Misplaced Pages

#785214

104-533: The Spanish variously recorded the name of the chiefdom and people as Pohoy, Pojoy , Pojoi , Pooy , Posoy , and Pujoy . Jerald Milanich states that the name "Pohoy" is a form of Capaloey , the name of a chiefdom on Tampa Bay in the first half of the sixteenth century.. Tampa Bay was the heart of the Safety Harbor culture area. People in the Safety Harbor culture lived in chiefdoms, consisting of

208-731: A prisoner-of-war camp where three signers of the Declaration of Independence and South Carolina's lieutenant governor Christopher Gadsden were held. Local militias composed of Florida, Georgia, and Carolina inhabitants formed the East Florida Rangers in 1776 and were reorganized to form the King's Rangers in 1779. Spanish General Bernardo de Gálvez , harassed the British in West Florida and captured Pensacola. Fears that

312-567: A Bomto party headed to St. Augustine, killing several. Several of those Pohoy were in turn killed or carried off by Uchise warriors. The Pohoy and Amacapira (and the Bomto) disappeared from history after that. Safety Harbor culture The Safety Harbor culture was an archaeological culture practiced by Native Americans living on the central Gulf coast of the Florida peninsula, from about 900 CE until after 1700. The Safety Harbor culture

416-445: A brief skirmish, but it was not decisive. Menéndez sailed southward and landed again on September 8, formally declared possession of the land in the name of Philip II, and officially founded the settlement he named San Agustín (Saint Augustine). Father Francisco López de Mendoza Grajales, the chaplain of the expedition, celebrated the first Thanksgiving Mass on the grounds. The formal Franciscan outpost, Mission Nombre de Dios ,

520-517: A chief called Urriparacoxi or Paracoxi, who lived 30 leagues east or northeast of Tampa Bay. The people of Mocoso and of Uzita were noted as having spoken different languages. Hann argues that the language of the Mocoso people was Timucuan . There is no mention of Mocoso or Uzita in Spanish records after the passage of the de Soto expedition. The chiefdom of Tocobaga was apparently the major power in

624-423: A chief town and several outlying communities, controlling about 15 miles (24 km) of shoreline and extending 20 miles (32 km) or so inland. Ceremonial earthwork mounds were built in the chief towns. Chief towns were occasionally abandoned and new towns built. There are fifteen or more Safety Harbor chief town sites known, most of which are located on a shoreline. When the Spanish reached Tampa Bay early in

728-416: A chief's funeral states that his body was "broken up" and placed in large jars, and the flesh was removed from the bones over two days. The skeleton was then reassembled and left in the temple for four days while the people fasted. At the end of the four days, all the people of the town would take the bones and place them in a burial mound. In some cases bodies were cremated and then buried in the mound on which

832-467: A climax when a group of black and white protesters jumped into the hotel's segregated swimming pool . In response to the protest, James Brock, the manager of the hotel and the president of the Florida Hotel & Motel Association, poured muriatic acid into the pool to scare the protesters. Photographs of this, and of a policeman jumping into the pool to arrest the protesters, were broadcast around

936-687: A division of the Safety Harbor culture into four phases. Pre-contact phases were the Englewood, 900-1100 and the Pinellas, 1100-1500. Phases during the Spanish colonial period included Tatham, 1500-1567, and Bayview, 1567-1725. The Safety Harbor culture is defined by the presence of burial mounds with ceramics decorated with a distinctive set of designs and symbols. Ceramics found elsewhere at Safety Harbor sites (in middens and village living areas) are almost always undecorated. Major Safety Harbor sites had platform, or temple, mounds. The term "temple mound"

1040-432: A few professing Catholics and some Protestant workers with useful skills, at what is now known as Matanzas Inlet ( Matanzas is Spanish for "slaughters"). The site is very near the national monument Fort Matanzas , built in 1740–1742 by the Spanish. Succeeding governors of the province maintained a peaceful coexistence with the local Native Americans , allowing the isolated outpost of St. Augustine some stability for

1144-543: A few years. On May 28 and 29, 1586, soon after the Anglo-Spanish War began between England and Spain, the English privateer Sir Francis Drake sacked and burned St. Augustine. The approach of his large fleet obliged Governor Pedro Menéndez Márquez and the townspeople to evacuate the settlement. When the English got ashore, they seized some artillery pieces and a royal strongbox containing gold ducats (which

SECTION 10

#1732772958786

1248-488: A four-day long festival and a visit from Felipe VI of Spain and Queen Letizia of Spain . On October 7, 2016 Hurricane Matthew caused widespread flooding in downtown St. Augustine. St. Augustine is located at 29°53′41″N 81°18′52″W  /  29.89472°N 81.31444°W  / 29.89472; -81.31444 (29.8946910, −81.3145170). According to the United States Census Bureau ,

1352-596: A hurricane hit St. Augustine that caused extensive damage to the city. The damage was further exacerbated by the economic situation of Spanish Florida. The Adams–Onís Treaty , negotiated in 1819 and ratified in 1821, ceded Florida and St. Augustine, still its capital at the time, to the United States. According to the Adams–Onís Treaty, the United States acquired East Florida and absolved Spain of $ 5 million of debt. Spain renounced all claims to West Florida and

