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50-475: Summit , the ninth fastest supercomputer in the world (based on the Top500 list as of June 2024), is based on POWER9, while also using Nvidia Tesla GPUs as accelerators. The POWER9 core comes in two variants, a four-way multithreaded one called SMT4 and an eight-way one called SMT8 . The SMT4- and SMT8-cores are similar, in that they consist of a number of so-called slices fed by common schedulers. A slice

100-451: A heterogeneous computing model. To provide a high rate of data throughput, the nodes are connected in a non-blocking fat-tree topology using a dual-rail Mellanox EDR InfiniBand interconnect for both storage and inter-process communications traffic, which delivers both 200 Gbit/s bandwidth between nodes and in-network computing acceleration for communications frameworks such as MPI and SHMEM / PGAS . The storage for Summit has

150-604: A quintillion 64-bit floating point arithmetic calculations per second. Frontier clocked in at approximately 1.1 exaflops , beating out the previous record-holder, Fugaku . Some major systems are not on the list. A prominent example is the NCSA's Blue Waters which publicly announced the decision not to participate in the list because they do not feel it accurately indicates the ability of any system to do useful work. Other organizations decide not to list systems for security and/or commercial competitiveness reasons. One such example

200-966: A $ 325 million contract in November 2014 to IBM, Nvidia and Mellanox . The effort resulted in construction of Summit and Sierra . Summit is tasked with civilian scientific research and is located at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee. Sierra is designed for nuclear weapons simulations and is located at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California. Summit was estimated to cover 5,600 square feet (520 m ) and require 219 kilometres (136 mi) of cabling. Researchers will utilize Summit for diverse fields such as cosmology , medicine , and climatology . In 2015,

250-511: A Scale Out or Scale Up configuration. POWER9 cores are either SMT4 or SMT8, with SMT8 cores intended for PowerVM systems, while the SMT4 cores are intended for PowerNV systems, which do not use PowerVM, and predominantly run Linux. With POWER9, chips made for Scale Out can support directly-attached memory, while Scale Up chips are intended for use with machines with more than two CPU sockets, and use buffered memory. The IBM Portal for OpenPOWER lists

300-569: A cluster with over 100,000 H100s. xAI Memphis Supercluster (also known as "Colossus") allegedly features 100,000 of the same H100 GPUs, which could have put in on the first place, but it is reportedly not in full operation due to power shortages. IBM Roadrunner is no longer on the list (nor is any other using the Cell coprocessor, or PowerXCell ). Although Itanium -based systems reached second rank in 2004, none now remain. Similarly (non- SIMD -style) vector processors (NEC-based such as

350-438: A collaboration with AMD, and are a minor variant of Zen -based AMD EPYC ) and was ranked 38th, now 117th, and the other was the first ARM -based computer on the list – using Cavium ThunderX2 CPUs. Before the ascendancy of 32-bit x86 and later 64-bit x86-64 in the early 2000s, a variety of RISC processor families made up most TOP500 supercomputers, including SPARC , MIPS , PA-RISC , and Alpha . All

400-548: A fast in-system layer and a center-wide parallel filesystem layer. The in-system layer is optimized for fast storage with SSDs on each node, while the center-wide parallel file system provides easy to access data stored on hard drives. The two layers work together seamlessly so users do not have to differentiate their storage needs. The center-wide parallel file system is GPFS (IBM Storage Scale). It provides 250PB of storage. The cluster delivers 2.5 TB/s of single stream read peak throughput and 1 TB/s of 1M file throughput. It

450-648: A much simpler architecture that was used in POWER4 through POWER8. XIVE will also be used in Power10 . Both POWER9 variants can ship in versions with some cores disabled due to yield reasons , as such Raptor Computing Systems first sold 4-core chips, and even IBM initially sold its AC922 systems with no more than 22-core chips, even though both types of chips have 24 cores on their dies. A lot of facilities are on-chip for helping with massive off-chip I/O performance: POWER9 chips can be made with two types of cores, and in

500-539: A previously fastest supercomputer, is currently highest-ranked IBM-made supercomputer; with IBM POWER9 CPUs. Sequoia became the last IBM Blue Gene/Q model to drop completely off the list; it had been ranked 10th on the 52nd list (and 1st on the June 2012, 41st list, after an upgrade). For the first time, all 500 systems deliver a petaflop or more on the High Performance Linpack (HPL) benchmark, with

