59-689: Beppo is a monkey superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics , primarily those featuring Superman . Created by Otto Binder and George Papp , he first appeared in Superboy #76 (October 1959). He made sixteen appearances in Superman comics during the Silver Age of Comic Books . Despite his resemblance to an Earth monkey, due to convergent evolution producing analogous species to fill similar ecological niches, Beppo
118-586: A count . He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1782. Buffon died in Paris in 1788. He was buried in a chapel adjacent to the church of Sainte-Urse Montbard; during the French Revolution , his tomb was broken into and the lead that covered the coffin was ransacked to produce bullets. His son, George-Louie-Marie Buffon (often called Buffonet)
177-782: A guide dog ). In 2010, the U.S. federal government revised its definition of service animal under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Non-human primates are no longer recognized as service animals under the ADA. The American Veterinary Medical Association does not support the use of non-human primates as assistance animals because of animal welfare concerns, the potential for serious injury to people, and risks that primates may transfer dangerous diseases to humans . Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon ( French: [ʒɔʁʒ lwi ləklɛʁ kɔ̃t də byfɔ̃] ; 7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788)
236-462: A European of his era, Buffon did not believe that Europe was the cradle of human civilization. Instead he stated that Japanese and Chinese culture were “of a very ancient date,” and that Europe “only much later received the light from the East…it is thus in the northern countries of Asia that the stem of human knowledge grew." Buffon thought that skin color could change in a single lifetime, depending on
295-416: A concept later known as Buffon's Law. This is considered to be the first principle of biogeography . He made the suggestion that species may have both "improved" and "degenerated" after dispersing from a center of creation. In volume 14 he argued that all the world's quadrupeds had developed from an original set of just thirty-eight quadrupeds. On this basis, he is sometimes considered a " transformist " and
354-647: A considerable fortune to his seven-year-old godson. Benjamin Leclerc then purchased an estate containing the nearby village of Buffon and moved the family to Dijon acquiring various offices there as well as a seat in the Dijon Parlement . Georges attended the Jesuit College of Godrans in Dijon from the age of ten onwards. From 1723 to 1726 he then studied law in Dijon, the prerequisite for continuing
413-586: A facility in which monkeys and other primates are kept within enclosures for public entertainment. Commonly known as a monkey house ( primatarium ), sometimes styled Monkey House , notable examples include London Zoo's Monkey Valley ; Zoo Basel's Monkey house/exhibit ; the Monkey Tropic House at Krefeld Zoo; Bronx Zoo's Monkey House ; Monkey Jungle , Florida; Lahore Zoo's Monkey House ; Monkey World , Dorset, England; and Edinburgh Zoo's Monkey House . Former cinema, The Scala, Kings Cross spent
472-412: A fixed division. This brought to his conceptualization on distinguishing race in a broad and narrow sense; in a broad sense, race means larger groups of people who inhabit a huge region known as a continent; while in a narrow sense, it denotes equivalently with "nation". With this, he implies his ambivalence in defining race by looking at specific traits to differenciate them but at the same time he rejects
531-548: A precursor of Darwin . He also asserted that climate change may have facilitated the worldwide spread of species from their centers of origin. Still, interpreting his ideas on the subject is not simple, for he returned to topics many times in the course of his work. Buffon originally held that “the animals common both to the old and new world are smaller in the latter,” ascribing this to environmental conditions. Upon meeting Buffon, Thomas Jefferson attempted “to convince him of his error,” noting that “the reindeer could walk under
590-463: A series, leading through "monkeys" and "apes" to humans. Monkeys thus constituted a " grade " on the path to humans and were distinguished from "apes". Scientific classifications are now more often based on monophyletic groups, that is groups consisting of all the descendants of a common ancestor. The New World monkeys and the Old World monkeys are each monophyletic groups, but their combination
649-631: A short time as a primatarium. Some organizations train capuchin monkeys as service animals to assist quadriplegics and other people with severe spinal cord injuries or mobility impairments . After being socialized in a human home as infants, the monkeys undergo extensive training before being placed with disabled people. Around the house, the monkeys assist with daily tasks such as feeding, fetching, manipulating objects, and personal care. Helper monkeys are usually trained in schools by private organizations, taking seven years to train, and are able to serve 25–30 years (two to three times longer than
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#1732779675221708-590: A source of inspiration for the painters of the Sèvres factory, giving rise to porcelain services called Buffon. The name of the different species, faithfully reproduced, is inscribed on the back of each piece. Several "Buffon services" were produced during the reign of Louis XVI; the first was intended for the Count of Artois , in 1782. Buffon's Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière (1749–1788: in 36 volumes; an additional volume based on his notes appeared in 1789)