1456-457: A minor part of the diet, but the southern limit of maize agriculture prior to the arrival of the Europeans was to the north of Tampa Bay. They used bows and arrows, equipped with stone arrowheads or stingray stingers. Houses were built with wooden posts and covered with palm leaves. "Temples" (or charnel houses) and other buildings were decorated with wood carvings. Pottery used in daily life

1560-466: A neighboring village of Jororo, had been established by 1731. Most of the Pohoy, Alafae, Amacapira, and Jororo Indians moved away again in 1734, in response to an attempt by the new governor of Florida to re-settle Indians in villages closer to St. Augustine and extract unpaid labor from them. By the early eighteenth century, all of the indigenous groups in peninsular Florida were working with and looking to

1664-523: A settlement be constructed two miles north of St. Augustine for the growing Free Black community established by fugitive slaves who had escaped into Florida from the Thirteen Colonies . This new community, Fort Mose , would serve as a military outpost and buffer for St. Augustine, as the men accepted into Fort Mose had enlisted in the colonial militia and converted to Catholicism in exchange for their freedom. In 1740, however, St. Augustine

1768-526: A village area and burial mounds, was contemporary with Safety Harbor temple mounds. They suggest that this site was the center for a distinct cultural and political system oriented to the Peace River valley. There are two "truncated rectangular" mounds at the Crystal River site that have mentioned as possible Safety Harbor temple mounds, but the other mounds there pre-date Safety Harbor, and there

1872-426: Is based on the description by members of the de Soto expedition of a temple on a constructed earthwork mound in a Safety Harbor village. Bullen and Milanich state that the temples were likely charnel houses, where bodies were prepared and stored for later burial. Several of the temple mounds have been destroyed since the 19th century, but at least fifteen have been documented as having once existed around Tampa Bay and on

1976-546: Is currently located in the Opa-locka North neighborhood of Miami Gardens , next to St. Thomas University . In 1965, St. Augustine celebrated the 400th anniversary of its founding, and jointly with the State of Florida, inaugurated a program to restore part of the colonial city. The Historic St. Augustine Preservation Board was formed to reconstruct more than thirty-six buildings to their historical appearance, which

2080-478: Is defined by the presence of Safety Harbor ceramics in burial mounds . The culture is named after the Safety Harbor site , located close to the center of the culture area. The Safety Harbor site is the probable location of the chief town of the Tocobaga , the best known of the groups practicing the Safety Harbor culture. The Safety Harbor people were organized into chiefdoms and lived primarily in villages along

2184-665: Is little evidence of Safety Harbor use of the site. A large flat-topped shell mound, the Withlacoochee River Platform Mound, is next to the Withlacoochee River in Citrus County, but it has not been investigated. Whether it has any connection to the Safety Harbor culture is unknown. Luer and Almy used the reported height, shape and dimensions of thirteen of the temple mounds to calculate their volume. They used this data to classify

SECTION 20

#1732772958786

2288-438: Is not known what these chiefdoms shared aside from the Safety Harbor culture. Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda , a captive of south Florida Indians for many years in the early 16th century, described Tocobaga as "King head chief of that district", but also described Tocobaga and Mocoso as independent "Kingdoms". The accounts of the de Soto expedition (which do not mention Tocobaga) state that Mocoso and Uzita were subject to

2392-615: Is optional and encouraged by offering tax deductions and other incentives. The Spanish reported four social classes among the Safety Harbor people: chiefs, headmen, warriors and ordinary people, and slaves. Europeans and members of other tribes who had been captured were slaves. A chief who visited de Soto in his camp was carried there on the back of another man. Chiefs were often married to the sisters of other chiefs. The Safety Harbor people ate fish, shellfish, deer, turtles and dogs, as well as watercress, pumpkins , "cabbage" from palmettos or cabbage palms , and beans. Maize may have been

2496-533: The Aucilla River to the north and Charlotte Harbor to the south. Mitchem limited the northern extent of the culture area to the Withlacoochee River , but included the coast south into Collier County , and east into eastern Polk County . Milanich defines the culture area as the coast from the Withlacoochee River to Charlotte Harbor, placing the area from Charlotte Harbor to Collier County in

2600-538: The Caloosahatchee culture . The heart of the culture area was around Tampa Bay , what Mitchem and Milanich call "Circum-Tampa Bay". This area included all of what is now Hillsborough and Pinellas counties, southern Pasco County , and northern Manatee County . To the north. the area between the Withlacoochee River and the Gulf coast, including Citrus County , Hernando County and northern Pasco County, formed

2704-535: The Catholic missions . Requests by successive governors of the province to strengthen the presidio 's garrison and fortifications were ignored by the Spanish Crown which had other priorities in its vast empire. The charter of 1663 for the new Province of Carolina, issued by King Charles II of England , was revised in 1665, claiming lands as far southward as 29 degrees north latitude, about 65 miles south of

2808-677: The Peninsular War , and struggled to maintain a tenuous hold on its territories in the western hemisphere as revolution swept South America. The royal administration of Florida was neglected, as the province had long been regarded as an unprofitable backwater by the Crown. The United States, however, considered Florida vital to its political and military interests as it expanded its territory in North America, and maneuvered by sometimes clandestine means to acquire it. On October 5, 1811,

