Julius Pollux ( Greek : Ἰούλιος Πολυδεύκης , Ioulios Polydeukes ; fl. 2nd century) was a Greek scholar and rhetorician from Naucratis , Ancient Egypt . Emperor Commodus appointed him a professor-chair of rhetoric in Athens at the Academy — on account of his melodious voice, according to Philostratus ' Lives of the Sophists.
25-518: [REDACTED] Look up pollux in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Pollux may refer to: People [ edit ] Julius Pollux , also known as Ioulios Poludeukes (2nd century A.D), a Greek rhetorician Pollux (mythology) or Polydeuces, one of the Dioscuri and twin brother of Castor Astronomy [ edit ] Pollux (star) ,
50-499: A bill or score, ...; and adjectives: in debt, indebted, owing, .... Numbers in parentheses are cross-references to other Heads. The book starts with a Tabular Synopsis of Categories laying out the hierarchy, then the main body of the thesaurus listed by the Head, and then an alphabetical index listing the different Heads under which a word may be found: Liable, subject to , 177; debt , 806; duty , 926. Some recent versions have kept
75-573: A given meaning. It has the novel and unique goal of "charting the semantic development of the huge and varied vocabulary of English". Different senses of a word are listed separately. For example, three different senses of "debt" are listed in three different places in the taxonomy: A sum of money that is owed or due; a liability or obligation to pay An immaterial debt; is an obligation to do something An offence requiring expiation (figurative, Biblical) Other thesauri and synonym dictionaries are organized alphabetically. Most repeat
100-456: A long history. The word 'thesaurus' was used in 1852 by Peter Mark Roget for his Roget's Thesaurus . While some works called "thesauri", such as Roget's Thesaurus , group words in a hierarchical hypernymic taxonomy of concepts, others are organised alphabetically or in some other way. Most thesauri do not include definitions, but many dictionaries include listings of synonyms. Some thesauri and dictionary synonym notes characterise
125-710: A mountain in the Pennine Alps, in Italy and Switzerland Pollux Peak , a mountain in Yellowstone National Park, US Pollux Temple , a summit in the Grand Canyon, US RTV-N-15 Pollux , an experimental pulsejet-powered research missile of the U.S. Navy Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pollux . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
150-492: A satire upon the affectation of obscure and obsolete words. A Latin translation made by Rudolf Gwalther was published in Basel at 1541 and made Julius Pollux more available to Renaissance antiquaries and scholars, and anatomists, who adopted obscure Greek words for parts of the body. Thesaurus A thesaurus ( pl. : thesauri or thesauruses ), sometimes called a synonym dictionary or dictionary of synonyms ,
175-503: A taxonomy. Benjamin Lafaye's Synonymes français (1841) is organized around morphologically related families of synonyms ( e.g. logis, logement ), and his Dictionnaire des synonymes de la langue française (1858) is mostly alphabetical, but also includes a section on morphologically related synonyms, which is organized by prefix, suffix, or construction. Before Roget, most thesauri and dictionary synonym notes included discussions of
200-474: Is a reference work which arranges words by their meanings (or in simpler terms, a book where one can find different words with similar meanings to other words), sometimes as a hierarchy of broader and narrower terms , sometimes simply as lists of synonyms and antonyms . They are often used by writers to help find the best word to express an idea: ...to find the word, or words, by which [an] idea may be most fitly and aptly expressed Synonym dictionaries have
225-423: Is often criticised by usage manuals: "Writers sometimes use them not just to vary their vocabularies but to dress them up too much". The word "thesaurus" comes from Latin thēsaurus , which in turn comes from Greek θησαυρός ( thēsauros ) 'treasure, treasury, storehouse'. The word thēsauros is of uncertain etymology. Until the 19th century, a thesaurus was any dictionary or encyclopedia , as in
250-769: The Thesaurus Linguae Latinae ( Dictionary of the Latin Language , 1532), and the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae ( Dictionary of the Greek Language , 1572). It was Roget who introduced the meaning "collection of words arranged according to sense", in 1852. In antiquity, Philo of Byblos authored the first text that could now be called a thesaurus. In Sanskrit , the Amarakosha is a thesaurus in verse form, written in
275-439: The 4th century. The study of synonyms became an important theme in 18th-century philosophy, and Condillac wrote, but never published, a dictionary of synonyms. Some early synonym dictionaries include: Roget's Thesaurus , first compiled in 1805 by Peter Mark Roget, and published in 1852, follows John Wilkins ' semantic arrangement of 1668. Unlike earlier synonym dictionaries, it does not include definitions or aim to help
SECTION 10
#1732783110947300-712: The brightest star in the Gemini constellation, also designated β Geminorum Pollux, a crater on the Saturnian moon Epimetheus Games [ edit ] Pollux, a character in the erotic anime series Words Worth Pollux (arcade game) , an arcade game manufactured by Dooyong in 1991 Pollux Gamelabs , a Danish game development company. Pollux Engine, a game engine used in Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles: Echoes of Time Ships [ edit ] SS Pollux ,
325-491: The category ( hyponyms ), e.g. breeds of dogs. Bilingual synonym dictionaries are designed for language learners. One such dictionary gives various French words listed alphabetically, with an English translation and an example of use. Another one is organized taxonomically with examples, translations, and some usage notes. In library and information science , a thesaurus is a kind of controlled vocabulary . A thesaurus can form part of an ontology and be represented in
