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62-504: Sugar Labs is a community-run software project whose mission is to produce, distribute, and support the use of Sugar , an open source desktop environment and learning platform. Sugar Labs was initially established as a member project of the Software Freedom Conservancy , an umbrella organization for free software projects., but in 2021, it became an independent 501(c)(3) organization . About every six months,

124-408: A 2 GB or larger installation medium. The last release of Ubuntu available on a minimal CD was 18.04. 32-bit x86 processors were supported up to Ubuntu 18.04. It was decided to support " legacy software ", i.e. select 32-bit i386 packages , for Ubuntu 19.10 (since out of support) and 20.04 LTS. On 9 August 2024, Ubuntu announced a change in policy to always use the latest upstream code of

186-535: A Stick v2 Blueberry was released on 8 December 2009. It is based on F12 version of the Fedora operating system . It contains many features that improve the overall user and learning experience. Here is an overview of the most notable ones: Mirabelle was the 3rd release of the Sugar on a Stick project. It was released on 25 May 2010. Mango Lassi was the 4th version of Sugar on a Stick released on 2 November 2010. It uses

248-399: A developer. In combination with other freezes, this helps packagers ensure that frozen features interoperate well together. Ubuntu aims to be secure by default. User programs run with low privileges and cannot corrupt the operating system or other users' files. For increased security, the sudo tool is used to assign temporary privileges for performing administrative tasks, which allows

310-467: A different set of default packages compared to the standard Ubuntu Desktop. Since they share the same package repositories, all of the same software is available for each of them. Ubuntu Core is the sole exception as it only has access to packages in the Snap Store. The server edition (like the desktop version) supports hardware virtualization and can be run in a virtual machine , either inside

372-788: A host operating system or in a hypervisor , such as VMware ESXi , Oracle , Citrix XenServer , Microsoft Hyper-V , QEMU , a Kernel-based Virtual Machine , or any other IBM PC compatible emulator or virtualiser. AppArmor security module for the Linux kernel is used by default on key software packages, and the firewall is extended to common services used by the operating system. It has versions of key server software pre-installed, including Tomcat, PostgreSQL (v12.2), Docker, Puppet, Python (v3.9), PHP (v8.0), NGINX (v1.17), and MySQL (v8.0). Ubuntu had some official distributions that have been discontinued, such as Gobuntu ; including some previously supported by Canonical, like Ubuntu Touch , that

434-515: A list which is a reordering of former list, ordered by power-efficiency. On the TOP500 list, that supercomputer was ranked 170nd (and many Ubuntu-based rank higher than that). The public sector has also adopted Ubuntu. As of January 2009 , the Ministry of Education and Science of North Macedonia deployed more than 180,000 Ubuntu-based classroom desktops, and has encouraged every student in

496-420: A network block device. If too many activities are loaded at the same time there may be performance problems due to low memory or processor load. Sugar has had many XO releases. Sugar can be run on a Raspberry Pi. It is recommended to use SOAS to run Sugar on one. You can learn how to run Sugar on a Raspberry Pi on Sugar Lab's website. The Sugar on a Stick Strawberry release is based on Fedora 11 with

558-444: A partner repository that let vendors of proprietary software deliver their products to Ubuntu users at no cost through the same familiar tools for installing and upgrading software. The software in the partner repository was officially supported with security and other important updates by its respective vendors. Canonical supported the packaging of the software for Ubuntu and provided guidance to vendors. However, in anticipation for

620-451: A sugar version 0.98.2 . It is the 9th version of Sugar on a Stick released on 2 July 2013. It uses a Sugar version 0.98.8 . It is the 10th version of Sugar on a Stick released on 17 December 2013. It uses a Sugar version 0.100.0. Sugar has stopped giving official names to SoaS releases, however, it continues to create new versions for each Fedora release. The latest version of Sugar is 0.112 . Sugar has released its latest versions for

