A covenant , in its most general sense and historical sense , is a solemn promise to engage in or refrain from a specified action. Under historical English common law , a covenant was distinguished from an ordinary contract by the presence of a seal . Because the presence of a seal indicated an unusual solemnity in the promises made in a covenant, the common law would enforce a covenant even in the absence of consideration . In United States contract law, an implied covenant of good faith is presumed.
68-480: PLG may refer to: Prospect Lefferts Gardens , Brooklyn, New York Parti Libéral Genevois , political party in Geneva Pierre-Luc Gagnon , skateboarder Plasminogen Polegate railway station , Sussex, England Polynesian Leaders Group Progressive Librarians Guild P. League+ , Taiwanese basketball league Topics referred to by
136-508: A plebiscite of nearby property owners. Although control of such planning issues is often governed by local planning schemes or other regulatory frameworks rather than through the use of covenants, there are still many covenants imposed, particularly in states that limit the level of control over real property use that may be exercised by local governments. Covenants have been used to exclude certain classes based on race, religion or ethnicity. These groups are generally marginalized groups. In
204-402: A CCR may prohibit any type of modular, prefabricated, or mobile home or may require the structure to be a minimum size), appearance (e.g., no junk cars), or other uses (e.g., no operation of home-based business, no pets except traditional household animals). The purpose of this is to maintain a neighborhood character or prevent improper use of the land. Many covenants of this nature were imposed in
272-696: A buyer of real property from allowing use or occupancy by members of a given race, ethnicity, or religion as specified in the title deed . Such covenants were employed by many real estate developers to "protect" entire subdivisions , with the primary intent to keep " white " neighborhoods "white". Ninety percent of the housing projects built in the years following World War II were racially restricted by such covenants. Cities known for their widespread use of racial covenants include Chicago , Baltimore , Detroit , Milwaukee , Los Angeles , Seattle , and St. Louis . Said premises shall not be rented, leased, or conveyed to, or occupied by, any person other than of
340-401: A college education or higher, 16% have less than a high school education and 48% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 40% of Brooklynites and 38% of city residents have a college education or higher. In Prospect Lefferts Gardens, reading achievement rose from 31 percent in 2000 to 37 percent in 2011, and math achievement rose from 21 percent to 47 percent within
408-439: A complicated system of covenants , known generically as "deed restrictions", built into the deeds of all the lots in a common interest development, particularly in the tens of millions of American homes governed by a homeowner association (HOA) or condominium association . There are some office or industrial parks subject to CCRs as well. These CCRs might, for example, dictate the types of structures that can be built (e.g.,
476-647: A covenant forbidding the construction of tall buildings in the vicinity of an airport or one restricting the height of fences/shrubs at street corners (so as not to interfere with drivers' sight lines). Covenants may restrict everything from the height and size of buildings to the materials used in construction to superficial matters such as paint color and holiday decorations. In residential areas, covenants may forbid "dirty" businesses (such as feedlots or chemical production facilities) or business use entirely, or modifications such as amateur radio antenna. Amateur radio restrictions have been particularly controversial; in 1985
544-754: A covenant that restricts sale to a minority person (commonly used during the Jim Crow era ) is unenforceable , as enforcement would require the court to act in a racially discriminatory manner, contrary to the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In contemporary practice in the United States, a covenant typically refers to restrictions set on contracts like deeds of sale. "Covenants, conditions, and restrictions," commonly abbreviated "CC&Rs" or "CCRs", are
612-535: A long tradition of community participation and involvement. In 2009, PLG Arts transformed multiple drab-looking construction facades into murals that reflected the area and its artists. LinRoFORMA, founded 2010, organizes Lincoln Road residents and businesses to revitalize the street and neighborhood. PLG Community Supported Agriculture links the community and a Connecticut farm, bringing organic produce and vegetables to residents and providing sustainability for future growth. Strong interest in improved food options led to
680-497: A promise to a covenantee to perform an action (affirmative covenant in the United States or positive covenant in England and Wales ) or to refrain from an action (negative covenant). In real property law, the term real covenants means that conditions are tied to the ownership or use of land. A "covenant running with the land", meeting tests of wording and circumstances laid down in precedent , imposes duties or restrictions upon
