The Eurasian plate is a tectonic plate that includes most of Eurasia (a landmass consisting of the traditional continents of Asia and Europe ), with the notable exceptions of the Arabian Peninsula , the Indian subcontinent , and the area east of the Chersky Range in eastern Siberia . It also includes oceanic crust extending westward to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and northward to the Gakkel Ridge .
41-1008: In the geology of the Philippines, the Philippine Mobile Belt is a complex portion of the tectonic boundary between the Eurasian plate and the Philippine Sea plate , comprising most of the country of the Philippines . It includes two subduction zones, the Manila Trench to the west and the Philippine Trench to the east, as well as the Philippine fault system . Within the Belt, a number of crustal blocks or microplates which have been shorn off
82-536: A possible association with activity along the Philippine Fault in Surigao and northern Davao . The distribution of Philippine Pliocene-Quaternary volcanoes generally reflects the activity along subduction zones presently bounding the archipelago. The archipelago has 16 sedimentary basins formed by tectonic processes. Here are the following sedimentary basins: Eurasian plate The western edge
123-595: Is a triple junction plate boundary with the North American plate and Nubian plate at the seismically active Azores triple junction extending northward along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge towards Iceland . Ridges like the Mid-Atlantic ridge form at a divergent plate boundary . They are located deep underwater and very difficult to study. Scientists know less about ocean ridges than they do
164-537: Is integral with southern Luzon. Any suggestion that Northern Luzon is not part of the Philippine Mobile Belt is not borne out by the detailed fault mapping of Pinet and Stephan (1989), and others. A common tectonic plate illustration for the Philippines is incorrect in this regard. The composition of the Philippine Mobile Belt is generally interpreted as a collage of a large variety of blocks or terrane of diverse origin amalgamated before collision with
205-1020: Is located in the northern and western portion of the Cordillera, followed by the Central Range, and then the Polis Range in the eastern portion. Mount Data contains the headwaters for Suyoc, which flows into the Abra River , the Chico flows into the Cagayan River , the Asin flows into the Magat River , and the Agno River flows into Lingayen Gulf . List of Peaks in Cordillera by elevation . Three volcanoes with no historical eruptions but still thermally active are located within
246-813: The Babuyan Channel in Ilocos Norte and Cagayan provinces. At its southeastern part, the Central Cordillera is linked to the Sierra Madre Mountains , the longest mountain range in the country, through the Caraballo Mountains in Nueva Vizcaya province. During Spanish colonial period , the whole range was called Nueva Provincia (New Province). The Cordillera Central is the highest mountain range in
287-531: The Philippine Sea plate , including ophiolites in North Luzon, or continental crust from the Sunda plate . On top of which are Cretaceous to Quaternary magmatic arcs. These magmatic arcs are exposed in the western Central Cordillera , and the northern Sierra Madre . The Cagayan River Basin is an intra-arc rift . Subduction of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene South China sea oceanic crust occurs at
328-572: The Philippines . The mountain range encompasses all provinces of the Cordillera Administrative Region ( Abra , Apayao , Benguet , Ifugao , Kalinga and Mountain Province ), as well as portions of eastern Ilocos Norte , eastern Ilocos Sur , eastern La Union , northeastern Pangasinan , western Nueva Vizcaya , and western Cagayan . To the north, the mountain range terminates at the northern shores of Luzon along
369-707: The Sunda plate . They are not part of the Philippine Mobile Belt but are in collision with it. The Sulu Trench marks the boundary of the Sulu micro-block with the Sulu Sea basin and the Palawan micro-block. The inactive Palawan Trench marks the subduction boundary between the Palawan microblock and the Spratly Islands plateau of the South China Sea basin. The Palawan/Calamian arm was also known in 1981 as
410-640: The 1783 eruption of Laki and the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull , are caused by the North American and the Eurasian plates moving apart, which is a result of divergent plate boundary forces. The convergent boundary between the Eurasian plate and the Indian plate formed the Himalayas mountain range. The geodynamics of Central Asia is dominated by the interaction between the Eurasian plate and