2912-618: The Standard Oil Company , spent the winter of 1883 in St. Augustine and found the city charming, but considered its hotels and transportation systems inadequate. He had the idea to make St. Augustine a winter resort for wealthy Americans from the north, and to bring them south he bought several short line railroads and combined these in 1885 to form the Florida East Coast Railway . He built a railroad bridge over

3016-465: The Tampa Bay area . Only one principal town has been found inland. Descriptions of the villages by Spanish visitors mostly agree with archaeological reconstructions. Capitals had a central rectangular plaza. A truncated pyramidal mound up to 20 ft (6.1 m) high and up to 130 ft (40 m) long on each side at the base stood on one side of the plaza. One or more buildings stood on top of

3120-644: The Treaty of Moultrie Creek , forcing Seminoles onto a four million acre reservation in central Florida. The Second Seminole War (1835–1842) was the longest war of Indian removal and resulted when the United States government attempted to move the Seminole people from Central Florida to a Creek reservation west of the Mississippi River . As a result of the Seminole War, Seminole prisoners , including

3224-473: The feast day of St. Augustine . The city served as the capital of Spanish Florida for over 200 years. It was designated as the capital of British East Florida when the colony was established in 1763; Great Britain returned Florida to Spain in 1783. Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819, and St. Augustine was designated one of the two alternating capitals of the Florida Territory ,

Pohoy - Misplaced Pages Continue

3328-465: The oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement in what is now the contiguous United States . St. Augustine was founded on September 8, 1565, by Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés , Florida's first governor . He named the settlement San Agustín , for his ships bearing settlers, troops, and supplies from Spain had first sighted land in Florida eleven days earlier on August 28,

3432-493: The "Northern Safety Harbor" area. South of Tampa Bay southern Manatee County, Sarasota County and northern Charlotte County comprised the "Manasota Safety Harbor" (Mitchem) or "South-Central Safety Harbor" (Milanich) area ( Manasota is also the name given to the Weedon Island-related culture , which preceded the Safety Harbor culture in most of its area). Mitchem later agreed that "South-Central Safety Harbor"

3536-834: The 2020 census, up from 12,975 at the 2010 census. Since the late 19th century, St. Augustine's distinctive historical character has made the city a tourist attraction. Castillo de San Marcos , the city's 17th-century Spanish fort—constructed out of the sedimentary rock coquina —continues to attract tourists. St. George Street is a major pedestrian street that runs through the downtown area and includes over 30 historic houses and tourist attractions. [REDACTED]   Spanish Empire 1565–1763 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Great Britain 1763–1784 [REDACTED]   Spanish Empire 1784–1821 [REDACTED]   United States 1821–1861 [REDACTED]   Confederate States 1861–1862 [REDACTED]   United States 1862–present The first European known to have explored

3640-894: The Bahamas and Gulf of Mexico, which help create the daily thundershowers that are typical in summer months. Intense but very brief downpours are common in summer in the city. Fall and spring are warm and sunny with highs from 74 °F to 87 °F and lows in the 50s to 70s. In winter, St. Augustine has generally mild and sunny weather typical of the Florida peninsula. The coolest months are from December through February, with highs from 67 °F to 70 °F and lows from 47 °F to 51 °F. From November through April, St. Augustine often has long periods of rainless weather. April can see near drought conditions with brush fires and water restrictions in place. St. Augustine averages 4.6 frosts per year. The record low of 10 °F (−12 °C) happened on January 21, 1985. Hurricanes occasionally impact

3744-851: The Bomto or Bonito, who had ties to the Mayaca and Jororo. In 1739 the Bomto attacked a camp of the Pohoy and Amacapira, killing more than 20 people. Only one Pohoy man escaped. The Bomto spared the Jororo slaves in the camp. The Pohoy were still allies or subjects of the Calusa , and the Calusa retaliated for the attack on the Pohoy by attacking the Bomto-allied Mayaca people living near Lake Okeechobee . The Spanish received reports that more than 300 people died in that battle. Surviving Pohoy ambushed

3848-574: The Caribbean and Mexico to Spain, and determined the routes they followed. In early 1564, he asked permission to go to Florida to search for La Concepcion , the galeon Capitana , or flagship, of the New Spain fleet commanded by his son, Admiral Juan Menéndez. The ship had been lost in September 1563 when a hurricane scattered the fleet as it was returning to Spain, at the latitude of Bermuda off

3952-645: The Confederate government ordered all lighthouses to be extinguished. In St. Augustine, the customhouse officer, Paul Arnau , organized the "Coastal Guard", a group who worked to disable the lighthouses along Florida's east coast. They started by removing and hiding the lenses from the St. Augustine Light before moving south. After successfully dismantling the lighthouses at Cape Canaveral , Jupiter Inlet , and Key Biscayne , Arnau returned to St. Augustine. He would then serve as mayor from 1861 until early 1862, just before

4056-475: The Federals took over the city. The Confederate authorities remained in control of St. Augustine for fourteen months, although it was barely defended. The Union conducted a blockade of shipping. In 1862 Union troops gained control of St. Augustine and controlled it through the rest of the war. With the economy already suffering, many residents fled. Henry Flagler , a co-founder with John D. Rockefeller of

