Misplaced Pages

#600399

63-520: Other Polish institutions providing air ambulance services include Tatra Volunteer Search and Rescue with its PZL W-3 Sokół helicopter and SAR units of Polish Navy . Source: LPR operates 21 permanent and one seasonal HEMS bases throughout Poland. There's at least one permanent base in each of the voivodeships . Source: Patient transfer team and its 4 airplanes are stationed at the Warsaw Chopin Airport and are on duty 24 hour

126-488: A classic "saddle" to an overall "blanket". Rarer colour variations include sable, pure-black, pure-white , liver, silver, blue, and panda varieties. The all-black and sable varieties are acceptable according to most standards; however, the blue and liver are considered to be serious faults and the all-white is grounds for instant disqualification from showing in conformation at All Breed and Specialty Shows. German Shepherds were bred specifically for their intelligence . In

189-524: A day seven days a week. Tatrza%C5%84skie Ochotnicze Pogotowie Ratunkowe Tatra Volunteer Search and Rescue ( Polish : Tatrzańskie Ochotnicze Pogotowie Ratunkowe (TOPR) ) is a non-profit mountain rescue organization in Poland , rescuing stranded mountain climbers, tourists, and others in need of rescue in the Polish Tatra mountains . It is one of the oldest mountain rescue associations in

252-541: A genetic link. It is believed the society accomplished its goal mostly due to von Stephanitz's strong, uncompromising leadership and he is therefore credited with being the creator of the German Shepherd Dog. During the first half of the twentieth century, the breed came to be strongly identified with Imperial and Nazi Germany, because of its association with purity and militarism. German Shepherds were coveted as " germanische Urhunde ", being close to

315-487: A life expectancy of 10 years, the same as the overall but less than the 11 year average for crossbreeds; a 2005 study in Sweden based on insurance data found 51% of German Shepherd dogs died by the age of 10, lower than the overall rate of 10 year survival at 35%. A 2015 French study found a life expectancy of 10.08 years. The German Shepherd Dog is one of the breeds more commonly affected by degenerative myelopathy , which

378-431: A list of breeds most likely to bark as watchdogs, Stanley Coren ranked the breed in second place. Coupled with their strength, this trait makes the breed desirable as police , guard and search and rescue dogs , as they are able to quickly learn various tasks and interpret instructions better than other breeds. German Shepherds are moderately active dogs and are described in breed standards as self assured. The breed

441-486: A popular selection for use as working dogs . They are known for being easy to train and good for performing tasks and following instructions. They are especially well known for their police work, being used for tracking criminals, patrolling troubled areas and detection and holding of suspects. Additionally, thousands of German Shepherds have been used by the military. These military working dogs (MWD) are usually trained for scout duty, and they are used to warn soldiers to

504-544: A position it has maintained to this day. By 1923, the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde claimed 50,000 dues-paying members in more than 500 branches in Germany alone. Horand became the center-point of the breeding programs and was bred with dogs belonging to other society members that displayed desirable traits and with dogs from Thuringia , Franconia , and Württemberg . Fathering many pups, Horand's most prolific

567-642: A rescue mission in 1963. Tadeusz Augustyniak , an experienced rescue pilot and an honorary member of the organization, operated the SM-1 . The vehicle transported a tourist with a broken leg from the Valley of the Five Lakes to a hospital in Zakopane. In 1974, the rescuers adopted Cygan, a German shepherd dog , and trained him to assist in avalanche rescue . In 1991, TOPR became an independent organization and

630-643: A rescue mission on the northern wall of the Small Javorovy Peak  [ pl ] , one of the rescuers, Klemens Bachleda , died in a rockfall, despite the distinct order of the director commanding Klemens to abort the operation due to weather conditions. The heroic sacrifice was in vain as the mountaineer, Stanisław Szulakiewicz, was dead by the time the team reached him. During the first few years TOPR consisted of only 11 rescuers. The number of volunteers increased until in 1939, 20 years after its launch, TOPR had 50 trained rescuers. In 1939, after