682-488: Is recommended by The Sugar Project as per 2020. Sugarizer is an HTML and JavaScript based application that allows for using Sugar functionality on any device. It is available as both a web application and a mobile app . It offers a similar user interface and includes features of Sugar Core (datastore and journal), as well as many of the same Sugar activities. Ubuntu (operating system) Ubuntu ( / ʊ ˈ b ʊ n t uː / uu- BUUN -too )

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744-480: Is a Linux distribution derived from Debian and composed mostly of free and open-source software . Ubuntu is officially released in multiple editions: Desktop , Server , and Core for Internet of things devices and robots . The operating system is developed by the British company Canonical and a community of other developers, under a meritocratic governance model. As of October 2024 ,

806-434: Is also officially supported. Live images are the typical way for users to assess and subsequently install Ubuntu. These can be downloaded as a disk image ( .iso ) and subsequently burnt to a DVD or USB flash drive and then booted. Other methods include running the live version via Ventoy , UNetbootin , Universal USB Installer , or Startup Disk Creator (a pre-installed tool on Ubuntu, available on machines already running

868-508: Is also prevalent on VPS platforms such as DigitalOcean . Ubuntu has support for OpenStack, with Eucalyptus to OpenStack migration tools added by Canonical. Ubuntu 11.10 added focus on OpenStack as the Ubuntu's preferred IaaS offering though Eucalyptus is also supported. Another major focus is Canonical Juju for provisioning, deploying, hosting, managing, and orchestrating enterprise data center infrastructure services, by, with, and for

930-491: Is available as a USB-bootable Linux distribution ("Sugar on a Stick" also known as "SoaS") and as software components forming an installable additional desktop environment for most Linux distributions. It can be installed using the Fedora Live USB Creator , and can be installed onto a computer hard disk using the liveinst command from a Sugar Terminal or console. On June 23, 2009, Sugar Labs announced

992-416: Is available to configure it. Ubuntu compiles its packages using GCC features such as PIE and buffer overflow protection to harden its software. These extra features greatly increase security at the performance expense of 0.01% in 64-bit . Ubuntu also supports full disk encryption as well as encryption of the home and private directories. The system requirements vary among Ubuntu products. For

1054-417: Is given its own -updates repository (e.g. intrepid-updates). The repository is supported by Canonical Ltd. for packages in main and restricted, and by the community for packages in universe and multiverse. All updates to the repository must meet certain requirements and go through the -proposed repository before being made available to the public. Updates are scheduled to be available until the end of life for

1116-584: Is more limited than that of Main, because the developers may not have access to the source code . It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a complete desktop environment. In addition to the above, in which the software does not receive new features after an initial release, Ubuntu Backports is an officially recognised repository for backporting newer software from later versions of Ubuntu. The -updates repository provides stable release updates (SRU) of Ubuntu and are generally installed through update-manager. Each release

1178-464: Is not allowed to be modified , its distribution is still permitted. Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are made for important non-free software. Supported non-free software includes device drivers that can be used to run Ubuntu on some current hardware, such as binary-only graphics card drivers . The level of support in the Restricted category

1240-426: Is now maintained by volunteers (UBports Community). Alongside the official flavours are those that are unofficial. These are still in the process of becoming recognised as official flavours by Canonical. Ubuntu offers Ubuntu Cloud Images which are pre-installed disk images that have been customised by Ubuntu engineering to run on cloud-platforms such as Amazon EC2 , OpenStack , Microsoft Azure and LXC . Ubuntu

1302-407: Is possible to skip an LTS upgrade, going straight from 16.04 LTS to 18.04.5 LTS, by waiting for a point release that supports such updating. LTS releases have optional extended security maintenance (ESM) support available, including e.g. 18.04 "Bionic" that is otherwise out of public support, adding support for that version up to 2028, giving a total of 10 years. Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat) ,

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1364-455: Is the variant officially recommended for most users. It is designed for desktop and laptop PCs and is officially supported by Canonical. A number of variants are distinguished simply by each featuring a different desktop environment, or, in the case of Ubuntu Server, no desktop. LXQt and Xfce are often recommended for use with older PCs that may have less memory and processing power available. Most Ubuntu editions and flavours simply install