767-474: A synonym for "monkey" or is used to mean a tailless humanlike primate. Colloquially, the terms "monkey" and "ape" are widely used interchangeably. Also, a few monkey species have the word "ape" in their common name, such as the Barbary ape . Later in the first half of the 20th century, the idea developed that there were trends in primate evolution and that the living members of the order could be arranged in
826-530: A theory of reproduction that ran counter to the prevailing theory of pre-existence . The early volumes were condemned by the Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne. Buffon published a retraction, but he continued publishing the offending volumes without any change. In the course of his examination of the animal world, Buffon noted that different regions have distinct plants and animals despite similar environments,
885-515: A tribe or a troop. Two separate groups of primates are referred to as "monkeys": New World monkeys (platyrrhines) from South and Central America and Old World monkeys ( catarrhines in the superfamily Cercopithecoidea) from Africa and Asia. Apes (hominoids)—consisting of gibbons , orangutans , gorillas , chimpanzees and bonobos , and humans —are also catarrhines but were classically distinguished from monkeys. Tailless monkeys may be called "apes", incorrectly according to modern usage; thus
944-400: Is a cladogram with some extinct monkey families. Generally, extinct non-hominoid simians, including early catarrhines are discussed as monkeys as well as simians or anthropoids, which cladistically means that Hominoidea are monkeys as well, restoring monkeys as a single grouping. It is indicated approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades. It
1003-478: Is ambiguous and sometimes monkey includes non-human hominoids. In addition, frequent arguments are made for a monophyletic usage of the word "monkey" from the perspective that usage should reflect cladistics. Several science-fiction and fantasy stories have depicted non-human (fantastical or alien) antagonistic characters refer to humans as monkeys, usually in a derogatory manner, as a form of metacommentary . A group of monkeys may be commonly referred to as
1062-467: Is from the planet Krypton . He was originally one of Jor-El 's test animals. Luckily for him, Beppo decided to stow away aboard baby Kal-El 's rocket to Earth and was thus saved from its destruction. Upon landing, Beppo hopped out unseen and went off on his own for some months. Beppo lived in a jungle and handled himself quite well, since as a Kryptonian monkey he had the usual array of super-powers. Beppo later encounters Superman and Supergirl and joins
1121-408: Is the man himself" (" Le style c'est l'homme même "). Unfortunately for him, Buffon's reputation as a literary stylist also gave ammunition to his detractors: the mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert , for example, called him "the great phrase-monger". In 1752 Buffon married Marie-Françoise de Saint-Belin-Malain, the daughter of an impoverished noble family from Burgundy, who had been enrolled in
1180-1107: Is thought the New World monkeys started as a drifted "Old World monkey" group from the Old World (probably Africa) to the New World (South America). Tarsiiformes Eosimiidae s.s. (†37) Phileosimias (†46) Amphipithecidae (†35) Parapithecoidea (†30) Proteopithecidae (†34) Chilecebus (†20) Tremacebus (†20) Homunculus (†16) Dolichocebus (†20) Crown Platyrrhini (New World Monkeys) Oligopithecidae (†34) Propliopithecoidea (†30) Pliopithecoidea (†6) Micropithecus (†15) Proconsulidae (†18) Equatorius (†16) Morotopithecus (†20) Afropithecus (†16) Nyanzapithecinae (†7) Hominidae Hylobatidae Saadanioidea (†28) Victoriapithecinae (†19) Crown Cercopithecoidea (Old World Monkeys) The many species of monkey have varied relationships with humans. Some are kept as pets , others used as model organisms in laboratories or in space missions. They may be killed in monkey drives (when they threaten agriculture) or used as service animals for
1239-634: The Online Etymology Dictionary , the word "monkey" may originate in a German version of the Reynard the Fox fable, published c. 1580 . In this version of the fable, a character named Moneke is the son of Martin the Ape. In English, no clear distinction was originally made between "ape" and "monkey"; thus the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica entry for "ape" notes that it is either
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#17327796752211298-598: The Legion of Super-Pets . Following the Crisis on Infinite Earths continuity reboot, Beppo appears in Infinite Crisis , Final Crisis: Legion of 3 Worlds , and the 2024 one-shot Ape-Ril Special . Monkey Monkey is a common name that may refer to most mammals of the infraorder Simiiformes , also known as simians. Traditionally, all animals in the group now known as simians are counted as monkeys except
1357-502: The Sorbonne , and once again he issued a retraction to avoid further problems. Buffon knew of the existence of extinct species as mammoths or European rhinos . And some of his assumptions have inspired current models, such as continental drift . Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére , 1749–1767. Paris: Imprimerie Royale . Volumes 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 15 . Buffon believed in monogenism ,