693-399: A standard weight range. They have a domed forehead, a long square-cut muzzle with strong jaws and a black nose. The eyes are medium-sized and brown. The ears are large and stand erect, open at the front and parallel, but they often are pulled back during movement. A German Shepherd has a long neck, which is raised when excited and lowered when moving at a fast pace as well as stalking. The tail

SECTION 10

#1732801028601

756-431: Is a German breed of working dog of medium to large size. The breed was developed by Max von Stephanitz using various traditional German herding dogs from 1899. It was originally bred as a herding dog , for herding sheep . It has since been used in many other types of work, including disability assistance , search-and-rescue , police work , and warfare . It is commonly kept as a companion dog , and according to

819-704: Is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in Switzerland. It descends from the American White Shepherds; the first stud dog of what was to become the breed was an American dog born in 1966 and imported to Switzerland. The variety was recognised by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale as a separate breed in 2003, and it is now recognised by a number of national kennel clubs . German Shepherds are

882-756: Is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States. White-coated German Shepherds were once banned from registration in their native Germany, but in the United States and Canada the coloration gained a following and a breed club was formed specifically for white German Shepherds, calling their variety the White Shepherd. The variety is recognised as a separate breed by the United Kennel Club . The White Swiss Shepherd Dog ( French : Berger Blanc Suisse , German : Weisser Schweizer Schäferhund , Italian : Pastore Svizzero Bianco )

945-403: Is bushy and reaches to the hock . German Shepherds have a double coat which is close and dense with a thick undercoat. The coat is accepted in two variants: medium and long. The gene for long hair is recessive , and therefore the long-haired variety is rarer. Treatment of the long-haired variation differs across standards; it is accepted but does not compete against standard-coated dogs under

1008-502: Is caused by a mutation in the SOD1 gene. A small study in the UK showed 16% of young asymptomatic German Shepherds to be homozygous for the mutation, with a further 38% being carriers. German Shepherds have a higher-than-normal incidence of Von Willebrand disease , a common inherited bleeding disorder, and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), a degenerative disease of the pancreas . It

1071-509: Is criticised by experts for straying away from Max von Stephanitz 's original ideology that German Shepherds should be bred primarily as working dogs and that breeding should be strictly controlled to eliminate defects quickly. He believed that, above all else, German Shepherds should be bred for intelligence and working ability. The Kennel Club , in the United Kingdom, is involved in a dispute with German Shepherd breed clubs about

1134-459: Is estimated that 1% of the UK population of German Shepherds has this disease. Musculoskeletal disorders are debilitating conditions that are often associated with genetic makeup, malnutrition, and stress-related events. Some breeds like the German Shepherd, are predisposed to a variety of different skeletal disorders, including but not limited to: canine hip dysplasia, Cauda equina syndrome , and osteoarthritis . Canine hip dysplasia (CHD)

1197-603: Is marked by a willingness to learn and an eagerness to have a purpose. They are curious, which makes them excellent guard dogs and suitable for search missions. They can become overprotective of their family and territory, especially if not socialised correctly. They are not inclined to become immediate friends with strangers. German Shepherds are highly intelligent and obedient, as well as protective of their owners. A 2020 literature review in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery found that from 1971 to 2018, of all pure breed dogs in

1260-412: Is responsible for the condition. The University of Utrecht offers a genetic test for this defect. Untreated dogs usually live between 3-5 years. Dogs that undergo treatment can live healthily for several years but are still unlikely to have a normal life expectancy. German Shepherds have been featured in a wide range of media. In 1921 Strongheart became one of the earliest canine film stars, and

1323-426: Is retained into adulthood and guard hairs fail to fully develop outside of the distal extremities. Eventually full alopecia occurs. The degree of growth retardation and other clinical symptoms varies between affected dogs. Investigations into the genealogy in 1978 found the mutation evolved in 1940 or earlier. Multiple champions have been shown to be carriers of the mutation, explaining the spread and prevalence of