550-527: A time, one more than the Windows systems that came later, while the total performance share for Windows was higher. Their relative performance share of the whole list was however similar, and never high for either. In 2004, the System X supercomputer based on Mac OS X ( Xserve , with 2,200 PowerPC 970 processors) once ranked 7th place. It has been well over a decade since MIPS systems dropped entirely off

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600-749: A year. The first of these updates always coincides with the International Supercomputing Conference in June, and the second is presented at the ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference in November. The project aims to provide a reliable basis for tracking and detecting trends in high-performance computing and bases rankings on HPL benchmarks , a portable implementation of the high-performance LINPACK benchmark written in Fortran for distributed-memory computers. The most recent edition of TOP500

650-520: Is a rudimentary 64-bit single-threaded processing core with load store unit (LSU), integer unit (ALU) and a vector scalar unit (VSU, doing SIMD and floating point). A super-slice is the combination of two slices. An SMT4-core consists of a 32  KiB L1 cache (1 KiB = 1024 bytes), a 32 KiB L1 data cache, an instruction fetch unit (IFU) and an instruction sequencing unit (ISU) which feeds two super-slices. An SMT8-core has two sets of L1 caches and, IFUs and ISUs to feed four super-slices. The result

700-545: Is anticipated to be operational in 2021 and, with a performance of greater than 1.5 exaflops, should then be the world's most powerful computer. Since June 2019, all TOP500 systems deliver a petaflop or more on the High Performance Linpack (HPL) benchmark, with the entry level to the list now at 1.022 petaflops. In May 2022, the Frontier supercomputer broke the exascale barrier , completing more than

750-512: Is clocked at 148.6 petaFLOPS. As of November 2019, the supercomputer had ranked as the 5th most energy efficient in the world with a measured power efficiency of 14.668 gigaFLOPS/watt. Summit was the first supercomputer to reach exaflop (a quintillion operations per second) speed, on a non-standard metric, achieving 1.88 exaflops during a genomic analysis and is expected to reach 3.3 exaflops using mixed-precision calculations. The United States Department of Energy awarded

800-602: Is that the 12-core and 24-core versions of POWER9 each consist of the same number of slices (96 each) and the same amount of L1 cache. A POWER9 core, whether SMT4 or SMT8, has a 12-stage pipeline (five stages shorter than its predecessor, the POWER8 ), but aims to retain the clock frequency of around 4 GHz. It will be the first to incorporate elements of the Power ISA v.3.0 that was released in December 2015, including

850-708: Is the National Supercomputing Center at Qingdao's OceanLight supercomputer, completed in March 2021, which was submitted for, and won, the Gordon Bell Prize . The computer is an exaflop computer, but was not submitted to the TOP500 list; the first exaflop machine submitted to the TOP500 list was Frontier. Analysts suspected that the reason the NSCQ did not submit what would otherwise have been

900-586: The ARMv8 architecture. The Flagship2020 program, by Fujitsu for RIKEN plans to break the exaflops barrier by 2020 through the Fugaku supercomputer , (and "it looks like China and France have a chance to do so and that the United States is content – for the moment at least – to wait until 2023 to break through the exaflops barrier." ) These processors will also implement extensions to

950-675: The National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and, until his death in 2014, Hans Meuer of the University of Mannheim , Germany . The TOP500 project also includes lists such as Green500 (measuring energy efficiency) and HPCG (measuring I/O bandwidth). In the early 1990s, a new definition of supercomputer was needed to produce meaningful statistics. After experimenting with metrics based on processor count in 1992,

1000-402: The Power ISA used by IBM Power microprocessors . In recent years, heterogeneous computing has dominated the TOP500, mostly using Nvidia 's graphics processing units (GPUs) or Intel's x86-based Xeon Phi as coprocessors . This is because of better performance per watt ratios and higher absolute performance. AMD GPUs have taken the top 1 and displaced Nvidia in top 10 part of

1050-483: The United States Department of Energy and Intel announced the first exaFLOP supercomputer would be operational at Argonne National Laboratory by the end of 2021. The computer, named Aurora , was delivered to Argonne by Intel and Cray . On 7 May 2019, The U.S. Department of Energy announced a contract with Cray to build the "Frontier" supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Frontier