748-562: A relatively high population of residents who are uninsured , or who receive healthcare through Medicaid . In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 16% in Prospect Lefferts Gardens, compared to the citywide rate of 12%. Air pollution is 0.0078 milligrams per cubic meter (7.8 × 10 oz/cu ft) in Prospect Lefferts Gardens, slightly higher than the citywide and boroughwide averages. Eight percent of residents are smokers , compared to
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#1732773090083816-407: A restrictive covenant will run in equity if these prerequisites are met: The leading case on restrictive covenants in equity is generally regarded as that of Tulk v Moxhay , in which it was determined that the burden could run in equity subject to the qualifications listed above. The risk of an undisclosed restrictive covenant coming to the notice of a buyer or developer after they have acquired
884-405: A site has been seen as especially high in regard to infill residential development . Restrictive covenant indemnity insurance is often available to mitigate this risk. The covenant will typically be written in the deed, and must be in writing due to the statute of frauds . Although scholars have argued that some of the following should be significantly relaxed, in order for the burden to run with
952-512: A symposium discussed whether the law of easements, equitable servitudes, and real covenants should be unified. As time passes and the original promisee of the covenant is no longer involved in the land, enforcement may become lax. Covenants may be imposed through homeowner associations , and controversy has arisen over selective enforcement. Historically, particularly in the United States, exclusionary covenants were used to exclude racial minorities. Some covenants exist for safety purposes, such as
1020-485: Is also greater than that of the city as a whole. The 71st Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 82.7% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 8 murders, 26 rapes, 166 robberies, 349 felony assaults, 143 burglaries, 464 grand larcenies, and 68 grand larcenies auto in 2018. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) operates two fire stations in Prospect Lefferts Gardens. Engine Co. 281/Ladder Co. 147
1088-516: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Prospect Lefferts Gardens Prospect Lefferts Gardens is a residential neighborhood in the Flatbush area of the New York City borough of Brooklyn . The community is bounded by Empire Boulevard (formerly Malbone Street) to the north, Clarkson Avenue to the south, New York Avenue to
1156-644: Is equal to the median life expectancy of all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 22% are between the ages of 0–17, 30% between 25–44, and 25% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 14% respectively. As of 2016 , the median household income in Community Board 9 was $ 51,072. In 2018, an estimated 22% of Crown Heights South residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. One in nine residents (11%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in
1224-555: Is located at 1210 Cortelyou Road, while Engine Co. 249/Ladder Co. 113 is located at 491 Rogers Avenue. As of 2018 , preterm births in Prospect Lefferts Gardens and Crown Heights South are more common than in other places citywide, though births to teenage mothers are less common than in other places citywide. There were 91 preterm births per 1,000 live births in Prospect Lefferts Gardens (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide) and 14.8 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Both neighborhoods have
1292-690: Is located in New York's 35th and 40th City Council districts, represented respectively by Democrats Crystal Hudson and Rita Joseph . Prospect Lefferts Gardens is served by Brooklyn Community Board 9 . Prospect Lefferts Gardens is serviced by the New York City Subway 's B , Q , and S trains at the Prospect Park station and the Q train at the Parkside Avenue station (both on
1360-592: Is not always easy to remove them from the chain of title. Since 2010, the Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project has located more than 500 restrictive covenants and deeds covering more than 20,000 properties in Seattle and its suburbs. In response, the Washington State legislature passed a law that since January 1, 2019 allows property owners to "modify" property records, disavowing
1428-468: Is one in which property owners must actively perform a specific activity, such as keeping the lawn tidy or paying homeowner's association dues for the upkeep of the surrounding area. An agreement not to open a competing business on adjacent property is generally enforceable as a covenant running with the land. However, under the federal Supreme Court 's holding in Shelley v. Kraemer , 334 U.S. 1 (1948),
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#17327730900831496-680: Is part of Brooklyn Community District 9 , and its primary ZIP Code is 11225. It is patrolled by the 71st Precinct of the New York City Police Department . Politically it is represented by the New York City Council 's 40th District. The name Prospect Lefferts Gardens was created in 1968 by the Prospect Lefferts Gardens Neighborhood Association (PLGNA). Prospect Lefferts Gardens is a combination of