4160-474: The Gulf coast near Tampa Bay. These temple mounds were rectangular and had flat tops, usually with a ramp leading up to the top on one side. Known Safety Harbor sites with "temple" mounds include: Possible Safety Harbor temple mound sites include: Three platform mounds east and south of Charlotte Harbor, the Acline Mound ( Aqui Esta site , near Punta Gorda ), Howard Shell Mound (Bokeelia Island, at

4264-631: The Hillsborough River. Historian Jerald Milanich states that the name Pohoy is a form of Capaloey. The de Soto expedition landed in Uzita territory in 1539. It passed through Mocoso territory, and further north along the Withlacoochee River . It noted the inland towns of Guacozo, Luca, Vicela, Tocaste, all of which may have been Safety Harbor culture settlements. The de Soto expedition is not known to have entered Capaloey territory. The Utiza and Mocoso chiefdoms disappeared within 35 years after

Pohoy - Misplaced Pages Continue

4368-601: The Mississippian-related Fort Walton culture and incorporating symbols of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex ; however, the people of the Safety Harbor culture had not adopted an agricultural economy, and, consequently, the culture did not become Mississippian. Safety Harbor mounds were typically built on late Weeden Island period mounds. Changes in decorated ceramics and the presence of European artifacts support

4472-596: The Oregon Country. Andrew Jackson returned to Florida in 1821, upon ratification of the treaty, and established a new territorial government. Americans from older plantation societies of Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas began to move to the area. West Florida was quickly consolidated with East and the new capital of Florida became Tallahassee, halfway between the old capitals of St. Augustine and Pensacola, in 1824. Once many Americans had begun to immigrate to

4576-825: The Ruth Smith and Tatham mounds in the Cove of the Withlacoochee . Burial mounds south of the Tampa Bay area include the Sarasota and Myakka Valley Ranches mounds. The Phillip Mound, close to the Kissimmee River in the Inland Safety Harbor area, contained a large number of Safety Harbor ceramics. The Tocobaga kept the bodies of recently dead people in their temples or charnel houses until

4680-423: The Safety Harbor site at the north end of Old Tampa Bay. Other Safety Harbor chiefdoms named in Spanish accounts include Mocoso , on the east side of Tampa Bay, Pohoy (Capaloey), possibly on the north side of Hillsborough Bay, and Uzita , on the south side of Tampa Bay. The chief of Mocoso also named Neguarete and Orriygua as neighboring chiefs, but it is not known if they were in the Safety Harbor culture area. It

4784-630: The Spanish apparently did not visit the town. The Alafay people (also known as Alafaes, Alafaia, and Elafay) were associated with the Pohoy, probably as a sub-group. In the seventeenth century Pohoy territory included the area along the Alafia River. The Spanish expedition of 1680 reported that Elafay was the next town beyond Pohoy, with 300 people in Pohoy, and 40 in Elafay. The 1699 Spanish expedition reported having passed through an abandoned village named Elafay near Tampa Bay. In 1734 Don Antonio Pojoi

4888-624: The Spanish authorities for protection from Uchise raiders. (The Uchise were the Muscogee people known as "Lower Creeks" by the British colonists.) The Spanish hoped that the Indians would help protect St. Augustine and Florida from encroachment by British colonists in the Southern Colonies . Warfare broke out in 1738 among several of the native groups. In the 1730s the Pohoy held a number of Jororo slaves, and were being paid tribute by

4992-420: The Spanish did retreat. This expedition described the Pohoy, but not the Calusa, as "docile". A Spanish expedition in 1699 that traveled overland from San Francisco de Potano (near present-day Gainesville ) found the Tampa Bay area to be largely deserted. While the Spanish were told that there were many people in villages in the area, they did not see them. The expedition's report mentioned Pohoy several times, but

5096-481: The Spanish in 1675. At that time the town of Pohoy was said to be on a river six leagues from Tocobago, perhaps on the Hillsborough River or Alafia River. A Spanish expedition down the coast from the mouth of the Suwannee River in 1680 sought to reach the Calusa domain. The Spanish were warned by the Pohoy chief to turn back. Due to increasingly strident warnings in the next few villages on the way to Calusa,

5200-527: The Spanish mission (Cofa) at the mouth of the Suwannee River . In 1612, the Spanish launched a punitive expedition down the Suwannee River and along the Gulf coast, attacking Tocobago and Pohoy; they killed many of the native people, including both chiefs. The Spanish of that expedition referred to Tampa Bay as the "Bay of Espiritu Santo and Pojoy", Espiritu Santo being the name Hernando de Soto gave it in 1539. "Bay of Pohoy" or "Bay of Pooy" apparently

5304-570: The Spanish would then move to capture St. Augustine, however, proved unfounded. The 1783 Treaty of Paris , which recognized the independence of the Thirteen Colonies as the United States , ceded Florida back to Spain and returned the Bahamas to Britain. As a result, some of the town's Spanish residents returned to St Augustine. Refugees from Dr. Andrew Turnbull 's troubled colony in New Smyrna had fled to St. Augustine in 1777, made up