451-643: The Cordillera Central: List of waterfalls in Cordillera: The mountains support a number of different types of habitat. Elevations above 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) are covered in Luzon tropical pine forests of Benguet pine ( Pinus insularis ) except in the north of the range where the high slopes consist of Luzon montane rain forests . Elevations below 1000 meters are in the Luzon rain forests ecoregion. Two major problems threaten
SECTION 10
#1732766154047492-660: The Eurasian margin. Seven principal blocks have been identified in Luzon: the Sierra Madre Oriental, Angat, Zambales , Central Cordillera of Luzon, Bicol and Catanduanes Island blocks. In the Central Philippines four principal blocks have been identified: Panay, Mindoro, Cebu and Bohol. In Mindanao six principal blocks have been identified: Pacific Cordillera, Surigao, Pujada peninsular, Central Cordillera of Mindanao, Daguma range and Zamboanga. In Luzon,
533-540: The Igorots had to pay for this independence was that they became different from their colonized brothers. The Philippines staged Asia's first nationalistic revolution in 1896, and declared its independence on June 12, 1898. The newly founded country was soon taken over by the United States of America. The US was the first foreign nation to fully invade the highlands of the Cordillera to push the mining operations in
574-594: The Indian plate. In this area, many sub-plates or crust blocks have been recognized, which form the Central Asian and the East Asian transit zones. Central Cordillera (Luzon) The Cordillera Central or Cordillera Range is a massive mountain range 320 kilometres (200 mi) long north–south and 118 kilometres (73 mi) east-west situated in the north-central part of the island of Luzon , in
615-665: The Japanese by 1945. On September 27, 1927, the Benguet Consolidated Mining Company discovered one of the richest veins of gold ever, at a time when the US was entering the Great Depression . This was the start of a real gold rush into Cordillera region: in 1929, there were 94 mining companies, by 1933 there were 17,812. This extreme growth had tremendous results for the landscape; it changed
656-669: The Manila Trench. In Visayas, oldest known magmatic rocks in the Philippines are found in Cebu Island, where dioritic rocks have been dated at Lower Cretaceous (Walther and others, 1981), similar rocks have been recognized in neighboring Bohol Island. In Mindanao, interpretation of the age of these rocks is further complicated by their petrographic diversity. Sajona and others (1993) analyzed Pliocene-Pleistocene adakitic rocks in Zamboanga Peninsula and mention
697-514: The Manila Trench. Subduction of Eocene Philippine Sea oceanic crust occurs at the East Luzon Trough – Philippine Trench system. The strike-slip , left lateral fault , Philippine fault system is associated with the northward movement of the belt. The island of Luzon is bisected by the braided N–S trending Philippine fault system . Luzon is not bisected E-W, and illustrations showing anything similar are erroneous. Northern Luzon
738-697: The Marcos' administration, politicization of the Cordillera took a new turn. National government development projects in the area were against the interests of the indigenous peoples, and were strongly resisted by them. Particularly important were the Chico River Dam project and the Cellophil project. The first threatened to inundate traditional villages, the second gave outsiders control over vast forest lands. Resistance resulted in increased regional consciousness rather than local ethnic consciousness. In 1986
779-468: The Middle Oligocene to Late Miocene age of the arc is well constrained stratigraphically as well as radiometrically. Most of the intrusive rocks are dioritic in composition, although alkali rocks also occur. In the Central Cordillera of Luzon, intrusive rocks include Paleogene rocks related to an ancient arc and Neogene intrusive and volcanic rocks related to eastward subduction from
820-564: The Northern Philippine tribes is: Apayao/Isnag, Abra/Tinguian, Kalinga, Gaddang, Applai, Bontoc, Bago, I-lagod, Kankana-ey, Kangkanai, Balangao, Ibaloi, Ifugao, Ikalahan, Kalanguya, Karao and Ilongot. Beside their own tribal cultures, there is a Cordilleran culture which is largely molded by the geography of the Cordilleras, and their common heritage of resisting the invading imperial powers (Spain, United States, and Japan in
861-685: The Palawan block and Palawan microcontinent, and in 1989 as the Palawan Micro-Block. The Philippine Mobile Belt is bounded on the west by the Manila Trench and its associates the Negros Trench and the Cotabato Trench , which subducts the Sunda plate under the Philippine Mobile Belt. To the east is the Philippine Trench and its northern associate, the East Luzon Trench which subducts Philippine Sea plate