1416-600: The apes . Thus monkeys, in that sense, constitute an incomplete paraphyletic grouping; however, in the broader sense based on cladistics , apes (Hominoidea) are also included, making the terms monkeys and simians synonyms in regard to their scope. In 1812, Étienne Geoffroy grouped the apes and the Cercopithecidae group of monkeys together and established the name Catarrhini , "Old World monkeys" (" singes de l'Ancien Monde " in French ). The extant sister of
1475-490: The owl monkeys and greater galagos — monochromatic . Although both the New and Old World monkeys, like the apes, have forward-facing eyes, the faces of Old World and New World monkeys look very different, though again, each group shares some features such as the types of noses, cheeks and rumps. The following list shows where the various monkey families (bolded) are placed in the classification of living (extant) primates. Below
1534-421: The pygmy marmoset , which can be as small as 117 mm ( 4 + 5 ⁄ 8 in) with a 172 mm ( 6 + 3 ⁄ 4 in) tail and just over 100 g ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 oz) in weight, to the male mandrill , almost 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long and weighing up to 36 kg (79 lb). Some are arboreal (living in trees) while others live on the savanna ; diets differ among
1593-721: The Catarrhini in the monkey ("singes") group is the Platyrrhini (New World monkeys). Some nine million years before the divergence between the Cercopithecidae and the apes, the Platyrrhini emerged within "monkeys" by migration to South America from Afro-Arabia (the Old World), likely by ocean. Apes are thus deep in the tree of extant and extinct monkeys, and any of the apes is distinctly closer related to
1652-411: The Cercopithecidae than the Platyrrhini are. Many monkey species are tree-dwelling ( arboreal ), although there are species that live primarily on the ground, such as baboons . Most species are mainly active during the day ( diurnal ). Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent , especially the Old World monkeys. Within suborder Haplorhini , the simians are a sister group to the tarsiers –
1711-506: The belly of our moose.” Buffon, who was “absolutely unacquainted” with the moose, asked for a specimen. Jefferson dispatched twenty soldiers to the New Hampshire woods to find a bull moose for Buffon as proof of the "stature and majesty of American quadrupeds". According to Jefferson, the specimen “convinced Mr. Buffon. He promised in his next volume to set these things right." In Les époques de la nature (1778) Buffon discussed
1770-578: The biblical narrative of Creation. Georges Louis Leclerc (later Comte de Buffon) was born at Montbard , in the province of Burgundy to Benjamin François Leclerc, a minor local official in charge of the salt tax and Anne-Christine Marlin, also from a family of civil servants. Georges was named after his mother's uncle (his godfather ) Georges Blaisot, the tax-farmer of the Duke of Savoy for all of Sicily . In 1714 Blaisot died childless, leaving
1829-435: The body, his view and mine would have been very closely similar." “Buffon asked most all of the questions that science has since been striving to answer,” the historian Otis Fellows wrote in 1970. His glory lies in what he prepared for his successors: bold and seminal views on the common characters of life’s origin, laws of geographical distribution, a geological record of the earth’s evolution, extinction of old species,
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1888-526: The concept that all humanity has a single origin, and that physical differences arose from adaptation to environmental factors, including climate and diet. He speculated on the possibility that the first humans were dark-skinned Africans, but did not pinpoint the area of human origin beyond delineating it as “the most temperate climate [that] lies between the 40th and 50th degree of latitude.” This geophysical band encompasses portions of Europe, North America, North Africa, Mongolia, and China. Controversially for
1947-474: The conditions of climate and diet. Clarence Glacken suggests that "The environmental changes through human agency described by Buffon were those which were familiar and traditional in the history of Western civilization". However, Buffon also challenged Carl Linnaeus' conceptualization of the fixed division of race. In this sense, Buffon expands his perspective on monogenism that associating these dissimilar traits and features into one larger category rather than in
2006-402: The construction of ships in 1733. Soon afterward, Buffon began a long-term study, performing some of the most comprehensive tests to date on the mechanical properties of wood . Included were a series of tests to compare the properties of small specimens with those of large members. After carefully testing more than a thousand small specimens without knots or other defects, Buffon concluded that it
2065-583: The convent school run by his sister. Madame de Buffon's second child, a son born in 1764, survived childhood; she herself died in 1769. When in 1772 Buffon became seriously ill and the promise that his son (then only 8) should succeed him as director of the Jardin became clearly impracticable and was withdrawn, the King raised Buffon's estates in Burgundy to the status of a county – and thus Buffon (and his son) became