SECTION 50

#1732772958786

5408-749: The St. Johns River in 1888, opening up the Atlantic coast of Florida to development. Flagler finished construction in 1887 on two large ornate hotels in the city, the 450-room Hotel Ponce de Leon and the 250-room Hotel Alcazar . The next year, he purchased the Casa Monica Hotel (renaming it the Cordova Hotel) across the street from both the Alcazar and the Ponce de Leon. His chosen architectural firm, Carrère and Hastings , radically altered

5512-424: The Tampa Bay area during the later half of the 16th century, especially at the time of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 's visit in 1567. Tocobaga's power apparently waned in the 17th century, with first the Pohoy, and then the Calusa , becoming the dominant power in the Tampa Bay area. By around 1700, however, the Safety Harbor culture had virtually disappeared due to disease and incursions by other Native Americans from

5616-529: The appearance of St. Augustine with these hotels, giving it a skyline and beginning an architectural trend in the state characterized by the use of the Spanish Renaissance Revival and Moorish Revival styles. With the opening of the Ponce de Leon in 1888, St. Augustine became the winter resort of American high society for a few years. When Flagler's Florida East Coast Railroad was extended southward to Palm Beach and then Miami in

5720-695: The black protesters and became a key factor in Congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , leading eventually to passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , both of which provided federal enforcement of constitutional rights . St. Augustine's historically Black college, now Florida Memorial University , felt itself unwelcome in St. Augustine, and departed in 1968 for a new campus near Opa-locka in Dade County . It

5824-522: The bones had been cleaned. The Spanish visitors described the bodies as being wrapped in painted deer hides and stored in wooden boxes sitting on the ground. One of the Spanish captives of the Tocobaga reported that he had been assigned to guard a temple at night to keep wolves from carrying off the bodies. Garcilaso de la Vega reported that lions ( cougars ) would carry away bodies. After the bones had been cleaned, they would be buried. A Spanish account of

5928-563: The charnel house sat. As was the case in much of Florida, a vast majority of the Tampa Bay area's temple mounds, burial mounds, and middens were destroyed during development as the local population grew rapidly in the early to mid 20th century. Developers sought to level land near the water, and road construction crews found that bulldozed shell mounds made for excellent road fill. State and federal laws now afford protection to sites that contain human remains or are located on public land, but preservation of other archeological sites on private land

6032-444: The city a mostly warm and sunny climate. Unlike much of the contiguous United States , St. Augustine's driest time of year is winter. The hot and wet season extends from May through October, while the cool and dry season extends November through April. In summer, average high temperatures are in the lower 90's F (32 C) and normal low temperatures are in the 70's F (20 - 22 C). The Bermuda High pumps in hot and unstable tropical air from

6136-528: The city has a total area of 10.7 square miles (27.8 km ), 8.4 square miles (21.7 km ) of which is land and 2.4 square miles (6.1 km ) (21.99%) is water. Access to the Atlantic Ocean is via the St. Augustine Inlet of the Matanzas River . St. Augustine has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) typical of the Gulf and South Atlantic states. The low latitude and coastal location give

6240-949: The city, including sit-ins at the local Woolworth's , picket lines, and marches through the downtown. These protests were often met with police violence. Homes of African Americans were firebombed, black leaders were assaulted and threatened with death, and others were fired from their jobs. In the spring of 1964, St. Augustine civil rights leader Robert Hayling asked the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and its leader Martin Luther King Jr. for assistance. From May until July 1964, King and Hayling, along with Hosea Williams , C. T. Vivian , Dorothy Cotton , Andrew Young and others, organized marches, sit-ins, pray-ins, wade-ins and other forms of protest in St. Augustine. Hundreds of black and white civil rights supporters were arrested, and

6344-430: The coast of South Carolina. The crown repeatedly refused his request. The crown eventually approached Menéndez to fit out an expedition to Florida on the condition that he explore and settle the region as King Philip's adelantado , and eliminate the Huguenot French, whom the Catholic Spanish considered to be dangerous heretics. Menéndez was in a race to reach Florida before the French captain Jean Ribault , who

SECTION 60

#1732772958786

6448-463: The coasts of Florida was the Spanish explorer and governor of Puerto Rico , Juan Ponce de León , who likely ventured in 1513 as far north as the vicinity of the future St. Augustine , naming the peninsula he believed to be an island " La Florida " and claiming it for the Spanish crown . Founded in 1565 by the Spanish conquistador Pedro Menéndez de Avilés , St. Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied settlement of European origin in

6552-469: The contiguous United States. It is the second-oldest continuously inhabited city of European origin in a United States territory, after San Juan, Puerto Rico (founded in 1521). In 1560 , King Philip II of Spain appointed Menéndez as Captain General, and his brother Bartolomé Menéndez as Admiral, of the Fleet of the Indies. Thus Pedro Menéndez commanded the galleons of the great Armada de la Carrera , or Spanish Treasure Fleet , on their voyage from

6656-401: The early 20th century, the wealthy stopped in St. Augustine en route to the southern resorts. Wealthy vacationers began to customarily spend their winters in South Florida, where the climate was warmer and freezes were rare. St. Augustine nevertheless still attracted tourists, and eventually became a destination for families traveling in automobiles as new highways were built and Americans took to