1564-451: Is patrolled by the 71st Precinct of the NYPD , located at 421 Empire Boulevard. The 71st Precinct ranked 46th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. As of 2018 , with a non-fatal assault rate of 73 per 1,000 people in Prospect Lefferts Gardens, rates of violent crimes per capita are greater than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 598 per 100,000 people
1632-451: Is slightly lower than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 84% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", compared to the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket, there are 21 bodegas in Prospect Lefferts Gardens and Crown Heights South. Prospect Lefferts Gardens generally has a similar ratio of college-educated residents to the rest of the city as of 2018 . While 35% of residents age 25 and older have
1700-673: The BMT Brighton Line ), as well as the Sterling Street and Winthrop Street stations on the IRT Nostrand Avenue Line ( 2 and 5 trains). Additionally, the B12 , B16 , B41 , B43 , B44 , B44 SBS , B48 , B49 New York City Bus routes serve the area. Notes Further reading Restrictive covenant A covenant is an agreement like a contract . A covenantor makes
1768-586: The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . This cleared the way for racial restrictive covenants to proliferate across the US during the 1920s and 1930s. Even the invalidation of such a covenant by the US Supreme Court in the 1940 case of Hansberry v. Lee did little to reverse the trend, because the ruling was based on a technicality and failed to set a legal precedent . It
1836-709: The Lefferts homestead , then located on Flatbush Avenue between Maple and Midwood Streets (now a historic museum located in Prospect Park). In order to ensure that the neighborhood would contain homes of a substantial nature, Lefferts attached land-use deed restrictions, dictating that each lot contain a single family residence built of brick or stone at least two stories in height, among other restrictions. The land-use covenant still exists in Lefferts Manor. Houses in Lefferts Manor were mostly constructed during
1904-484: The U.S. Federal Communications Commission issued PRB-1 preempting state and local restrictions, but not private restrictions; in 2012 after Congress passed a law requiring study of this issue (at the urging of amateur radio group ARRL ), the FCC declined to extend this preemption. Some US states have enacted legislation requiring homeowners' associations to provide reasonable accommodations for amateur radio antennas under
1972-667: The 1917 US Supreme Court ruling of Buchanan v. Warley invalidated on constitutional grounds. During the 1920s, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) sponsored several unsuccessful legal challenges against racial covenants. In a blow to campaigners against racial segregation , the legality of racially restrictive covenants was affirmed by the landmark Corrigan v. Buckley 271 U.S. 323 (1926) judgment ruling that such clauses constituted "private action" not subject to
2040-1031: The Ethiopian, Malay or any Asiatic Race", thus banning Jews and anyone of African, Filipino, or Asian ancestry. The exclusionary language varied widely. Some neighborhoods were reserved for the "White or Caucasian race". Others enumerated banned populations. One subdivision near Seattle specified that "This property shall not be resold, leased, rented or occupied except to or by persons of the Aryan race." The Lake Shore Club District in Pennsylvania sought to exclude various minorities, including " Negroes ", " Mongolians ", Hungarians , Mexicans , Greeks , and various other European ethnicities. Some covenants, such as those tied to properties in Forest Hills Gardens , New York , also sought to exclude working class people; however, this type of social segregation
2108-918: The Fair Housing Act (Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 ) which outlawed housing discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. In 1988, it was expanded to prohibit discrimination based on familial status (e.g. the presence of children) or disability. It wasn't until 1972 that the Mayers v Ridley decision ruled that the covenants themselves violated the Fair Housing Act and that county clerks should be prohibited from accepting deeds with such clauses. Although exclusionary covenants are not enforceable today, they still exist in many original property deeds as "underlying documents", and title insurance policies often contain exclusions preventing coverage of such restrictions. It
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2176-466: The US, the Restatement (Third) of Property takes steps to merge the concepts as servitudes. Real covenant law in the US has been referred to as an "unspeakable quagmire" by one court. In property law , land-related covenants are called "real covenants", " covenants, conditions and restrictions " (CCRs) or "deed restrictions" and are a major form of covenant, typically imposing restrictions on how
2244-408: The United States in the 1920s through the 1940s, before zoning became widespread. However, many modern developments are also restricted by covenants on property titles; this is often justified as a means of preserving the values of the houses in the area. Covenant restrictions can be removed through court action, although this process is lengthy and often very expensive. In some cases it even involves