2124-482: The death of his mother and before the impending remarriage of his father, Georges left Kingston and returned to Dijon to secure his inheritance. Having added 'de Buffon' to his name while traveling with the Duke, he repurchased the village of Buffon, which his father had meanwhile sold off. With a fortune of about 80,000 livres (at the time, worth nearly 27 kilograms of gold), Buffon set himself up in Paris to pursue science, at first primarily mathematics and mechanics, and
2183-516: The disabled. In some areas, some species of monkey are considered agricultural pests , and can cause extensive damage to commercial and subsistence crops. This can have important implications for the conservation of endangered species, which may be subject to persecution. In some instances farmers' perceptions of the damage may exceed the actual damage. Monkeys that have become habituated to human presence in tourist locations may also be considered pests, attacking tourists. Many zoos have maintained
2242-638: The family tradition in civil service. In 1728 Georges left Dijon to study mathematics and medicine at the University of Angers in France. At Angers in 1730 he made the acquaintance of the young English Duke of Kingston , who was on his grand tour of Europe, and traveled with him on a large and expensive entourage for a year and a half through southern France and parts of Italy. There are persistent but completely undocumented rumors from this period about duels, abductions and secret trips to England. In 1732 after
2301-422: The fourth edition onwards, he amended this to say that "the first author who in modern times has treated it [evolution] in a scientific spirit was Buffon. But as his opinions fluctuated greatly at different periods, and as he does not enter on the causes or means of the transformation of species, I need not here enter on details". Buffon's work on degeneration, however, was immensely influential on later scholars but
2360-579: The game of fair-square ), introduced differential and integral calculus into probability theory ; the problem of Buffon's needle in probability theory is named after him. In 1734 he was admitted to the French Academy of Sciences . During this period he corresponded with the Swiss mathematician Gabriel Cramer . His protector Maurepas had asked the Academy of Sciences to do research on wood for
2419-464: The idea of categorizing race in a specific fixed division. Therefore, because Buffon seems to favor in working on gerealization and marking the similarities rather than the difference in the race categorization. Charles Darwin wrote in his preliminary historical sketch added to the third edition of On the Origin of Species : "Passing over ... Buffon, with whose writings I am not familiar". Then, from
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2478-455: The idea of evolution into the realm of science. He developed a concept of the "unity of type", a precursor of comparative anatomy . More than anyone else, he was responsible for the acceptance of a long-time scale for the history of the earth. He was one of the first to imply that you get inheritance from your parents, in a description based on similarities between elephants and mammoths. And yet, he hindered evolution by his frequent endorsement of
2537-434: The immutability of species. He provided a criterion of species, fertility among members of a species, that was thought impregnable. Buffon wrote about the concept of struggle for existence . He developed a system of heredity which was similar to Darwin's hypothesis of pangenesis . Commenting on Buffon's views, Darwin stated, "If Buffon had assumed that his organic molecules had been formed by each separate unit throughout
2596-617: The increase of his fortune. In 1732 he moved to Paris , where he made the acquaintance of Voltaire and other intellectuals. He lived in the Faubourg Saint-Germain , with Gilles-François Boulduc , first apothecary of the King, professor of chemistry at the Royal Garden of Plants , member of the Academy of Sciences . He first made his mark in the field of mathematics and, in his Sur le jeu de franc-carreau ( On
2655-728: The origins of the Solar System , speculating that the planets had been created by a comet 's collision with the Sun. He also suggested that the Earth originated much earlier than 4004 BC, the date determined by Archbishop James Ussher . Basing his figures on the cooling rate of iron tested at his Laboratory the Petit Fontenet at Montbard , he calculated that the Earth was at least 75,000 years old. Once again, his ideas were condemned by
2714-749: The purchase of adjoining plots of land and acquiring new botanical and zoological specimens from all over the world. Thanks to his talent as a writer, he was invited to join Paris's second great academy, the Académie Française in 1753 and then in 1768 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society . In his Discours sur le style ("Discourse on Style"), pronounced before the Académie française, he said, "Writing well consists of thinking, feeling and expressing well, of clarity of mind, soul and taste ... The style
2773-420: The tailless Barbary macaque is historically called the "Barbary ape". As apes have emerged in the monkey group as sister of the old world monkeys, characteristics that describe monkeys are generally shared by apes as well. Williams et al. outlined evolutionary features, including in stem groupings, contrasted against the other primates such as the tarsiers and the lemuriformes . Monkeys range in size from