SECTION 20

#1732801028601

1386-402: Is that "this issue of soundness is not a simple difference of opinion, it is the fundamental issue of the breed's essential conformation and movement." The Kennel Club has decided to retrain judges to penalise dogs with these problems. The Kennel Club also recommends testing for haemophilia and hip dysplasia, other common problems with the breed. The East-European Shepherd is a variety of

1449-460: Is the abnormal formation of the hip joint and surrounding tissue causing instability and partial dislocation of the hip joint, resulting in pain, inflammation , lameness, and potentially osteoarthritis of the joint. A North American study analysing more than 1,000,000 hip and 250,000 elbow scans in dogs over the age of two found the German Shepherd Dog to have a rate of hip and elbow dysplasia to be 18.9% and 17.8% respectively. The German Shepherd had

1512-408: The Fédération Cynologique Internationale had the second-highest number of annual registrations in 2013. During the 1890s, attempts were being made to standardise dog breeds. Dogs were being bred to preserve traits that assisted in their job of herding sheep and protecting their flocks from predators. In Germany this was practised within local communities, where shepherds selected and bred dogs. It

1575-551: The German and UK Kennel Clubs while it can compete with standard-coated dogs, but is considered a fault, in the American Kennel Club. The FCI accepted the long-haired type in 2010, listing it as the variety b, while the short-haired type is listed as the variety a. Most commonly, German Shepherds are either tan/black or red/black. Most colour varieties have black masks and black body markings which can range from

1638-526: The National Geographic Channel television show Dangerous Encounters , the bite of a German Shepherd has a force of over 1,060 newtons (238 lbf) (compared with that of a Rottweiler , over 1,180–1,460 newtons (265–328 lbf), a Pit bull , 1,050 newtons (235 lbf), a Labrador Retriever , of approximately 1,000 newtons (230 lbf), or a human, of approximately 380 newtons (86 lbf)). The modern German Shepherd breed

1701-593: The Reich Chancellery stated in 2005 that Blondi's death had affected the people in the bunker more than Eva Braun 's suicide. German Shepherds were also used widely as guard dogs at Nazi concentration camps during the Holocaust . When the German Shepherd was introduced to the United States it was initially a popular dog. But as the dogs' popularity grew, it became associated as a dangerous breed owned by gangsters and bootleggers . The reputation of

1764-557: The UK Kennel accepted registrations in 1919, 54 German Shepherds were registered. By 1926 this number had grown to over 8000. The breed gained international recognition after the end of World War I. Returning soldiers spoke highly of the breed and animal actors Rin Tin Tin and Strongheart popularised the breed further. The first German Shepherd Dog registered in the United States was Queen of Switzerland. Her offspring had defects as

1827-559: The World War II outbreak, TOPR ceased to function and people of Zakopane scattered across the country. In 1940, during the German occupation of Poland , Germany was able to influence TOPR to resume its rescue services and TOPR operated as Freiwillige Tatra Bergwacht for the duration of the war. In 1952, the Tatra Volunteer Rescue Service was incorporated into GOPR . TOPR first used a helicopter during

1890-449: The 8th highest rate of hip dysplasia and 6th highest rate of elbow dysplasia. Another North American study found 10.26% of German Shepherd Dogs surveyed at teaching hospitals to have hip dysplasia, compared to 3.52% overall. Congenital hyposomatotropism , also known as pituitary dwarfism has been known to be an autosomal recessive disorder in the German Shepherd dog for a long time. The condition causes growth retardation. The puppy coat

1953-447: The German Shepherd bred in the former Soviet Union with the purpose of creating a larger, more cold-resistant version of the German Shepherd. It lacks the physical deformities bred into western show lines of German Shepherds and has become one of Russia's most popular dog types. The King Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States, its breeders hoping to rectify the physical deformities that have been bred into