6760-441: The encounter with the de Soto expedition, and Tocobago dominated Tampa Bay when Pedro Menéndez de Avilés visited there in 1567. The name Pohoy first appears in historical accounts early in the seventeenth century. In 1608, an alliance of Pohoy and Tocobago may have threatened those Potano who had been converted to Christianity. In 1611 a raiding party from the two chiefdoms killed several Christianized Indians carrying supplies to

6864-502: The establishment of the English settlement at Charles Town spurred the Spanish Crown to finally acknowledge the vulnerability of St. Augustine to foreign incursions and strengthen the city's defenses. In 1669, Queen Regent Mariana ordered the Viceroy of New Spain to disburse funds for the construction of a permanent masonry fortress, which began in 1672. Before the fortress was completed, French buccaneers Michel de Grammont and Nicolas Brigaut planned an ill-fated attack in 1686 which

6968-468: The existing settlement at St. Augustine. The English buccaneer Robert Searle sacked St. Augustine in 1668, after capturing some Spanish supply vessels bound for the settlement and holding their crews at gun point while his men hid below decks. Searle was retaliating for the Spanish destruction of the settlement of New Providence in the Bahamas . Searle and his men killed sixty people and pillaged public storehouses, churches and houses. This raid and

7072-405: The four mounds in Classes A and B are spaced along the coast line about 25 to 30 km apart, while the smaller Class C mounds are often much closer to each other and to the major mounds. Luer and Almy suggest that the temple mounds represent a hierarchy, with the four largest mounds serving as regional centers, and the smaller mounds located at subsidiary villages and serving different purposes. On

7176-431: The jails were filled to capacity. At the request of Hayling and King, civil rights supporters from elsewhere, including students, clergy, activists and well-known public figures, came to St. Augustine and were arrested together. St. Augustine was the only place in Florida where King was arrested; his arrest there occurred on June 11, 1964, on the steps of the Monson Motor Lodge's restaurant. The demonstrations came to

7280-430: The majority of the city's population during the period of British rule, and remained when the Spanish Crown took control again. This group was, and still is, referred to locally as " Menorcans ", even though it also included settlers from Italy, Corsica and the Greek islands . During the Second Spanish period (1784–1821) of Florida, Spain was dealing with invasions of the Iberian peninsula by Napoleon 's armies in

7384-401: The mound, and a ramp ran from the top of the mound to the plaza. A burial mound would be located off to the side. A shell mound, or midden , ran along the shore, and other middens were sometimes located on other sides of the plaza. The plaza itself was kept clear of debris. The more important residents of the town had their houses around the plaza, while the lower class lived in huts further from

7488-581: The mounds: Class A, consisting of the Anclote and Snead Island temple mounds, had high volumes (7000 to 7700 m³ ), low heights (4 m or less), and large summit platforms (greater than 1000 m² in area). Class B, including the Safety Harbor and Bayshore Homes temple mounds, had high volumes of 6500 to 6900 m³, were tall (greater than 5 m), and had a summit platform 440 to 760 m² in area. The nine remaining temple mounds varied in height and shape, but were much lower in volume, 3500 m³ or less. Luer and Almy note that

7592-584: The mouth of the Wacissa River in the Province of Apalachee . In the 1720s and 1730s, Pojoy Indians were living together with Jororo , Amacapira (possibly related to the Pohoy) and later, Alafae people, in villages south of St. Augustine. Many Native American people were reported to have died in an epidemic in 1727, with the survivors leaving the area. A new village of Pohoy, Alfaya and Amacapira, and

7696-412: The new territory, it became apparent that there would be continued skirmishes with local Creek and Miccosukee peoples and white settlers encroaching on their land. The United States government favored removal policies, but local indigenous groups in Florida refused to leave without fighting. The nineteenth century saw three Seminole Wars . In 1823, territorial governor William Duval and James Gadsden signed

7800-536: The north end of Pine Island ), and Brown's Mound (Pineland site, near Pineland on Pine Island), differ from Safety Harbor temple mounds in having a U-shaped platform, and no ramps. This difference in form may indicate the mounds belong to the Caloosahatchee culture instead of the Safety Harbor culture. Luer and Almy also note that the large Bostic Temple Mound in Hardee County, which is associated with

7904-454: The north. St. Augustine, Florida St. Augustine ( / ˈ ɔː ɡ ə s t iː n / AW -gə-steen ; Spanish : San Agustín [san aɣusˈtin] ) is a city in and the county seat of St. Johns County located 40 miles (64 km) south of downtown Jacksonville . The city is on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida . Founded in 1565 by Spanish colonists, it is

8008-532: The other being Pensacola , upon ratification of the Adams–Onís Treaty in 1821. The Florida National Guard made the city its headquarters that same year. The territorial government moved and made Tallahassee the permanent capital of Florida in 1824. St. Augustine is part of Florida's First Coast region and the Jacksonville, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area . It had a population of 14,329 at

8112-559: The other hand, Milanich suggests that the centers of political units may have moved from time to time, and that only some of the temple mounds were in use at any given time. Burial mounds containing Safety Harbor ceramics are common in the Circum-Tampa Bay area, and are found scattered through the outlying areas. Burial mounds in the Northern Safety Harbor region include a mound at Weeki Wachee Springs , and