2312-578: The United States, in the early 20th century zoning laws were used to prevent integrating neighborhoods but were struck down in Buchanan v. Warley . Thus, deed restrictions and restrictive covenants became an important instrument for enforcing racial segregation in most towns and cities, becoming widespread in the 1920s and proliferating until they were declared unenforceable in 1948 in the Supreme Court case Shelley v. Kraemer . They prohibited
2380-552: The area's borders which are part of NYC School District 17. There are two middle schools: M.S. 002 for sixth to eighth graders and M.S. 61 which serves the sixth through ninth grades. P.S. 92 is an elementary school for kindergarten through fifth grade. In 2010, the Lefferts Gardens Charter School opened an elementary program that focuses on environmental science and experiential learning. The Brooklyn Public Library (BPL)'s Crown Heights branch, on
2448-484: The benefit, through a building scheme arrangement, usually for a new development of multiple properties, or through the application of section 78 of the Law of Property Act 1925 , which only applies for covenants made since 1 January 1926. A positive burden can run in law, but not in equity, as it is deemed to be analogous to a contract, to which equitable principles do not apply ( Rhone v Stephens (1994)). The burden of
2516-453: The benefit/burden test - that is, whoever takes the benefit must also shoulder the burden. In Halsall v Brizell [1957] Ch 169, a covenant requiring the upkeep of roads was found to bind the successor in title to the original covenantor because he had elected to take the benefit. The rule in Halsall v Brizell is limited to cases where the benefit can be linked to a specific burden and where
2584-499: The border with Crown Heights, is located at 560 New York Avenue near Maple Street. The neighborhood is part of New York's 9th congressional district , represented by Democrat Yvette Clarke as of 2013 . It is also part of the 20th and 21st State Senate districts, represented by Democrats Zellnor Myrie and Kevin S. Parker , and the 42nd and 43rd State Assembly districts, represented respectively by Democrats Rodneyse Bichotte and Brian Cunningham . Prospect Lefferts Gardens
2652-400: The city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Prospect Lefferts Gardens Crown Heights South, 32% of residents are obese, 15% are diabetic, and 37% have high blood pressure. In addition, 19% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%. Eighty-one percent of Prospect Lefferts Gardens and Crown Heights South residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which
2720-480: The covenant to pay rent is one of the more fundamental covenants. The forfeiture of a private home involves interference with social and economic human rights . In the case of leases commuted to a large sum payable at the outset (a premium ), that has prompted lobbying for and government measures of leasehold reform particularly in the law of ground rents and service charges . Restrictive covenants are somewhat similar to easements and equitable servitude . In
2788-565: The covenantor's successors in title can physically elect to take the benefit. For example, a restrictive covenant to contribute to the maintenance costs of a common area will not be binding if the covenantor's successors in title have no legal right to use them. Rules for ascertaining whether the benefit of a covenant has been passed to another person who wishes to enforce the covenant were summarised in Small (Hugh) v Oliver & Saunders (Developments) Ltd . in 2006, namely by an express assignment of
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2856-572: The covenants played a role as "gentlemen agreements", it wasn't until 1962, that the Equal Opportunity in Housing executive order was signed by President John F. Kennedy , prohibiting using federal funds to support racial discrimination in housing. This caused the FHA to "cease financing subdivision developments whose builders openly refused to sell to black buyers." In 1968, Congress passed
2924-655: The development of Lefferts Manor was the growth of the surrounding area, now known collectively as Prospect Lefferts Gardens. Many one and two family homes were constructed in the early 20th century. Presently, other areas of Prospect Lefferts Gardens contain a mixture of single-family and multi-family homes as well as larger apartment houses. Since the 1960s, Caribbean immigrants have settled in Prospect Lefferts Gardens as well as in surrounding areas such as East Flatbush , Flatbush , and Crown Heights . The overlapping sections of these neighborhoods were nicknamed Little Caribbean on Google Maps . Prospect Lefferts Gardens has
2992-627: The east, and Ocean Avenue / Prospect Park to the west. Prospect Lefferts Gardens was designated a New York City Landmark area in 1979 and called the Prospect Lefferts Gardens Historic District. The neighborhood contains an ethnically diverse community with a largely Caribbean-American and African-American population. Since the 2000s, Prospect Lefferts Gardens has been gentrifying quickly. Real estate development has increased and new residents from other groups have increased. Prospect Lefferts Gardens