Polish Medical Air Rescue - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-608: The German Shepherd was the breed chosen almost exclusively to be used as a guide dog for the visually impaired . When formal guide dog training began in Switzerland in the 1920s under the leadership of Dorothy Eustis , all of the dogs trained were German Shepherd females. An experiment in temperament testing of a group of Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds showed that the Retrievers scored higher on average in emotional stability, ability to recover promptly from frightening situations, cooperative behaviour and friendliness; while

2079-738: The German Shepherds as a dangerous breed had grown to such an extent that it was briefly banned to import them in Australia in 1929. Potential legislation was even considered to require that all German shepherds in South Australia be sterilised. The breed was named Deutscher Schäferhund , by von Stephanitz, translating to "German Shepherd Dog". At the time, all other herding dogs in Germany were referred to by this name; they thus became known as Altdeutsche Schäferhunde , or old German herding dogs . The direct translation of

2142-447: The German Shepherds were superior in aggression and defensive behaviour. These results suggested that Labrador Retrievers were more suited to guide dog work while German Shepherds were more suited to police work. Currently, Labradors and Golden Retrievers are more widely used for this work, although there are still German Shepherds being trained. In 2013, about 15% of the dogs trained by Guide Dogs of America were German Shepherds, while

2205-411: The United States, the German Shepherd was responsible for the most bites severe enough to require hospital treatment. While an Australian report from 1999 provides statistics showing that German Shepherds are the breed third most likely to attack a person in some Australian locales, once their popularity is taken into account, the percentages of attacks by German Shepherds drops to 38th. According to

2268-525: The United States. As of 2016 , the German Shepherd is the second most popular breed in the US. It is typically among the most frequently registered breeds in other countries. It was the third-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club in 2020, and seventh-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom in 2016. Many common ailments of the German Shepherd are a result of

2331-673: The aircraft crashed during a rescue operation. Two pilots (Bogusław Arendarczyk and Janusz Rybicki) and 2 rescuers (Janusz Kubica and Stanisław Mateja) were killed. In 1999 Tatra Search and Rescue was incorporated in International Commission for Alpine Rescue (IKAR). The most tragic disaster in the Tatra mountains occurred in January 2003. A group of high school students from Tychy heading towards Rysy mountain were caught in an avalanche , resulting in 8 fatalities. During

2394-611: The boundaries to keep sheep from trespassing and damaging the crops. In Germany and other places these skills are tested in utility dog trials also known as Herdengebrauchshund (HGH) herding utility dog trials. One Mexican German Shepherd, Zuyaqui , was dissected and his body put on display at the Sedena 's " Narco Museum " in Mexico. He is regarded to be the dog who has captured the most drugs in Mexican police and military history. When

2457-650: The disorder. This condition has been observed in breeds that were crossed with German Shepherd dogs such as the Karelian Bear dog , Saarloos Wolfhound , and the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog . Pituitary dwarfism in other dog breeds (excluding those with German Shepherd ancestry) is extremely rare. Unlike humans where the POU1F1 and PROP1 genes are responsible for the defect a mutation in the LHX3 gene

2520-424: The dog he changed his name to Horand von Grafrath and von Stephanitz founded the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde (Society for German Shepherd Dogs). Horand was declared to be the first German Shepherd Dog, and was the first dog added to the society's breed register. In just a few decades of the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde 's establishment, the breed became one of the world's most popular and numerous,

2583-479: The formal breed name of the American Kennel Club and was removed in 2010. German Shepherds are medium to large-sized dogs. The breed standard height at the withers is 60–65 cm (24–26 in) for males, and 55–60 cm (22–24 in) for females. German Shepherds can reach sprinting speeds of up to 30 miles per hour. Shepherds are longer than they are tall, with an ideal proportion of 10 to 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 . The AKC official breed standard does not set

Polish Medical Air Rescue - Misplaced Pages Continue

2646-569: The inbreeding practised early in the breed's life. One such common ailment is hip and elbow dysplasia which may cause the dog to experience pain later on in life and may cause arthritis . A study conducted by the University of Zurich found that 45% of the police working dogs were affected by degenerative spinal stenosis, although a small sample size was used. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals found that 19.1% of German Shepherd are affected by hip dysplasia. Multiple studies have found