SECTION 20
#1732766154047902-772: The Philippine Mobile Belt. The continuity of the Philippine-East Luzon Trench is interrupted and displaced by Benham Plateau on the Philippine Sea plate, which collided and is still colliding with the Sierra Madre of eastern Luzon. To the north the Philippine Mobile Belt ends in Taiwan, where accreted portions of the Luzon Arc and Luzon forearc form the eastern Coastal Range and the inland Longitudinal Valley of Taiwan, respectively. To
943-686: The Philippines. The mountain range separates the Ilocos plains on the west and the Cagayan Valley on the east. It also affects the weather pattern in the island of Luzon in such it acts as a barrier against the Northeast and Southwest monsoons as well as cyclones crossing the island. This is the biggest and highest mountain chain in the Philippines, measuring 320 km (200 mi) long north to south, and 118 km (73 mi) width east to west, and consists of three ranges. The Malayan Range
984-455: The Philippines. It comprises about 1/6 of the whole Luzon island with a total area of 22,500 km (8,700 sq mi). The highest mountain in the range, Mount Pulag , is also the highest mountain in Luzon at 2,928 metres (9,606 ft). It is officially the third highest mountain in the country after Mount Dulang-dulang and Mount Apo on Mindanao Island , the second largest island of
1025-715: The Spaniards even reached the land. In 1565, reports of huge gold mines in the Cordillera reached the Viceroy of Mexico , which led to the first official Spanish expedition to the Cordillera in 1576. King Philip III , waging the Thirty Year War which needed funding, sent orders for large expeditions to the Philippines. In 1620, Captain Garcia de Aldana Cabrera offered the resisting Igorot tribal leaders clemency if they were willing to accept Catholic religion, obey
1066-466: The Spanish government and pay a fifth of all their mined gold to the Spanish king. They refused and the Spanish conquerors built forts and organized military troops to start the exploitation of the gold mines. During the years that followed, the Spanish managed to trade gold despite setbacks from the Igorots, who because of their resistance remained relatively independent from Spanish rule. The price that
1107-605: The US declaring the Philippines a protectorate , a form of colonialism with local autonomy. The United States established strategic military bases in the Philippines with the consent of the established government in Manila. During World War II , the Japanese temporarily seized control of the Philippines. A combined effort between the American armed forces and the Philippine commonwealth military managed to successfully drive out
1148-560: The adjoining major plates are undergoing massive deformation. Most segments of the Philippines , including northern Luzon , are part of the Philippine Mobile Belt, which is bounded by the Philippine Sea plate to the east, the Molucca Sea Collision Zone to the south, Sunda plate to the southwest, and the South China Sea Basin to the west and north-west. To the north it ends in eastern Taiwan ,
1189-599: The area. It is the country's premier mining district. There are eight big mining companies operating which are mostly foreign controlled. Some 80% of the total Philippine gold production comes from the Cordillera. The range is also home to the headwaters of the major rivers in Northern Luzon, with several dams which include the Ambuklao and Binga in Benguet. The Philippines was already of interest to Spain before
1230-701: The boundary from the Nansen Ridge through a broad zone of deformation in North Asia to the Sea of Okhotsk then south through Sakhalin Island and Hokkaido to the triple junction in the Japan Trench . But this simple view has been successfully challenged by more recent research. During the 1970s, Japan was thought to be located on the Eurasian plate at a quadruple junction with the North American plate when
1271-699: The dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos was overthrown by the People Power Revolution of the Philippines and he was succeeded by Corazon Aquino. However, the Aquino administration failed to tackle substantial issues such as land reform and the restructuring of the economy. After the collapse of the negotiations between the government and the National Democratic Front (NDF), Aquino declared the "Total War Policy", aimed at recovering New People's Army (NPA) controlled areas and to destroy
Philippine Mobile Belt - Misplaced Pages Continue