1426-696: The Linux kernel at the time of each Ubuntu release, even if the kernel code hasn't seen a stable release. As of version 24.10, a default installation of Ubuntu contains a minimal selection of software, namely a web browser ( Firefox ) and basic GNOME utilities (including the desktop). Many additional software packages are accessible from the built-in Ubuntu Software (previously Ubuntu Software Center ) as well as any other APT-based package management tools. Many additional software packages that are no longer installed by default, such as Evolution , GIMP , Pidgin , and Synaptic , are still accessible in

1488-508: The RAR file format . Additionally, third-party application suites are available for download via Ubuntu Software and the Snap store , including many games such as Braid , Minecraft and Oil Rush , software for DVD playback and media codecs. Each Ubuntu release has a version number that consists of the year and month number of the release. For example, the first release was Ubuntu 4.10 as it

1550-400: The root account to remain locked and helps prevent inexperienced users from inadvertently making catastrophic system changes or opening security holes. Polkit is also being widely implemented into the desktop. Most network ports are closed by default to prevent hacking. A built-in firewall , Uncomplicated Firewall , allows end-users who install network servers to control access. A GUI

1612-469: The " desktop ", " folder " and " window " metaphors. Instead, Sugar's default full-screen activities require users to focus on only one program at a time. Sugar implements a journal which automatically saves the user's running program session and allows them to later use an interface to pull up their past works by date, an activity used, or file type. Sugar has the objective of being suitable for even inexperienced users but provides more advanced facilities for

1674-1059: The 'Ubuntu stack' (cloud computing infrastructure). The first LTS releases were supported for three years on the desktop and five years on the server; since Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, desktop support for LTS releases was increased to five years as well. LTS releases get regular point releases with support for new hardware and integration of all the updates published in that series to date. Ubuntu packages are based on Debian 's unstable branch, which are synchronized every six months. Both distributions use Debian's deb package format and package management tools (e.g. APT and Ubuntu Software ). Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily binary compatible with each other, however, so packages may need to be rebuilt from source to be used in Ubuntu. Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian. Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by pushing changes back to Debian, although there has been criticism that this does not happen often enough. Ian Murdock ,

1736-620: The Montevideo Youth Summit and Turtle Art Day. Sugar Labs had participated in Google Code-in , which served as an outlet for young programmers. Sugar Labs is a long-time participant in Google Summer of Code . Sugar (software) Sugar is available as a Live CD , as Live USB , and a package installable through several Linux distributions. Unlike most other desktop environments, Sugar does not use

1798-541: The OS) directly from a USB drive (making, respectively, a live DVD or live USB medium). Running Ubuntu in this way is slower than running it from a hard drive , but does not alter the computer unless specifically instructed by the user. If the user chooses to boot the live image rather than execute an installer at boot time, there is still the option to then use the Ubuntu Desktop Installer once booted into

1860-463: The Sugar Labs community releases a new version of the Sugar software. The most recent stable release is available as a Fedora Linux spin. Through on-going support from Nexcopy's RecycleUSB program, Sugar Labs provides Sugar on a Stick to elementary schools. The Sugar Labs community participates in events for teachers, students, and software developers interested in the Sugar software, such as

1922-420: The Sugar version 0.90 . It is the 5th version of Sugar on a Stick released on 9 October 2011. It uses a Sugar version 0.92 . It is the 6th version of Sugar on a Stick released on 8 November 2011. It uses a Sugar version 0.94.1 . It is the 7th version of Sugar on a Stick released on 29 May 2012. It uses a Sugar version 0.96.1. It is the 8th version of Sugar on a Stick released on 15 January 2013. It uses

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1984-632: The Ubuntu Server. As Ubuntu is distributed freely and historically there was no registration process (still optional ), Ubuntu usage can only be roughly estimated. In 2015, Canonical's Ubuntu Insights page stated "Ubuntu now has over 40 million desktop users and counting". W3Techs Web Technology Surveys estimated in November 2020 that: W3Techs analyses the top 10 million websites only. Wikimedia Foundation data (based on user agent ) for September 2013 shows that Ubuntu generated