2709-489: The issue of soundness in the show strain of the breed. Some show strains have been bred with an extremely roached topline (back) that causes poor gait in the hind legs. The issue was raised in the BBC documentary, Pedigree Dogs Exposed , which said that critics of the breed describe it as "half dog, half frog". An orthopaedic vet remarked on footage of dogs in a show ring that they were "not normal". The Kennel Club's position

2772-454: The life expectancy of the German Shepherd to be lower than that of the overall life expectancy found in the study: a 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 11.3 years, compared to 12 years for crossbreeds and 12.7 years for purebreds; a 2022 UK study using veterinary records found a life expectancy of 10.16 years compared to 11.23 overall and 11.82 for crossbreeds; in Italy a 2024 study found

2835-532: The mountain rescue association began in 1908. The death of a Polish composer Mieczysław Karłowicz by avalanche hastened the creation of the organization, which was ultimately registered on 29 October 1909 in Lwów , Poland . under its current name with Kazimierz Dłuski as the president and Mariusz Zaruski as the director. The TOPR headquarters, Dworzec Tatrzański , are located in Zakopane . In 1910, during

2898-591: The name was adopted for use in the stud-book ; however, at the end of the First World War , it was believed that the inclusion of the word "German" would harm the breed's popularity, due to the anti-German sentiment of the era. The breed was officially renamed by the UK Kennel Club to "Alsatian Wolf Dog", after the French region of Alsace bordering Germany. Eventually, the appendage "wolf dog"

2961-514: The original breed. The Shiloh Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States. It was developed in the 1970s and 1980s to correct behavioural and conformational issues that have been bred into modern German Shepherds, and was bred for its large size, length of back, temperament and soundness of hips. It has been recognised since 1990 by the American Rare Breed Association . The White Shepherd

3024-444: The perfect working dog. In 1899, von Stephanitz was attending a dog show when he was shown a dog named Hektor Linksrhein. Hektor was the product of few generations of selective breeding and completely fulfilled what von Stephanitz believed a working dog should be. He was pleased with the strength of the dog and was so taken by the animal's intelligence, loyalty, and beauty, that he purchased him immediately. After purchasing

3087-728: The presence of enemies or of booby traps or other hazards. German Shepherds have also been trained by military groups to parachute from aircraft or as anti-tank weapons . They were used in World War II as messenger dogs, rescue dogs and personal guard dogs. The German Shepherd is one of the most widely used breeds in a wide variety of scent-work roles. These include search and rescue, cadaver searching , narcotics detection, explosives detection , accelerant detection and mine detection dog, among others. They are suited for these lines of work because of their keen sense of smell and their ability to work regardless of distractions. At one time

3150-497: The remainder are Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers. The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association in the United Kingdom trains some German Shepherds, while the comparable organisation in the US only trains Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers and crosses between these breeds. German Shepherds are still used for herding and tending sheep grazing in meadows next to gardens and crop fields. They are expected to patrol

3213-509: The rescuers are volunteers; only 33 are professional rescuers.As of 2024, the number increased to 48 Unlike many other mountain rescue organizations, TOPR does not charge any payment for rescues, being forbidden from doing so by Polish law. Instead, the organization is funded by Poland's internal affairs ministry, donations from individuals and companies, and entry fees to the Tatra National Park . The initial project launch of

SECTION 50

#1732801028601

3276-484: The result of poor breeding, which caused the breed to decline in popularity during the late 1920s. Popularity increased again after Sieger Pfeffer von Bern became the 1937 and 1938 Grand Victor in American Kennel club dog shows, only to have another decline at the conclusion of World War II, due to anti-German sentiment. Popularity increased gradually until 1993, when they became the third most popular breed in

3339-577: The same time, the awareness of sheepdogs as a versatile, intelligent class of canine began to rise. Max von Stephanitz , an ex-cavalry captain and former student of the Berlin Veterinary College, was an ex-member of the Phylax Society who firmly believed dogs should be bred for working. He admired the intelligence, strength and ability of Germany's native sheepdogs, but could not find any one single breed that satisfied him as