2832-523: The tarsiers, are also haplorhine primates; however, they are also not monkeys. Apes emerged within monkeys as sister of the Cercopithecidae in the Catarrhini, so cladistically they are monkeys as well. However, there has been resistance to directly designate apes (and thus humans) as monkeys, so "Old World monkey" may be taken to mean either the Cercopithecoidea (not including apes) or the Catarrhini (including apes). That apes are monkeys
2891-428: The two decades following his death. Ernst Mayr wrote that "Truly, Buffon was the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the 18th century". Credited with being one of the first naturalists to recognize ecological succession , he was later forced by the theology committee at the University of Paris to recant his theories about geological history and animal evolution because they contradicted
2950-530: The two members diverged some 70 million years ago. New World monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians roughly 35 million years ago. Old World monkeys and apes emerged within the catarrhine monkeys about 25 million years ago. Extinct basal simians such as Aegyptopithecus or Parapithecus (35–32 million years ago) are also considered monkeys by primatologists. Lemurs , lorises , and galagos are not monkeys, but strepsirrhine primates (suborder Strepsirrhini). The simians' sister group ,
3009-574: The various species but may contain any of the following: fruit, leaves, seeds, nuts, flowers, eggs and small animals (including insects and spiders). Some characteristics are shared among the groups; most New World monkeys have long tails, with those in the Atelidae family being prehensile , while Old World monkeys have non-prehensile tails or no visible tail at all. Old World monkeys have trichromatic color vision like that of humans, while New World monkeys may be trichromatic, dichromatic , or—as in
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#17327796752213068-558: Was a French naturalist , mathematician , and cosmologist . He held the position of intendant (director) at the Jardin du Roi , now called the Jardin des plantes . Buffon's works influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including two prominent French scientists Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Georges Cuvier . Buffon published thirty-six quarto volumes of his Histoire Naturelle during his lifetime, with additional volumes based on his notes and further research being published in
3127-479: Was already realized by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in the 18th century. Linnaeus placed this group in 1758 together with the tarsiers, in a single genus " Simia " (sans Homo ), an ensemble now recognised as the Haplorhini. Monkeys, including apes, can be distinguished from other primates by having only two pectoral nipples, a pendulous penis, and a lack of sensory whiskers . According to
3186-505: Was guillotined on July 10, 1794. Buffon's heart was initially saved, as it was guarded by Suzanne Necker (wife of Jacques Necker ), but was later lost. Today, only Buffon's cerebellum remains, as it is kept in the base of the statue by Pajou that Louis XVI had commissioned in his honor in 1776, located at the Museum of Natural History in Paris . His Histoire naturelle was also
3245-467: Was not possible to extrapolate to the properties of full-size timbers, and he began a series of tests on full-size structural members. In 1739 he was appointed head of the Parisian Jardin du Roi with the help of Maurepas; he held this position to the end of his life. Buffon was instrumental in transforming the Jardin du Roi into a major research center and museum. He also enlarged it, arranging
3304-404: Was not, since it excluded hominoids (apes and humans). Thus, the term "monkey" no longer referred to a recognized scientific taxon . The smallest accepted taxon which contains all the monkeys is the infraorder Simiiformes , or simians. However this also contains the hominoids, so that monkeys are, in terms of currently recognized taxa, non-hominoid simians. Colloquially and pop-culturally, the term
3363-632: Was originally intended to cover all three "kingdoms" of nature but the Histoire naturelle ended up being limited to the animal and mineral kingdoms, and the animals covered were only the birds and quadrupeds. "Written in a brilliant style, this work was read ... by every educated person in Europe". Those who assisted him in the production of this great work included Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton , Philibert Guéneau de Montbeillard, and Gabriel-Léopold Bexon, along with numerous artists. Buffon's Histoire naturelle
3422-524: Was overshadowed by strong moral overtones. The paradox of Buffon is that, according to Ernst Mayr : He was not an evolutionary biologist, yet he was the father of evolutionism. He was the first person to discuss a large number of evolutionary problems, problems that before Buffon had not been raised by anybody ... he brought them to the attention of the scientific world. Except for Aristotle and Darwin, no other student of organisms [whole animals and plants] has had as far-reaching an influence. He brought
3481-478: Was translated into many different languages, making him one of the most widely read authors of the day, a rival to Montesquieu , Rousseau , and Voltaire . In the opening volumes of the Histoire naturelle Buffon questioned the usefulness of mathematics, criticized Carl Linnaeus 's taxonomical approach to natural history, outlined a history of the Earth with little relation to the Biblical account, and proposed
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