1312-423: The eastern boundary of the North American plate was drawn through southern Hokkaido . New research in the 1990s supported that the Okhotsk microplate was independent from the North American plate and a boundary with the Amurian microplate , sometimes described as "a division within the Eurasian plate" with an unknown western boundary. All volcanic eruptions in Iceland, such as the 1973 eruption of Eldfell ,
1353-670: The environment of the Cordillera: dam projects flood river valleys and remove habitat and also cause people to flee their houses and seek refuge in other areas; mining project destroy forest areas and also don't create wealth and resources for the upkeep of the tribal lands. Most of the Cordillera Central is the ancestral domain of the 'people of the mountains.' These ethno-linguistic groups include: Abra (Itneg), Apayao (Apayao), Benguet (Kankanaey and Ibaloi), Ifugao (Ifugao), Kalinga (Kalinga) and Mountain Province (Bontoc and Kankanaey). Each of these major ethno-linguistic groups has its own family of languages and cultures. An alternative listing for
1394-407: The integration of the 'cultural minorities' into mainstream culture. In 1966 the Philippine Congress passed the 'Separation Bill', dividing the old Mountain Province into four: Benguet, Mountain Province (Bontoc), Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao. The political elite hoped that the creation of several provinces would, by increasing the region's representation, increase development spending in the area. Under
1435-402: The original one way Mountain Trail into a busy highway despite the road slides and cuts that occur up to this day. Again, similar to the fight against the Spanish, the indigenous inhabitants protested against the destruction of their land and the neglecting of their rights. Mining operations continued to grow and by 1939 the Philippines ranked among the world's leading gold producers, and second to
1476-446: The past – and after 1946 the central government in Manila is also regarded as such), including the continuing adverse encroachments by lowlanders. The Cordillera Central is one of the country's richest regions in terms of natural resources, a major resource base of the Philippines. It contains 11% of the total area is agricultural rice fields, orchards, pig farms and pasture lands. 60% of the country's temperate vegetables are produced in
1517-571: The planets of the solar system. There is another triple junction where the Eurasian plate meets the Anatolian sub-plate and the Arabian plate . The Anatolian sub-plate is currently being squeezed by the collision of the Eurasian plate with the Arabian plate in the East Anatolian Fault Zone . The boundary between the North American plate and the Eurasian plate in the area around Japan has been described as "shifty". There are different maps for it based on recent tectonics, seismicity and earthquake focal mechanism . The simplest plate geometry draws
1558-444: The south the Philippine Mobile Belt terminates in the Molucca Sea Collision Zone , which is itself part of the elongated zone of convergence extending north through the Philippines into Taiwan. Within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone, the Molucca Sea plate has been totally subsumed by the arc-arc collision of the Halmahera Arc and the Sangihe Arc of eastern Indonesia. The belt's basement rock complex consists of oceanic crust from
1599-629: The state of California among US producers. From 1936 to 1946, the Philippines was granted domestic self-administration under the Commonwealth of the Philippines as a transitional period for complete independence. From 1941 to 1945, the country fell under Japanese rule and was liberated by military forces of the United States of America, and dare inside by the combined forces of the Allied Philippine Commonwealth military forces and local Igorot and Cordilleran guerrilla forces in Northern Luzon. The US subsequently recognized Philippine independence on July 4, 1946. The independent republic's policy shifted towards
1640-413: The territory. Spain relinquished control of the Philippines to the United States of America due to the Treaty of Paris of 1898 , which officially ended the hostilities of the Spanish–American War . After a short period of peace in the region after the treaty was finalized the Philippine–American War began until 1902, though pockets of fighting did not end until 1913. The result of these conflicts led to
1681-400: The zone of active collision between the North Luzon Trough portion of the Luzon Volcanic Arc and South China. The Philippine Mobile Belt has also been called the Philippine Microplate and the Taiwan–Luzon–Mindoro Belt . Palawan with the Calamian Islands and the Sulu Archipelago with the Zamboanga Peninsula of western Mindanao are the tops of two protruding north-eastern arms of