3402-406: The second day of the rescue mission, a critical error occurred in one of the helicopters, "Sokół", halting the functions of both of the engines. The pilot, Henryk Serda, was able to perform autorotation landing , causing major damage to the vehicle but avoiding harm to any terrestrial objects. Shortly after the incident the pilot was fired for breaking the aviation safety laws. Henryk re-appealed and

3465-449: The traits in dogs that the society should promote; some members believed dogs should be bred solely for working purposes, while others believed dogs should be bred also for appearance. While unsuccessful in their goal, the Phylax Society had inspired people to pursue standardising dog breeds independently. With the rise of large, industrialised cities in Germany, the predator population began to decline, rendering sheepdogs unnecessary. At

3528-477: The wolf, and became very fashionable during the Nazi era. Adolf Hitler acquired a German Shepherd named "Prinz" in 1921, during his years of poverty, but he had been forced to lodge the dog elsewhere. However, she managed to escape and return to him. Hitler, who adored the loyalty and obedience of the dog, thereafter developed a great liking for the breed. Hitler kept several more of the breed, including Blondi , who

3591-511: The world. Each potential rescuer is required to complete a special training course (lasting between 1.5 and 3 years), in which every volunteer is to exhibit excellent knowledge in Tatra topography as well as practical abilities including climbing, skiing, spelunking, lifesaving and first aid. After completing the training the rescuer takes an oath on the director's hand. In 2011 TOPR consisted of around 250 members, 140 of whom had acquired permission to participate in rescue missions. The majority of

3654-420: Was Hektor von Schwaben. Hektor was inbred with another of Horand's offspring and produced Heinz von Starkenburg, Beowulf, and Pilot, who later sired a total of 84 pups, mostly through being inbred with Hektor's other offspring. This inbreeding was deemed necessary in order to fix the traits being sought in the breed. Beowulf's progeny also were inbred and it is from these pups that all German Shepherds draw

3717-518: Was among several dogs in the ' Führerbunker ' during the Battle of Berlin at the end of the Second World War. Dogs played a role in Nazi propaganda by portraying Hitler as an animal lover. Preparing for his suicide , Hitler ordered Dr.  Werner Haase to test a cyanide capsule on Blondi, and the dog died as a result. Erna Flegel , a nurse who worked at the emergency casualty station in

3780-478: Was dropped, after numerous campaigns by breeders who were worried that becoming known as a wolf-dog hybrid would affect the breed's popularity and legality. The name Alsatian remained for five decades, until 1977, when successful campaigns by dog enthusiasts pressured the British kennel clubs to allow the breed to be registered again as German Shepherds. The word "Alsatian" once appeared in parentheses as part of

3843-465: Was found innocent due to discrepancies in the officials' reports. A vehicle inspection, confirmed by the manufacturer, raised the possibility "Sokół" may have not been maintained properly. This tragedy was adapted into a movie, "Cisza" (The Silence), premiered in 2010. German Shepherd This is an accepted version of this page The German Shepherd , also known in Britain as an Alsatian ,

SECTION 60

#1732801028601

3906-610: Was recognised that the breed had the necessary skills for herding sheep, such as intelligence, speed, strength and keen senses of smell. The results were dogs that were able to do such things, but that differed significantly, both in appearance and ability, from one locality to another. To combat these differences, the Phylax Society was formed in 1891 with the intention of creating standardised development plans for native dog breeds in Germany. The society disbanded after only three years due to ongoing internal conflicts regarding

3969-531: Was withdrawn from GOPR. A year later, the President of Poland, Lech Wałęsa , awarded the Tatra rescuers with a PZL W-3 Sokół . The new vehicle had a more advanced hovering system than the MI-2 used prior, and thus made rescue missions in the higher, less accessible areas of the mountains safer. PZL W-3 Sokół had an increased weight capacity as well, allowing the transport of more rescuers. Less than 3 years later,

#600399