2046-572: The Ubuntu desktop release 22.04 LTS, a PC with at least 2 GHz dual-core processor, 4  GB of RAM and 25  GB of free disk space is recommended. For less powerful computers, there are other Ubuntu distributions such as Lubuntu and Xubuntu . Ubuntu also supports the ARM architecture . It is also available on Power ISA , while older PowerPC architecture was at one point unofficially supported, and now newer Power ISA CPUs ( POWER8 ) are supported. The x86-64 ("AMD64") architecture

2108-420: The Ubuntu project. On 12 March 2009, Ubuntu announced developer support for third-party cloud management platforms, such as those used at Amazon EC2 . In 2011, Ubuntu's default desktop was changed from GNOME 2 to the in-house Unity instead of GNOME 3 . After nearly 6.5 years, the default desktop was changed back to GNOME 3 in 2017 upon the release of version 17.10 . Ubuntu, since 16.04.5, requires

2170-458: The adjective portion of the code name; for example, the 24.04 LTS release is commonly known as "Noble". Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases. Upgrades from one LTS release to the next LTS release (e.g. Ubuntu 16.04 LTS to Ubuntu 18.04 LTS etc.) are supported, while upgrades from non-LTS have only supported upgrade to the next release, regardless of its LTS status (e.g. Ubuntu 23.10 to Ubuntu 24.04 LTS). However, it

2232-506: The application software installed by default is free software. In addition, Ubuntu redistributes some hardware drivers that are available only in binary format, but such packages are clearly marked in the restricted component. Current long-term support (LTS) releases are supported for five years, and are released every two years. Since the release of Ubuntu 6.06, every fourth release receives long-term support. Long-term support includes updates for new hardware, security patches and updates to

2294-428: The availability for download of Sugar on a Stick v1 Strawberry, which can run from a bootable 1 GB USB flash drive. On July 23, 2009, Recycle USB.com went live with a program to reflash used USB keys with the Sugar software and donate them to schools. On December 8, 2009, Sugar Labs announced the availability of Sugar on a Stick v2 Blueberry, which incorporates Sugar Release 0.86 and Fedora 11. Sugar Labs announced

2356-449: The availability of Sugar on a Stick v3 Mirabelle, which incorporates Sugar Release 0.88 and Fedora 13. Since Mirabelle, Sugar on a Stick has been a regular, semi-annual, Fedora Spin (official special-purpose version of Fedora); the a Spin using Fedora v22 was released on 26 May 2015. The OLPC XO-1 has a 1 GB NAND flash drive and 256 MB of memory. Because the flash-based hard drive is small, swap can only be added by using an SD card or

2418-523: The computers' BIOS must support booting from USB). In newer versions of Ubuntu, the Ubuntu Live USB creator can be used to install Ubuntu on a USB drive (with or without a live CD or DVD). Creating a bootable USB drive with persistence is as simple as dragging a slider to determine how much space to reserve for persistence; for this, Ubuntu employs casper . Ubuntu divides most software into four domains to reflect differences in licensing and

2480-575: The country to use Ubuntu-powered computer workstations; the Spanish school system has 195,000 Ubuntu desktops. The French police, having already started using open-source software in 2005 by replacing Microsoft Office with OpenOffice.org , decided to transition to Ubuntu from Windows XP after the release of Windows Vista in 2006. By March 2009, the Gendarmerie Nationale had already switched 5,000 workstations to Ubuntu. Based on

2542-613: The degree of support available. Some unsupported applications receive updates from community members known as "Masters of the Universe" (MOTU), but not from Canonical Ltd. Free software includes software that has met the Ubuntu licensing requirements, which roughly correspond to the Debian Free Software Guidelines . Exceptions, however, include firmware , in the Main category, because although some firmware

