Surbtal is a river valley region in the Canton of Aargau , Switzerland.
36-751: The Surbtal (literally Surb valley ) is situated parallel to the Limmat Valley ( Limmattal ) in the Baden and Zurzach districts of the Canton of Aargau in Switzerland. The valley is bounded by moraines of the Linth glacier; and in the east it passes over to the border of the Canton of Zürich respectively the drainage basin of the Wehn Valley (native German name: Wehntal ). Surbtal comprises
72-572: A few, mostly elderly Jews who know the dialect, and in the 1970s the sound archives began recording what is left of the dialect. In 1976 Florence Guggenheim-Grünberg , a Swiss linguist and historian, published a dictionary of the Surbtal Yiddish. Because of the proximity to the fairs/markets in Zurzach , as from the 17th century also settled Jewish merchants in Lengnau and Endingen , as
108-519: A re-named Federal Assembly. This is the system which would govern the Swiss for over three decades, seeing the addition of new, French-speaking cantons. The system showed its weaknesses in 1845, when a league of Catholic cantons joined together in opposition to Federal authority and formed the Sonderbund League in 1845. This was the beginnings of a civil war, which lasted through 1848 and saw
144-481: Is known as Wasserschloss . In 1930 the government of the canton of Zurich set the remains of the original Limmat riverside meadows and floodplains near Dietikon ( Dietiker Altläufe ) under conservation , as well in 2005 the floodplains ( Dietiker Schachen ) near Wettingen accommodating more than 150 plant species and rare species as common kingfisher , little ringed plover and grass snake . The economical Region Limmattal comprises, among other communities in
180-708: Is the continuation of the Linth , and is known as the Limmat from the point of effluence from Lake Zürich , in the city of Zürich , flowing in northwesterly direction to the Aare . The confluence is located northeast of the small town of Brugg (AG), shortly after the mouth of the Reuss , and shortly before the Aare joins the Rhine . The confluence of the three rivers Aare, Reuss and Limmat
216-773: The Seedamm at the Obersee lake shore respectively the Ufenau , Lützelau and Heilig Hüsli islands on Zürichsee , and finally the glaciers retreated into the alpine mountains. The oldest settlement findings date back to the Neolithic period. From Roman times there are finds at various locations, including a villa rustica in Lengnau. In the Early and High Middle Ages the monasteries of St. Gallen and Einsiedeln had possessions in
252-637: The classification yard RBL ( Rangierbahnhof Limmattal ) provided by the SBB ;CFF FFS , the Limmattal's regional newspaper ( Limmattaler Zeitung ) and the regional gymnasium ( Gymnasium Limmattal ). The Limmattal has excellent transport links: S-Bahn Zürich is a modern rapid-transit system on the lines S3 , S9 , S12 and S17 , in addition to the services of the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS) , and around
288-408: The districts of Dietikon (ZH) and Baden (AG), the cities and municipalities of Zürich , Oberengstringen , Unterengstringen , Schlieren , Weiningen , Urdorf , Dietikon , Bergdietikon , Geroldswil , Oetwil , Spreitenbach , Würenlos , Killwangen , Neuenhof , Wettingen , Baden , Ennetbaden , Obersiggenthal , Untersiggenthal and Turgi . The Limmattal is heavily populated thanks to
324-651: The radical anti-clericalism of the French Revolution. This opposition eventually lead to the Stecklikrieg , which pitted a Swiss rebellion against the forces of the Helvetic Republic . The opposition was successful in forcing the Helvetic Republic to accepting the French negotiated Acts of Mediation in 1803. These acts secured the federal, decentralized nature of Switzerland. Switzerland
360-652: The Federal Treaty ( Bundesvertrag ) of 7 August 1815 to its dissolution after the Sonderbund War in 1848. Organised as a Diet since 1500, the seat of the Swiss legislature was called the Federal Diet. This was not the sole source of authority in the loosely joined country, as each canton had relatively independent diets as well. Though a representative body, it differed from modern constitutional assemblies as its member were drawn almost exclusively from
396-594: The Federal forces victorious. Following their victory, a new constitution was adopted and the Federal Assembly of Switzerland was created in its modern form. Bern was chosen as the 'federal city,' or Bundesstadt, in a deliberate avoidance of the term 'capital city,' or Hauptstadt. In its modern form, the Federal Assembly is a true representative body which elects its members according to the votes of
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#1732773027805432-595: The Jewish bürgergemeinde of Neu-Endingen was founded which remained independent until 1983 when it merged into the bürgergemeinde of Endingen. After the Wehntalbahn railway was not continued towards the Surbtal in 1891, in 1921 a Postauto bus line was opened. Until 1954 the completion of the cantonal Surbtalstrasse road was carried out. From the 1960s trade, industrial arts and light industry companies settled in