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1100-473: The VSX-3 instructions. The POWER9 design is made to be modular and used in more processor variants and used for licensing, on a different fabrication process than IBM's. On chip are co-processors for compression and cryptography, as well as a large low-latency eDRAM L3 cache. The POWER9 comes with a new interrupt controller architecture called "eXternal Interrupt Virtualization Engine" (XIVE) which replaces

1150-485: The 56th TOP500 in November 2020, Fugaku grew its HPL performance to 442 petaflops, a modest increase from the 416 petaflops the system achieved when it debuted in June 2020. More significantly, the ARMv8.2 based Fugaku increased its performance on the new mixed precision HPC-AI benchmark to 2.0 exaflops, besting its 1.4 exaflops mark recorded six months ago. These represent the first benchmark measurements above one exaflop for any precision on any type of hardware. Summit,

1200-721: The ARMv8 architecture equivalent to HPC-ACE2 that Fujitsu is developing with Arm . In June 2016, Sunway TaihuLight became the No. 1 system with 93 petaflop/s (PFLOP/s) on the Linpack benchmark. In November 2016, Piz Daint was upgraded, moving it from 8th to 3rd, leaving the US with no systems under the TOP3 for the 2nd time. Inspur , based out of Jinan , China, is one of the largest HPC system manufacturers. As of May 2017 , Inspur has become

1250-723: The Guix System Distribution is in Technology Preview. Summit (supercomputer) Summit or OLCF-4 is a supercomputer developed by IBM for use at Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF), a facility at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory , United States of America . As of June 2024 , it is the 9th fastest supercomputer in the world on the TOP500 list . It held the number 1 position on this list from November 2018 to June 2020. Its current LINPACK benchmark

1300-497: The TOP500 is produced bi-annually based on site and vendor submissions only. Since 1993, performance of the No. 1 ranked position has grown steadily in accordance with Moore's law , doubling roughly every 14 months. In June 2018, Summit was fastest with an Rpeak of 187.6593 P FLOPS . For comparison, this is over 1,432,513 times faster than the Connection Machine CM-5/1024 (1,024 cores), which

1350-591: The TOP500 list up until November 2017. Inspur and Supermicro released a few platforms aimed at HPC using GPU such as SR-AI and AGX-2 in May 2017. In June 2018, Summit, an IBM-built system at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Tennessee, US, took the No. 1 spot with a performance of 122.3 petaflop/s (PFLOP/s), and Sierra, a very similar system at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, US took #3. These systems also took

1400-573: The TOP500 measures a specific benchmark algorithm using a specific numeric precision. In March 2024, Meta AI disclosed the operation of two datacenters with 24,576 H100 GPUs, which is almost 2x as on the Microsoft Azure Eagle (#3 as of September 2024), which could have made them occupy 3rd and 4th places in TOP500, but neither have been benchmarked. During company's Q3 2024 earnings call in October, M. Zuckerberg disclosed usage of

1450-562: The TOP500 systems are Linux -family based, but Linux above is generic Linux. Sunway TaihuLight is the system with the most CPU cores (10,649,600). Tianhe-2 has the most GPU/accelerator cores (4,554,752). Aurora is the system with the greatest power consumption with 38,698 kilowatts. In November 2014, it was announced that the United States was developing two new supercomputers to exceed China's Tianhe-2 in its place as world's fastest supercomputer. The two computers, Sierra and Summit , will each exceed Tianhe-2's 55 peak petaflops. Summit,

1500-525: The entry level to the list now at 1.022 petaflops." However, for a different benchmark "Summit and Sierra remain the only two systems to exceed a petaflop on the HPCG benchmark , delivering 2.9 petaflops and 1.8 petaflops, respectively. The average HPCG result on the current list is 213.3 teraflops, a marginal increase from 211.2 six months ago. Microsoft is back on the TOP500 list with six Microsoft Azure instances (that use/are benchmarked with Ubuntu , so all

