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16-809: The Sunda plate was formerly considered a part of the Eurasian plate , but the GPS measurements have confirmed its independent movement at 10 mm/yr eastward relative to Eurasia. The Sunda plate includes the South China Sea , the Andaman Sea , southern parts of Vietnam , Myanmar , Laos and Thailand along with Malaysia , Singapore , Cambodia , southern Philippines , and the islands of Bali , Lombok , West Nusa Tenggara , Borneo , Sumatra , Java , and part of Sulawesi in Indonesia . The Sunda

32-754: Is bounded in the east by the Philippine Mobile Belt , Molucca Sea Collision Zone , Molucca Sea plate , Banda Sea plate and Timor plate ; to the south and west by the Australian plate ; and to the north by the Burma plate , Eurasian plate ; and Yangtze plate . The Indo-Australian plate dips beneath the Sunda plate along the Sunda Trench also known as Java Trench , which generates frequent earthquakes and tsunamis. The plate margin between

48-665: Is currently being squeezed by the collision of the Eurasian plate with the Arabian plate in the East Anatolian Fault Zone . The boundary between the North American plate and the Eurasian plate in the area around Japan has been described as "shifty". There are different maps for it based on recent tectonics, seismicity and earthquake focal mechanism . The simplest plate geometry draws the boundary from

64-722: The American Museum of Natural History , the Anatolian transform fault system is "probably the most active in the world". The East Anatolian Fault , a left lateral transform fault , forms a boundary with the Arabian plate . To the south and southwest is a convergent boundary with the African plate . This convergence manifests in compressive features within the oceanic crust beneath the Mediterranean as well as within

80-597: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge towards Iceland . Ridges like the Mid-Atlantic ridge form at a divergent plate boundary . They are located deep underwater and very difficult to study. Scientists know less about ocean ridges than they do the planets of the solar system. There is another triple junction where the Eurasian plate meets the Anatolian sub-plate and the Arabian plate . The Anatolian sub-plate

96-683: The Nansen Ridge through a broad zone of deformation in North Asia to the Sea of Okhotsk then south through Sakhalin Island and Hokkaido to the triple junction in the Japan Trench . But this simple view has been successfully challenged by more recent research. During the 1970s, Japan was thought to be located on the Eurasian plate at a quadruple junction with the North American plate when

112-562: The continental crust of Anatolia itself, and also by what are generally considered to be subduction zones along the Hellenic and Cyprus arcs . The northern edge is a transform boundary with the Eurasian plate , forming the North Anatolian Fault zone (NAFZ). Research indicates that the Anatolian plate is rotating counterclockwise as it is being pushed west by the Arabian plate, impeded from any northerly movement by

128-520: The 1783 eruption of Laki and the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull , are caused by the North American and the Eurasian plates moving apart, which is a result of divergent plate boundary forces. The convergent boundary between the Eurasian plate and the Indian plate formed the Himalayas mountain range. The geodynamics of Central Asia is dominated by the interaction between the Eurasian plate and

144-503: The Eurasian plate. In some references, the Anatolian plate is referred to as a "block" of continental crust still coupled to the Eurasian plate. But studies of the North Anatolian Fault indicate that Anatolia is de-coupled from the Eurasian plate. It is now being squeezed by the Arabian plate from the east and forced toward the west as the Eurasian plate to its north is blocking motion in that direction. The African plate

160-644: The Indian plate. In this area, many sub-plates or crust blocks have been recognized, which form the Central Asian and the East Asian transit zones. Anatolian sub-plate The Anatolian sub-plate is a continental tectonic plate that is separated from the Eurasian plate and the Arabian plate by the North Anatolian Fault and the East Anatolian Fault respectively. Most of

176-415: The continental plate under the oceanic upper plate. GPS data provides insights into the consequences of speed and direction of the colliding Indo-Australian plate and the Sunda plate. This data shows that lower Indo-Australian plate is the main driver for deformation seen in the nearby Sunda-Banda Arc system. The strain that is created within this system results in shortening, with the greatest concentration in

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192-406: The country of Turkey is located on the Anatolian plate. Most significant earthquakes in the region have historically occurred along the northern fault, such as the 1939 Erzincan earthquake . The devastating 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes occurred along the active East Anatolian Fault at a strike-slip fault where the Arabian plate is sliding past the Anatolian plate horizontally. According to

208-586: The eastern boundary of the North American plate was drawn through southern Hokkaido . New research in the 1990s supported that the Okhotsk microplate was independent from the North American plate and a boundary with the Amurian microplate , sometimes described as "a division within the Eurasian plate" with an unknown western boundary. All volcanic eruptions in Iceland, such as the 1973 eruption of Eldfell ,

224-498: The forearc and backarc. Active shortening is occurring within the Banda Orogen. The eastern, southern, and western boundaries of the Sunda plate are tectonically complex and seismically active. Only the northern boundary is relatively quiescent. Eurasian plate The Eurasian plate is a tectonic plate that includes most of Eurasia (a landmass consisting of the traditional continents of Asia and Europe ), with

240-429: The lower Indo-Australian plate and the upper Sunda plate, features a unique form of subduction near the island of Timor. The subduction that occurred between the upper plate and lower plate started as oceanic plate subducting under oceanic. However, it then transitioned to continental passive margin subducting under oceanic plate. This rare phenomenon continues due to the previously subducted oceanic plate continuing to drag

256-696: The notable exceptions of the Arabian Peninsula , the Indian subcontinent , and the area east of the Chersky Range in eastern Siberia . It also includes oceanic crust extending westward to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and northward to the Gakkel Ridge . The western edge is a triple junction plate boundary with the North American plate and Nubian plate at the seismically active Azores triple junction extending northward along

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