3060-579: The formation of the Lefferts Community Food Cooperative in 2009, a market that uses cooperative principles to sell socially responsible and healthy food products. The Maple Street Community Garden, founded in 2012 at 237 Maple St., is a communally managed organic vegetable garden open to the public, and runs an active composting program. Other organizations include the Lefferts Manor Association, which
3128-410: The grantor is lawfully seized (in fee simple) of the property, (2) that the grantor has the right to convey the property to the grantee, (3) that the property is conveyed without encumbrances (this covenant is frequently modified to allow for certain encumbrances), (4) that the grantor has done no act to encumber the property, (5) that the grantee shall have quiet possession of the property, and (6) that
3196-413: The land may be used (negative covenants) or requiring a certain continuing action (affirmative covenant). These may also "run with the land" (called a covenant appurtenant ), meaning that any future owners of the land must abide by the terms, or may apply to a particular person (called a covenant in gross or of a purely personal nature ). Under English law, affirmative covenants typically do not run with
3264-430: The land the following must apply: US courts interpret covenants relatively strictly and give the words of the agreement their ordinary meaning. Generally if there is any unclear or ambiguous language regarding the existence of a covenant courts will favor free alienation of the property. Courts will not read any restrictions on the land by implication (as is done with easements for example). A covenant can be terminated if
3332-483: The land; in the United States such covenants are examined more closely, but with exceptions affirmative covenants have been permitted to run with the land. The covenant may be shown in the deed and should be disclosed to prospective purchasers; it may also be recorded , or in the case of Commonwealth countries shown in Torrens title . Real covenants and easements or equitable servitudes are similar and in 1986,
3400-591: The late 19th century and early 20th century, the last of which were constructed in the early 1950s. Patio Gardens, the last large development built before the wave of gentrification in the mid-2000s, was constructed in the early 1960s. Lefferts Manor and parts of Lefferts Avenue and Sterling Street, not in the single-family covenant, were granted landmark status by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on October 9, 1979. The Lefferts Manor Historic District
3468-499: The long line of large and stately apartment buildings which otherwise dominate Ocean Avenue at the southeastern border of Prospect Park. In 2014 a third small historic district–Chester Court, a cull-de-sac off the west side of Flatbush Avenue, near Rutland Road, was designated. The Chester Court Historic District has 18 Tudor-revival townhouses, similar to those on Rutland Road in the main Historic District. Concurrent with
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#17327730900833536-816: The names of three nearby locations: Prospect Park , Lefferts Manor , and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden . Lefferts Manor is named for the Dutch colonial family who built it; they were also one of the largest owners of slaves in Brooklyn. The area was originally settled by a Dutch family in 1665, at which time it was within the Town of Flatbush . In 1893 the Lefferts estate was divided by James Lefferts into 600 building lots, now known as Lefferts Manor, and sold to developers. Lefferts observed construction from
3604-530: The neighborhood was 9.6% (6,495) White , 76.5% (51,578) African American , 0.2% (155) Native American , 1.6% (1,063) Asian , 0% (17) Pacific Islander , 0.4% (292) from other races , and 1.8% (1,231) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.8% (6,628) of the population. The entirety of Community Board 9, which covers Prospect Lefferts Gardens and Crown Heights South, had 98,650 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.2 years. This
3672-403: The northeast quadrant of the city as a restrictive covenant, not as a zoning by-law. At common law, the benefit of a restrictive covenant runs with the land if three conditions are met: At common law, the burden of a restrictive covenant does not run except where strict privity of estate (a landlord/tenant relationship) exists. The burden can be enforced at law in limited circumstances under
3740-602: The offensive restriction. Mapping Inequality, a collaboration of three teams at four universities, has identified restrictive covenants in various parts of the United States. The Mapping Prejudice project at the University of Minnesota has collected restrictive covenants in the Minneapolis area. Although most commonly associated with the United States, racially or ethnically restrictive covenants have been used in other countries: Title covenants serve as guarantees to
3808-406: The original purpose of the covenant is lost. In some cases property owners can petition a court to remove or modify the covenants, and homeowner associations may include procedures for removing the covenants. The covenant may be negative or affirmative. A negative covenant is one in which property owners are unable to perform a specific activity, such as block a scenic view. An affirmative covenant