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2604-499: The founder of Debian, had expressed concern about Ubuntu packages potentially diverging too far from Debian to remain compatible. Before release, packages are imported from Debian unstable continuously and merged with Ubuntu-specific modifications. At some point during the release process, the Debian Import Freeze is implemented. This prevents the automatic import of packages from Debian without an explicit request from

2666-494: The latest Fedoras: Fedora 23 , Fedora 24 , Fedora 25 , Fedora 26 , and Fedora 27 . Sugar is available preinstalled on several Linux operating systems and among the most notable ones: Fedora Spin SoaS An edition of Fedora with Sugar. It is also officially featured by The Sugar Project's Wiki on its Sugar on a Stick (SoaS) web page.. Trisquel Sugar Toast An official edition of Trisquel GNU/Linux with Sugar. It

2728-441: The latest interim release is 24.10 ("Oracular Oriole"), with most-recent long-term support release is 24.04 ("Noble Numbat"). As with other Linux distributions, all of the editions can run on a computer alone, or in a virtual machine . An upgrade to Ubuntu is released every six months, with long-term support (LTS) releases every two years. Canonical provides security updates and support for each Ubuntu release, starting from

2790-498: The latest updates as of June 22, 2009. It features a Sugar learning environment, namely version 0.84 , including 40 Activities to enrich the learning experience. Hundreds of Activities are available for download from the Sugar activity library. This release includes Fedora updates, Sugar features like View Source and file transfer, supplementary sample content, which is available in the Journal, and usability improvements. Sugar on

2852-499: The live environment. The Ubuntu Desktop Installer replaced the former Ubiquity installer since Ubuntu 23.04. Disk images of all current and past versions are available for download at the Ubuntu web site. Additionally, USB flash drive installations can be used to boot Ubuntu and Kubuntu in a way that allows permanent saving of user settings and portability of the USB-installed system between physical machines (however,

2914-630: The more experienced. The project's stated goal is to "avoid bloated interfaces", and "limit the controls to those immediately relevant to the task at hand.". Applications run full screen, double-clicking is not used, and menus show icons. Sugar is written in Python , an interpreted language , and can be modified by users with programming experience. Desktop environments used by many operating systems are written in compiled languages such as C . Applications developed by Sugar Labs are very pragmatic which offers several opportunities to avail which enhances

2976-527: The most page requests to Wikimedia sites, including Misplaced Pages, among recognizable Linux distributions. As of June 2024 , Ubuntu 22.04 is used in Microsoft NDv5, a Microsofts Azure cloud computer , its fastest one (of 7 Azure supercomputers, all running on Ubuntu), currently 3rd fastest supercomputer on the TOP500 list (only beaten by the only two exaflop computers; is itself half an exaflop , only

3038-453: The release date until the release reaches its designated end-of-life (EOL) date. Canonical generates revenue through the sale of premium services related to the Ubuntu software and donations from those who download Ubuntu directly. Ubuntu is named after the Nguni philosophy of ubuntu , "humanity to others" with a connotation of "I am what I am because of who we all are". Since

3100-536: The release of Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Canonical closed the partner repository, as the only package still hosted in it was Adobe Flash , which would not be released with 22.04. Ubuntu developer Steve Langasek said in a development mailing list that he felt the "Snap Store has matured to the point that I believe it supersedes the partner archive". A Personal Package Archive (PPA) is a software repository for uploading source packages to be built and published as an Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) repository by Launchpad . While

3162-751: The release of the first version in 2004, Ubuntu has become one of the most popular Linux distributions for general purposes and is backed by large online communities like Ask Ubuntu . Numerous community-editions of Ubuntu also exist. It is also popular for cloud computing , with support for OpenStack . Ubuntu is built on Debian 's architecture and infrastructure, and comprises Linux server, desktop and discontinued phone and tablet operating system versions. Ubuntu releases updated versions predictably every six months, and each release receives free support for nine months (eighteen months prior to 13.04) with security fixes, high-impact bug fixes and conservative, substantially beneficial low-risk bug fixes. The first release