350-553: The differences among near-synonyms, as do some modern ones. Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms is a stand-alone modern English synonym dictionary that does discuss differences. In addition, many general English dictionaries include synonym notes. Several modern synonym dictionaries in French are primarily devoted to discussing the precise demarcations among synonyms. Some include short definitions. Some give illustrative phrases. Some include lists of objects within
375-458: The distinctions between similar words, with notes on their "connotations and varying shades of meaning". Some synonym dictionaries are primarily concerned with differentiating synonyms by meaning and usage. Usage manuals such as Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage or Garner's Modern English Usage often prescribe appropriate usage of synonyms. Writers sometimes use thesauri to avoid repetition of words – elegant variation – which
400-428: The entries in 5.148-5.152 are: proischesthai "to hold forth", grammata en stelais "writing on steles", diakores "satiated", anamphibolon "unambiguous"), but, within this eclecticism, Zadorojnyi nevertheless notes a tendency to focus on binary oppositions like love and hate, praise and denunciation. It supplies much rare and valuable information on many points of classical antiquity — objects in daily life,
425-490: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pollux&oldid=1202865915 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Ship disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Julius Pollux Pollux
450-646: The list of synonyms under each word. Some designate a principal entry for each concept and cross-reference it. A third system interfiles words and conceptual headings. Francis March 's Thesaurus Dictionary gives for liability : CONTINGENCY, CREDIT–DEBT, DUTY–DERELICTION, LIBERTY–SUBJECTION, MONEY , each of which is a conceptual heading. The CREDIT—DEBT article has multiple subheadings, including Nouns of Agent, Verbs, Verbal Expressions, etc. Under each are listed synonyms with brief definitions, e.g. " Credit. Transference of property on promise of future payment." The conceptual headings are not organized into
475-539: The name of more than one ship USS Pollux , the name of more than one United States Navy ship MS Abel Tasman was known as Pollux in 1994-1995 Other uses [ edit ] Kastor und Pollux , a complex of two towers in Frankfurt am Main, Germany Pollux , a South Devon Railway 4-4-0ST steam locomotive of the South Devon Railway Eagle class Pollux (mountain) ,
500-475: The same organization, though often with more detail under each Head. Others have made modest changes such as eliminating the four-level taxonomy and adding new heads: one has 1075 Heads in fifteen Classes. Some non-English thesauri have also adopted this model. In addition to its taxonomic organization, the Historical Thesaurus of English (2009) includes the date when each word came to have
525-517: The theater, politics – and quotes numerous fragments of lost works. Thus, Julius Pollux became invaluable for William Smith 's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities , 1842, etc. Nothing of his rhetorical works has survived, except some of their titles (in the Suda ). Pollux was probably the person satirized by Lucian as a worthless and ignorant person who gains a reputation as an orator by sheer effrontery, and pilloried in his Lexiphanes ,
SECTION 20
#1732783110947550-498: The user choose among synonyms. It has been continuously in print since 1852 and remains widely used across the English-speaking world. Roget described his thesaurus in the foreword to the first edition: It is now nearly fifty years since I first projected a system of verbal classification similar to that on which the present work is founded. Conceiving that such a compilation might help to supply my deficiencies, I had, in
575-442: The work are arranged not alphabetically but according to subject-matter. Pollux claims that the exact order of subjects is random, but contemporary scholarship has discerned organisational patterns based on "the paradigmatic relationships at the heart of Romano-Greek society." For example, Book 5 is divided into two halves, the first of which deals with words relating to hunting and the second half of which Pollux calls "eclectic" (e.g.
600-634: The year 1805, completed a classed catalogue of words on a small scale, but on the same principle, and nearly in the same form, as the Thesaurus now published. Roget's original thesaurus was organized into 1000 conceptual Heads (e.g., 806 Debt) organized into a four-level taxonomy . For example, debt is classed under V. ii .iv: Each head includes direct synonyms: Debt, obligation, liability, ...; related concepts: interest, usance, usury; related persons: debtor, debitor, ... defaulter (808); verbs: to be in debt, to owe, ... see Borrow (788); phrases: to run up
625-948: Was the author of the Onomasticon ( Ὀνομαστικόν ), a Greek thesaurus or dictionary of Attic synonyms and phrases, in ten books, each prefaced with a dedication to the emperor Commodus. The work forms part of the Atticist movement of the Second Sophistic , and was intended to provide a full catalogue of the Greek vocabulary derived from classical texts that an accomplished orator could deploy. Within this movement, Pollux shows himself "a liberal and inclusive Atticist," willing to admit vocabulary from classical authors in non-Attic dialects (like Herodotus ), from post-classical works (such as New Comedy and Hellenistic historiography ), and from contemporary spoken Greek. The entries in
#946053