8216-519: The plaza. The Spanish reported that the chief and his family resided on the main mound, and that a "temple" (probably a charnel house ) stood on the opposite side of the plaza. Archaeological excavations suggest that the charnel houses were on the mounds. Village sites without mounds, and isolated burial mounds, are also known. The Safety Harbor culture area extended along the central Gulf coast of Florida. Bullen described it as running from Tarpon Springs to Sarasota , with some evidence that it reached

8320-909: The political sympathies of its British inhabitants, St. Augustine became a Loyalist haven during the American Revolutionary War . After the mass exodus of St. Augustinians, Great Britain sought to repopulate its new colony. The London Board of Trade advertised 20,000-acre lots to any group that would settle in Florida within ten years, with one resident per 100 acres. Pioneers who were "energetic and of good character" were given 100 acres of land and 50 additional acres for each family member they brought. Under Governor James Grant , almost three million acres of land were granted in East Florida alone. Second stories were added to existing Spanish homes and new houses were built. Cattle ranching and plantation agriculture began to thrive. During

8424-488: The presence of Mississippian culture and St. Johns culture artifacts in burial mounds shows that such articles, along with Safety Harbor objects, were traded into the area. The Safety Harbor culture developed in place from the preceding Manasota culture , a Weeden Island -related culture of the central Florida Gulf coast. Safety Harbor was influenced by the Mississippian culture , with some ceramics resembling

8528-448: The presence of such objects to trade, but states that future work may clarify the relationship of the Safety Harbor and Caloosahatchee cultures. Luer and Almy note that temple mounds south of Charlotte Harbor differ significantly from Safety Harbor temple mounds in form. Luer has also argued that other materials found in burial mounds south of Charlotte Harbor belong to a south Florida, or "Glades Cult", artifact complex. Luer also argues that

8632-660: The prominent leader Osceola , were held captive in the Castillo de San Marcos , renamed Fort Marion after General Francis Marion , who fought in the American Revolution, in the 1830s. By 1840, the territory's population had reached 54,477 people. Half the population were enslaved Africans. Steamboats were popular on the Apalachicola and St. Johns Rivers , and there were several plans for railroad construction. The territory south of present-day Gainesville

8736-509: The region; however, like most areas prone to such storms, St. Augustine rarely suffers a direct hit by a major hurricane. The last direct hit by a major hurricane to the city was Hurricane Dora in 1964. Extensive flooding occurred in the downtown area of St. Augustine when Hurricane Matthew passed east of the city in October 2016. As of the 2020 United States census , there were 14,329 people, 5,828 households, and 3,072 families residing in

8840-654: The road for annual summer vacations. The tourist industry soon became the dominant sector of the local economy. In 1963, nearly a decade after the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation of schools was unconstitutional, African Americans were still trying to get St. Augustine to integrate the public schools in the city. They were also trying to integrate public accommodations, such as lunch counters, and were met with arrests and Ku Klux Klan violence. Local students held protests throughout

8944-510: The shoreline of Tampa Bay and the adjacent Gulf of Mexico coast. The chiefdoms may have consisted of about 15 mi (24 km) of shoreline, and extended about 20 mi (32 km) inland. Each chiefdom had a principal town or "capital" with a temple mound and central plaza . Fifteen such towns have been identified along the Florida Gulf coast from southern Pasco County to northern Sarasota County , an area that includes all of

9048-670: The sixteenth century, they found four chiefdoms on the shores of the bay. The town of Tocobago was at the northern end of Old Tampa Bay (the northwest arm of Tampa Bay). Uzita controlled the south shore of Tampa Bay, from the Little Manatee River to Sarasota Bay . Mocoso was on the east side of Tampa Bay, on the Alafia River and, possibly, the Hillsborough River . Capaloey, was on Hillsborough Bay (the northeast arm of Tampa Bay), which may have included

9152-456: The twenty-year period of British rule, Britain took command of both the Castillo de San Marcos (renamed Fort St. Mark) and of Fort Matanzas . They permanently stationed a small group of men at Fort Matanzas. Once war broke out, loyalist St. Augustine residents burned effigies of Patriots Samuel Adams and John Hancock in the plaza. Fort St. Mark became a training and supply base, as well as

9256-523: The victims were hung in trees with the inscription: "Hanged, not as Frenchmen, but as "Lutherans" ( heretics )". Menéndez renamed the fort San Mateo and marched back to St. Augustine, where he discovered that the shipwrecked survivors from the French ships had come ashore to the south of the settlement. A Spanish patrol encountered the remnants of the French force, and took them prisoner. Menéndez accepted their surrender, but then executed all of them except

9360-585: The world. One appeared on the front page of the Washington paper the day the senate went to vote on the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964. It became the most famous photograph ever taken in St. Augustine. The Ku Klux Klan and its supporters responded to these protests with violent attacks that were widely reported in national and international media. Popular revulsion against the Klan and police violence in St. Augustine generated national sympathy for

9464-479: Was a 1965 play by American playwright Paul Green created to honor the 400th anniversary of the settlement of St. Augustine. It was Florida 's official state play, having received the designation by the Florida Senate in 1973. It was performed for ten weeks every summer in St. Augustine for more than 30 years, closing in 1996. In 2015, St. Augustine celebrated the 450th anniversary of its founding with