3876-424: The popularity of exclusionary covenants at this time as a response to the urbanization of black Americans following World War I , and the fear of "black invasion" into white neighborhoods, which residents felt would result in depressed property prices, increased nuisance (crime), and social instability. Many African Americans openly defied these covenants and attempted to "pioneer" restricted areas. But even still
3944-417: The rationale that amateur radio provides public service communications in the event of an emergency, major disaster, or special event. In Canada, governmental authorities may use restrictive covenants as well as zoning. For instance, the city of Calgary's requirement that buildings in the general vicinity of Calgary International Airport be under a certain height is registered against virtually every title in
4012-543: The recipient of property, ensuring that the recipient receives what he or she bargained for. Since 1989, the main covenants implied in England and Wales on "limited" or "full title guarantee" (unless expressly overridden) are: Others as to charges, incumbrances, and third-party rights vary depending on whether full or limited title guarantee is agreed. Outside of England and Wales, the English covenants of title , sometimes included in deeds to real property, are (1) that
4080-642: The rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 55% in Crown Heights South, higher than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018 , Crown Heights South is considered to be gentrifying. According to the 2020 census data from New York City Department of City Planning , there were between 20,000 to 29,999 Black residents, 10,000 to 19,999 White residents, and 5,000 to 9,999 Hispanic residents. Prospect Lefferts Gardens
4148-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title PLG . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLG&oldid=1213137678 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
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#17327730900834216-477: The same time period. Prospect Lefferts Gardens' rates of elementary school student absenteeism are higher than the rest of New York City. The proportions of elementary school students who missed twenty or more days per school year were 22% in the neighborhood, compared to the citywide average of 20% of students. Additionally, 77% of high school students graduate on time, compared to the citywide average of 75% of students. There are four public schools within
4284-501: The use of that land regardless of the owner. A covenant for title that comes with a deed or title to the property assures the purchaser that the grantor has the ownership rights that the deed purports to convey. Non-compete clauses in relation to contract law are also called restrictive covenants. Landlords may seek and courts may grant forfeiture of leases such as in leasehold estates for breach of covenant, which in most jurisdictions must be relatively severe breaches; however,
4352-494: The white or Caucasian race. Often the restrictions applied only to African Americans wishing to buy property or rent a house or apartment, but other populations might also be banned, such as Asians , Jews , Indians , and some Latinos . For example, a restrictive covenant covering a large neighborhood in Seattle declared that "no part of said property hereby conveyed shall ever be used or occupied by any Hebrew or by any person of
4420-488: Was founded in 1919 to enforce the single family covenant; and PLGNA, the Prospect Lefferts Gardens Neighborhood Association, founded 1968. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census , the population of Prospect Lefferts Gardens was 67,459, a change of -2,841 (-4.2%) from the 70,300 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 726.33 acres (293.94 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 92.9 inhabitants per acre (59,500/sq mi; 23,000/km ). The racial makeup of
4488-739: Was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. In 2009 the neighborhood gained a second landmark district when the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Ocean on the Park Historic District. As a small, early 20th century enclave that is set-back from the street, this historic district consists of only 2 brick and 10 limestone townhouses. Yet it stands in striking architectural contrast to
4556-491: Was more commonly achieved through the use of high property prices, minimum cost requirements, and application reference checks. Racial covenants emerged during the mid-19th century and started to gain prominence from the 1890s onwards. It was not until the 1920s that they gained widespread national significance, and continued to spread through the 1940s. Racial covenants were an alternative to racially restrictive zoning ordinances ( residential segregation based on race), which
4624-551: Was not until 1948 that the Shelley v. Kraemer judgment overturned the Corrigan v. Buckley decision, stating that exclusionary covenants were unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment and were therefore legally unenforceable. On December 2, 1949 US solicitor general Philip Perlman announced that the "FHA could no longer insure mortgages with restrictive covenants". Some commentators have attributed
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