1550-532: The fastest supercomputers since the Earth Simulator supercomputer have used operating systems based on Linux . Since November 2017 , all the listed supercomputers use an operating system based on the Linux kernel . Since November 2015, no computer on the list runs Windows (while Microsoft reappeared on the list in 2021 with Ubuntu based on Linux). In November 2014, Windows Azure cloud computer

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1600-536: The first two spots on the HPCG benchmark. Due to Summit and Sierra, the US took back the lead as consumer of HPC performance with 38.2% of the overall installed performance while China was second with 29.1% of the overall installed performance. For the first time ever, the leading HPC manufacturer was not a US company. Lenovo took the lead with 23.8% of systems installed. It is followed by HPE with 15.8%, Inspur with 13.6%, Cray with 11.2%, and Sugon with 11%. On 18 March 2019,

1650-477: The idea arose at the University of Mannheim to use a detailed listing of installed systems as the basis. In early 1993, Jack Dongarra was persuaded to join the project with his LINPACK benchmarks . A first test version was produced in May 1993, partly based on data available on the Internet, including the following sources: The information from those sources was used for the first two lists. Since June 1993,

1700-451: The lifetime of neutrinos. Each of its 4,608 nodes consist of 2 IBM POWER9 CPUs , 6 Nvidia Tesla GPUs , with over 600 GB of coherent memory (96 GB HBM2 plus 512 GB DDR4 ) which is addressable by all CPUs and GPUs, plus 800 GB of non-volatile RAM that can be used as a burst buffer or as extended memory. The POWER9 CPUs and Nvidia Volta GPUs are connected using Nvidia's high speed NVLink . This allows for

1750-547: The list though the Gyoukou supercomputer that jumped to 4th place in November 2017 had a MIPS-based design as a small part of the coprocessors. Use of 2,048-core coprocessors (plus 8× 6-core MIPS, for each, that "no longer require to rely on an external Intel Xeon E5 host processor" ) made the supercomputer much more energy efficient than the other top 10 (i.e. it was 5th on Green500 and other such ZettaScaler-2.2 -based systems take first three spots). At 19.86 million cores, it

1800-468: The list (nearly 50%). As of 2023, the United States has the highest number of systems with 161 supercomputers, and China is in second place with 104. The 59th edition of TOP500, published in June 2022, was the first edition of TOP500 to feature only 64-bit supercomputers; as of June 2022, 32-bit supercomputers are no longer listed. The TOP500 list is compiled by Jack Dongarra of the University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Erich Strohmaier and Horst Simon of

1850-589: The list. The recent exceptions include the aforementioned Fugaku , Sunway TaihuLight , and K computer . Tianhe-2A is also an interesting exception, as US sanctions prevented use of Xeon Phi; instead, it was upgraded to use the Chinese-designed Matrix-2000 accelerators. Two computers which first appeared on the list in 2018 were based on architectures new to the TOP500. One was a new x86-64 microarchitecture from Chinese manufacturer Sugon, using Hygon Dhyana CPUs (these resulted from

1900-600: The more powerful of the two, will deliver 150–300 peak petaflops. On 10 April 2015, US government agencies banned selling chips, from Nvidia to supercomputing centers in China as "acting contrary to the national security ... interests of the United States"; and Intel Corporation from providing Xeon chips to China due to their use, according to the US, in researching nuclear weapons – research to which US export control law bans US companies from contributing – "The Department of Commerce refused, saying it

1950-457: The number of computers in the TOP500 that are in each of the listed countries or territories. As of 2024, United States has the most supercomputers on the list, with 172 machines. The United States has the highest aggregate computational power at 6,324 Petaflops Rmax with Japan second (919 Pflop/s) and Germany third (396 Pflop/s). (As of November 2023 ) By number of systems as of November 2024 : Note: All operating systems of

2000-656: The project called Collaboration of Oak Ridge, Argonne and Lawrence Livermore (CORAL) included a third supercomputer named Aurora and was planned for installation at Argonne National Laboratory . By 2018, Aurora was re-engineered with completion anticipated in 2021 as an exascale computing project along with Frontier and El Capitan to be completed shortly thereafter. Aurora was completed in late 2022. The Summit supercomputer may be used to research energy, artificial intelligence, human health, and other research areas. It has been used in earthquake simulation, extreme weather simulation, materials science, genomics, and predicting