9568-589: Was again besieged, this time by the governor of the British colony of Georgia , General James Oglethorpe , who was also unable to take the fort. The 1763 Treaty of Paris , signed after Great Britain 's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War , ceded Florida to Great Britain in exchange for the return of Havana and Manila . The vast majority of Spanish colonists in the region left Florida for Cuba , Florida became Great Britain's fourteenth and fifteenth North American colonies , and because of

9672-465: Was applied to the southern part of Tampa Bay. The Tocobago were weakened by the Spanish attack, and the Pohoy became the dominant power in Tampa Bay for a while. By 1634 Pohoy was allied with or subject to the Calusa chiefdom. (That year the Spanish referred to the "province of Carlos, Posoy, and Matecumbe", i.e., Calusa, Pohoy, and the Florida Keys.) Pohoy and Calusa were described as hostile to

9776-640: Was commander of coastal defenses at the time, ordered that the fort's cannons be removed and sent to more strategic locations, such as Fernandina and the mouth of the St. Johns River . The town raised a Confederate militia unit, known as the Florida Independent Blues or the Saint Augustine Blues . They were soon joined by the Milton Guard, another militia unit. In an effort to help blockade runners avoid capture,

9880-643: Was completed within a few years. When the State of Florida abolished the Board in 1997, the City of St. Augustine assumed control of the reconstructed buildings, as well as other historic properties including the Government House . In 2010, the city transferred control of the historic buildings to UF Historic St. Augustine, Inc. , a direct support organization of the University of Florida . Cross and Sword

9984-515: Was foiled: their ships were run aground, Grammont and his crew were lost at sea, and Brigaut was captured ashore by Spanish soldiers. The Castillo de San Marcos was completed in 1695, not long before an attack by James Moore 's forces from Carolina in November, 1702. Failing to capture the fort after a siege of 58 days , the British set St. Augustine ablaze as they retreated. In 1738, the governor of Spanish Florida, Manuel de Montiano , ordered

10088-611: Was founded at the landing point, perhaps the first mission in what would become the continental United States . The mission served nearby villages of the Mocama , a Timucua group, and was at the center of an important chiefdom in the late 16th and 17th century. The settlement was built in the former Timucua village of Seloy; this site was chosen for its strategic location facing the waterways of St. Augustine bay with their abundant resources, an eminently suitable site for water communications and defense. A French attack on St. Augustine

10192-464: Was identified as the leader of the Alafaias Costas nation. Early in the eighteenth century, Pohoy and Tocobago Indians were living together in a village near the Spanish colonial town of St. Augustine . Alafae people were also recorded as living with other refugee groups here by 1717. Between 1718 and 1723, 162 Alafae were baptized there. In 1718 Pohoy people attacked a village of Tocobago at

10296-435: Was largely undecorated, but ceremonial vessels (found in burials) were distinctively decorated (the defining characteristic of the Safety Harbor culture). The name "Tocobaga" is often used to refer to all of the indigenous peoples of the Tampa Bay area during the first Spanish colonial period (1513-1763). In a strict sense, Tocobaga was the name of a chiefdom, its main town, and its chief, all of which were probably centered at

10400-519: Was on a mission to secure Fort Caroline . On August 28, 1565, the feast day of St. Augustine of Hippo , Menéndez's crew finally sighted land; the Spaniards continued sailing northward along the coast from their landfall, investigating every inlet and plume of smoke along the shore. On September 4, they encountered four French vessels anchored at the mouth of a large river (the St. Johns ), including Ribault's flagship, La Trinité . The two fleets met in

10504-440: Was preferable to avoid confusion. DeSoto County , Hardee County and most of Polk County were part of the "Inland Safety Harbor" area. Mitchem called his regional variant south of Charlotte Harbor (southern Charlotte County, Lee County and western Collier County) "South Florida". Safety Harbor ceramics are found in burial mounds in the Caloosahatchee culture area (Mitchem's South Florida Safety Harbor). Milanich ascribes

10608-581: Was sparsely populated by whites. In 1845 the Florida Territory was admitted into the Union as the State of Florida. On January 7, 1861, only three days before Florida would secede and join the Confederacy , a group of 125 Florida militia marched on Fort Marion. The fort was guarded by a single sergeant, who surrendered the fort after being provided with a receipt. Gen. Robert E. Lee , who

10712-476: Was the garrison payroll). The killing of their sergeant major by the Spanish rearguard caused Drake to order the town razed to the ground. In 1609 and 1611, expeditions were sent out from St. Augustine against the English colony at Jamestown . In the second half of the 17th century, groups of Indians from the colony of Carolina conducted raids into Florida and killed the Franciscan priests who served at

10816-442: Was thwarted by a violent squall that ravaged the French naval forces. Taking advantage of this, Menéndez marched his troops overland to Fort Caroline on the St. Johns River , about 30 miles (50 km) north. The Spanish easily overwhelmed the lightly defended French garrison, which had been left with only a skeleton crew of 20 soldiers and about 100 others, killing most of the men and sparing about 60 women and children. The bodies of

#785214