468-558: The Jewish citizens were not allowed to operate agriculture or exercise a craft. Livelihood they earned mainly on the internationally important Zurzach fair and the market in Baden. From 1696 all Jewish inhabitants had to buy all 16 years expensive protective shield letters from the Landvogt of Baden. From 1776 the right of residence of all Jews in Switzerland was definitely limited to Endingen and Lengnau. Since they were allowed to stay during
504-679: The Jewish population in Switzerland was expelled from all Swiss municipalities and settled in Oberlengnau – finally, they were 'allowed' to settle only in Lengnau and Endingen, in accordance with a resolution of the Tagsatzung in 1678. Their vernacular, the Surbtaler Jiddisch (literally Surbtal Yiddish ), was one of the last spoken dialects of the Western Yiddish language in the late 20th century. Today there are only
540-422: The Jewish residents were only allowed to enter a few professions, such as trade, particularly as livestock dealers and so on. Houses were built with two separate entrances, one for Jews and one for Christians. They were under the high and low courts of the Baden bailiff. The Jewish population was fairly well tolerated, self-managed and maintained its own school. In March 1798 the French revolutionary troops overturned
576-690: The Old Swiss Confederancy. In 1528, during the Reformation in Zürich , Niederweningen remained Roman Catholic; in Endingen, Tegerfelden and Unterendingen still lived Reformed minorities. In 1803 the Surbtal came as part of the county of Baden to the present Canton of Aargau. The Surbtal was significantly influenced by the so-called Surbtaler Juden (literally Surbtal Jews ). After the 1250s pogroms in Switzerland, between 1623 and 1633
612-555: The Surbtal, later particularly the St. Blasien Abbey . The heartland of the possessions of the medieval House of Regensberg was in the Furt and Wehn valleys besides the Lägern chain, where around 1050 AD the family built its ancestral seat Altburg near Zürich-Affoltern , and two centuries later Neu-Regensberg on the eastern Lägern slope. In the 13th century the upper Surbtal (Lengnau)
648-485: The Surbtal. After the repeal of the majority of the legal restrictions on Jewish citizens on 3 March 1862, on 29 March 1862 the Israelitischer Kultusverein (Jewish society) was founded by 12 members in Zürich, and in 1880 its name was changed in the present Israelitische Cultusgemeinde Zürich (ICZ) . On 16 September 1884 their first synagogue, Synagoge Zürich Löwenstrasse was inaugurated. In 1879
684-585: The Swiss regime and proclaimed the Helvetic Republic ; the Surb region now belonged to the short-lived Canton of Baden from 1798 to 1803. The new state was soon hated in large parts of the population, resulting in the 1802 civil war . This hatred erupted on 21 September 1802 during the so-called Zwetschgenkrieg against the Jewish fellow citizens, who were considered supporters of the new liberal government. A horde of over 800 residents from neighboring villages fell over Endingen and Lengnau, and enriched themselves from
720-401: The area of the municipalities: The Surb is a 20 kilometres (12.4 mi) long river in the Swiss cantons of Aargau and Zürich, where she rises on an altitude of 471 metres (1,545 ft) MAMSL at the municipality of Schöfflisdorf . The river drains the northern Wehntal , passing the municipalities of Ehrendingen, Lengnau, Endingen, Unterendingen and Tegerfelden in the Surbtal. South of
756-533: The belongings of those defenseless Jews, while the Christian inhabitants were largely unmolested. The first Swiss Federal Constitution of 12 September 1848 provided for the cantons' sovereignty, as long as this did not impinge on the Federal Constitution. Among others, Jewish citizens from Endingen and Lengnau, 80 Jewish women, children and men in all, were allowed by the authorities to settle in
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#1732773027805792-764: The city of Zürich provided by Verkehrsbetriebe Zürich (VBZ) , the public transport operator in the city of Zurich and its suburbs. Near realization is an additional tramway called Limmattalbahn , between Zürich- Farbhof ( Altstetten ) and Killwangen- Spreitenbach , as continuation of the Zürich tram line 2 and of the Bremgarten-Dietikon-Bahn . 47°30′N 8°15′E / 47.500°N 8.250°E / 47.500; 8.250 Tagsatzung The Federal Diet of Switzerland ( German : Tagsatzung , IPA: [ˈtaːkˌzatsʊŋ] ; French : Diète fédérale ; Italian : Dieta federale )
828-514: The composition and functions of the Federal Diet had changed and evolved since its founding in the 15th century, it was most notably reorganised during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic period. The understanding of the Federal Diet can be broken down into three main periods: before the French invasion in 1798, the period of the French invasion and the Act of Mediation , and from its restructuring by
864-594: The good location factor, nearby the city of Zürich, among them excellent infrastructure, growing economics and attractive residential area besides the Limmat valley. Standortförderung Limmattal is a society to enhance networking of the region and to realize common projects by the communities in the region Limmatal. The term "Limmattal" is also used for many organizations, such as the Regional Hospital Limmattal (German: Spital Limmattal ) in Urdorf,