2050-476: The supercomputers are still Linux-based), with CPUs and GPUs from same vendors, the fastest one currently 11th, and another older/slower previously made 10th. And Amazon with one AWS instance currently ranked 64th (it was previously ranked 40th). The number of Arm-based supercomputers is 6; currently all Arm-based supercomputers use the same Fujitsu CPU as in the number 2 system, with the next one previously ranked 13th, now 25th. Legend: Numbers below represent

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2100-471: The third manufacturer to have manufactured a 64-way system – a record that has previously been held by IBM and HP . The company has registered over $ 10B in revenue and has provided a number of systems to countries such as Sudan, Zimbabwe, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Inspur was also a major technology partner behind both the Tianhe-2 and Taihu supercomputers, occupying the top 2 positions of

2150-842: The three available modules for the Nimbus chip, although the Scale-Out SMT8 variant for PowerVM also uses the LaGrange module/socket: Sforza modules use a land grid array (LGA) 2601-pin socket. As with its predecessor, POWER9 is supported by FreeBSD , IBM AIX , IBM i , Linux (both running with and without PowerVM), and OpenBSD . Implementation of POWER9 support in the Linux kernel began with version 4.6 in March 2016. Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), SUSE Linux Enterprise (SLES), Debian Linux , Ubuntu Linux , and CentOS are supported as of August 2018. The GNU Guix package manager also supports POWER9, but however support for

2200-626: The world's first exascale supercomputer was to avoid inflaming political sentiments and fears within the United States, in the context of the United States – China trade war. Additional purpose-built machines that are not capable or do not run the benchmark were not included, such as RIKEN MDGRAPE-3 and MDGRAPE-4 . A Google Tensor Processing Unit v4 pod is capable of 1.1 exaflops of peak performance, while TPU v5p claims over 4 exaflops in Bfloat16 floating-point format , however these units are highly specialized to run machine learning workloads and

2250-593: Was by far the largest system by core-count, with almost double that of the then-best manycore system, the Chinese Sunway TaihuLight . As of November 2024 , the number one supercomputer is El Capitan , the leader on Green500 is JEDI, a Bull Sequana XH3000 system using the Nvidia Grace Hopper GH200 Superchip. In June 2022, the top 4 systems of Graph500 used both AMD CPUs and AMD accelerators. After an upgrade, for

2300-515: Was concerned about nuclear research being done with the machine." On 29 July 2015, President Obama signed an executive order creating a National Strategic Computing Initiative calling for the accelerated development of an exascale (1000 petaflop) system and funding research into post-semiconductor computing. In June 2016, Japanese firm Fujitsu announced at the International Supercomputing Conference that its future exascale supercomputer will feature processors of its own design that implement

2350-526: Was no longer on the list of fastest supercomputers (its best rank was 165th in 2012), leaving the Shanghai Supercomputer Center 's Magic Cube as the only Windows-based supercomputer on the list, until it also dropped off the list. It was ranked 436th in its last appearance on the list released in June 2015, while its best rank was 11th in 2008. There are no longer any Mac OS computers on the list. It had at most five such systems at

2400-405: Was one of the first supercomputers that also required extremely fast metadata performance to support AI/ML workloads exemplified by the 2.6M 32k file creates per second it delivers. TOP500 The TOP500 project ranks and details the 500 most powerful non- distributed computer systems in the world. The project was started in 1993 and publishes an updated list of the supercomputers twice

2450-468: Was published in November 2024 as the 64th edition of TOP500, while the next edition of TOP500 will be published in June 2025 as the 65th edition of TOP500. Since November 2024, the United States' El Capitan is the most powerful supercomputer on TOP500, reaching 1742 petaFlops (1.742 exaFlops) on the LINPACK benchmarks. As of 2018, the United States has by far the highest share of total computing power on

2500-510: Was the fastest system in November 1993 (twenty-five years prior) with an Rpeak of 131.0 G FLOPS . As of June 2022 , all supercomputers on TOP500 are 64-bit supercomputers, mostly based on CPUs with the x86-64 instruction set architecture , 384 of which are Intel EMT64 -based and 101 of which are AMD AMD64 -based, with the latter including the top eight supercomputers. 15 other supercomputers are all based on RISC architectures, including six based on ARM64 and seven based on

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