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3224-409: The release. In addition to the -updates repository, the unstable -proposed repository contains uploads that must be confirmed before being copied into -updates. All updates must go through this process to ensure that the patch does truly fix the bug and there is no risk of regression . Updates in -proposed are confirmed by either Canonical or members of the community. Canonical previously hosted

3286-437: The repositories and installable by the main tool or by any other APT-based package management tool. Cross-distribution snap packages and Flatpaks are also available, that both allow installing software, such as some of Microsoft's software, in most of the major Linux operating systems (such as any currently supported Ubuntu version and in Fedora ). The default file manager is GNOME Files , formerly called Nautilus. All of

3348-732: The skills and makes them dexterous in their field. Sugar Activities include Turtle Blocks 3D, Ruler, Recall and many more. Hundreds of learning activities for Sugar can be downloaded from the Sugar Activity Library. Additional activities are available from third parties, such as the Project Ceibal portal in Uruguay . In May 2006 Sugar's developers described it as primarily a "tool for expression," and plans were in place to include multimedia and social networking features. Since May 2008 Sugar has been developed under

3410-488: The term is used exclusively within Ubuntu, Launchpad's host, Canonical , envisions adoption beyond the Ubuntu community. Some third-party software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse component. The package ubuntu-restricted-extras additionally contains software that may be legally restricted, including support for DVD playback, Microsoft TrueType core fonts , many common audio/video codecs , and unrar, an unarchiver for files compressed in

3472-514: The top 3 are that powerful). Other supercomputers running Ubuntu rank also high on the list e.g. NVIDIA's Selene supercomputer still ranks highly, and was fifth-fastest one in the world in November 2022 after an upgrade from seventh place, where it entered the list in June. Another Nvidia-based supercomputer using Ubuntu previously topped the Green500 list (it and the next one was also Ubuntu-based),

3534-662: The umbrella of Sugar Labs , a member project of the Software Freedom Conservancy . Some contributors are employed by One Laptop per Child and other related organizations, others are volunteers, in many cases associated with the free software community . Contributors to the original Sugar platform included Marco Pesenti Gritti, Walter Bender , Christopher Blizzard , Eben Eliason, Simon Schampijer, Christian Schmidt, Lisa Strausfeld , Takaaki Okada, Tomeu Vizoso, and Dan Williams. By early 2007 Sugar could be installed, with some difficulty, on several Linux distributions , and in virtual machines on other operating systems. By mid-2008 Sugar

3596-523: Was available on the Debian , Ubuntu , and Fedora distributions of Linux; e.g., as of Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron), Sugar could be installed from the official Ubuntu universe repositories. By mid-2009 Sugar was also available on openSUSE and other Linux distributions. Sugar 0.82.1 was included in the OLPC system software release 8.2.0 for XO-1 laptops. Sugar 0.86 was released on September 30, 2009. Sugar 0.88

3658-529: Was in October 2004. Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd . On 8 July 2005, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided initial funding of US$ 10 million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation's goal to ensure the continuity of

3720-588: Was released on 10 October 2010 (10–10–10). This departed from the traditional schedule of releasing at the end of October in order to get "the perfect 10", and makes a playful reference to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy books, since, in binary , 101010 equals decimal 42 , the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything" within the series. Ubuntu Desktop (formally named as Ubuntu Desktop Edition, and simply called Ubuntu)

3782-440: Was released on 20 October 2004. Ubuntu releases are also given alliterative code names , using an adjective and an animal (e.g., "Bionic Beaver"). With the exception of the first two releases, code names are in alphabetical order, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer, at least until restarting the cycle with the release of Artful Aardvark in October 2017. Commonly, Ubuntu releases are referred to using only

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3844-574: Was released on March 31, 2010. Sugar 0.90.0 was released in October, 2010. There were three releases in 2011 and one in June 2012, which included support for the ARM architecture on the XO 1.75. Builds for OLPC XO laptops and the release schedule are available at OS releases. Sugar has been ported to run on Android , Firefox OS and iOS using HTML5 and JavaScript under the project name " Sugarizer "; with additional clients written for Web browsers supporting HTML5. The Sugar learning platform for Linux

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