctrine; such agreement could only be reached at a general synod. Instead, the handshake would signify two things: that Zanchi accepted the Consensus' formulation of doctrine, and that he sincerely forgave the other party for wrongs committed against him in the course of the controversy.” The agreement ended the controversy in Strasbourg, but undermined the unity of the four evangelical German-speaking cities of Switzerland. One of its signatories

320-499: Was Simon Sulzer , antistes of the Basel church and rector of the city's university, and he was regarded as a theological enemy by other churches. “Their failure set the stage for Basel's gradual alienation from the other Reformed churches and cities in Switzerland over the next two decades.” Johann Marbach Johann Marbach (14 April 1521 – 17 March 1581) was a German Lutheran reformer and controversialist. He

340-903: Was a Gnesio-Lutheran theologian and Protestant reformer . Heshusius came from an influential family in Wesel. He was a student of Philipp Melanchthon at the University of Wittenberg and was consequently close to him. During the time of the Augsburg Interim , he lived in Oxford and Paris . In 1550 he took his master's degree and was received by the Senate of the philosophical faculty; he lectured on rhetoric and as well as theology. In 1553 he became Superintendent in Goslar and acquired his doctoral degree in Wittenberg on 19 May that year at

360-562: Was born at Lindau in Bavaria . He began his studies at Strasbourg in 1536, and three years later went to Wittenberg , where he shared a house with Martin Luther and took his doctor's degree in 1543. After holding temporary positions at Jena and Isny , in 1545 he accepted a call to Strasbourg. Here, from 1545 to 1558, he was pastor of the Church of St. Nicholas; canon at St. Thomas' from 1546; professor from 1549, and from 1551 president of

380-709: Was later added to this document stating that the Lord's Supper would be taught in conformity with the Augsburg Confession , its Apology, and the Wittenberg Concord . This paragraph corresponded with a decision of the Strasbourg city council that the Augsburg Confession and its Apology, rather than the city's own Tetrapolitan Confession , would serve as the doctrinal standard for the arbiters.” Sulzer repeatedly reassured Zanchi that he and

400-516: Was obliged to leave Strasbourg in 1555. Also that year Peter Martyr , a teacher at the High School, left for Zurich to escape making declarations on the same topic. The last prominent advocate of Unionistic-Calvinistic theology at Strasbourg was Jerome Zanchi , also a teacher of the High School, and a member of the French congregation. When in 1560 Marbach reprinted at Strasbourg the treatise of

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