900-537: The graves on the island. In 1750 the Tagsatzung 'allowed' the Jewish communities of Endingen and Lengnau to acquire woodland on a small hill between Endingen and Lengnau to establish the Endingen cemetery . The cemetery has been expanded several times; based on an 1859 agreement, two-fifths of the cemetery belong to the Israelite community of Lengnau, and three-fifths to the Israelite community of Endingen. However,
936-612: The invasion and victory of the French Republican forces, the Old Swiss Confederation was disbanded and replaced by the Helvetic Republic . This was a more centralized form of government than the previous and it was widely opposed as revoking the traditional liberties of local powers. Opposition was particularly fierce among the Catholic population, for whom the French imposed government was associated with
972-468: The last Eemian (interglacial) period back far into the alpine valleys, and great lakes with border union fens filled the former glacial basin. Following the Würm glaciation , during the last glacial maximum about 24,000 years ago, the glaciers pushed again to the lower Glatt Valley. With the increasing warming period about 20,000 years ago, the glaciers melted away in stages to Zürich, later Hurden and formed
1008-467: The night only in the two villages, their radius of action was strongly limited. At the same time, the Jews of the Surbtal formed a Beth din or rabbinical court with Tiengen . The Jewish citizens built two large synagogues, in 1765 in Endingen (rebuilt in 1852) and in Lengnau in 1750 (rebuilt 1847). Beginning in 1603, the deceased Jews of the Surbtal communities were buried on a small Rhein river island,
1044-505: The picked interest of the landed and mercantile elite. The presiding canton of the Federal Diet was known as the Vorort and was usually the canton which had called the Diet. The Diet was held in varying locations, with Zurich becoming increasingly important following the 16th century. The last three presiding cantons before the French invasion were Bern , Lucerne , and Zürich . Following
1080-528: The so-called Judenäule ("Jew's island") which was leased by the Jewish community. As the island was repeatedly flooded and devastated, in 1750 the Surbtal Jews asked the Tagsatzung to establish a cemetery in the vicinity of their communities in the Surb valley. Once a year, the communal chevra kadisha ( hevra kadishah , Aramaic : חברא קדישא, Ḥebh'ra Qaddisha , meaning "holy society") visited
1116-451: The still rural Surbtal region. 47°32′N 8°17′E / 47.533°N 8.283°E / 47.533; 8.283 Limmat Valley The Limmat Valley (German: Limmattal ) is a river valley and a region in the cantons of Zürich and Aargau in Switzerland. The Limmat ( German pronunciation: [ˈlɪmət] ) is a 35 km (22 mi) long river located in the cantons of Zürich (ZH) and Aargau (AG). It
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1152-533: The village center of Döttingen, the Surb joins the Aare . About 185,000 years ago, a side lobe of the Walensee/Reinglacier overlapped on the threshold at the present Pfannenstiel eastern slope from Hombrechtikon into the Glatttal towards Niederweningen, and eroded the overdeepened rock rut of the present Wehntal area. After another glacial maximum about 140,000 years ago, the ice melted in
1188-552: The whole territory of the Canton of Zurich in 1850, in 1862 about 175 people, including 100 in the Zürich district . The first Jewish community in the city of Zürich within the past 438 years, exceptionally appreciated the support by the city authorities. In 1866 the Swiss Federal Constitution granted freedom of establishment and in 1874 freedom of worship, whereupon to about 1920, most of the Jewish citizens left
1224-677: Was controlled by the Counts of Regensberg, the lower valley by the families von Tegerfelden and later von Klingen . In 1269 Walther von Klingen sold his rights along with the town of Klingnau to the Bishop of Constance . The Regensberg family was ousted by the Habsburg family and the city of Zürich in the second half of the 13th century. In 1415 the valley came, as part of the Grafschaft Baden (bailiwicks of Siggen and Ehrendingen), to
1260-689: Was organized according to the terms of the Acts of Mediation under the defeat of the French Empire in 1815. The "Long Diet" had been in session for over a year until 1815, when the Congress of Vienna decided the shape which Europe would take following the Coalition's victory. The Swiss government maintained its federal structure, though no longer under the forms of the Acts of Mediation and coordinated by
1296-558: Was the legislative and executive council of the Old Swiss Confederacy and existed in various forms from the beginnings of Swiss independence until the formation of the Swiss federal state in 1848. The Diet was a meeting of delegates from the individual cantons. It was the most wide-reaching political institution of the Old Swiss Confederacy , but its power was very limited, as the cantons were essentially sovereign. While
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