Cycloparc PPJ is a rail trail located in the Pontiac Regional County Municipality in Quebec , Canada.
51-519: The PPJ traverses 91.7 kilometres (57.0 mi) of hills and riverfront and enables hikers and cyclists to tour through points of interest such as Grand Calumet Island , the Vinton Plain and Coulonge Chutes near Fort-Coulonge . Slopes on the trail do not exceed 4%. The surface of the trail is made from a combination of stone and dust. No motor vehicles or hunting is permitted on the PPJ. The trail
102-677: A hedge . Some cultivars are used in bonsai . Cultivars have been selected for small to dwarf mature forms, and foliage color characteristics. They include: Smaller specimens are popular as live Christmas trees . Eastern white pines are noted for holding their needles well, even long after being harvested. They also are well suited for people with allergies, as they give little to no aroma. A standard 1.8-meter (6 ft) tree takes around 6 to 8 years to grow in ideal conditions. Sheared varieties are usually desired because of their stereotypical Christmas tree conical shape, as naturally grown ones can be sparse, or grow bushy in texture. The branches of
153-574: A dwelling. Of light weight, it has borne transportation to the farms of the west, where it is used for building purposes in dwellings, barns, and corn cribs, while as a fencing material it has no superior. Aside from those conditions which demand a dense strong timber, such as ship-building or in wagon-making, white pine has been found adaptable to all the economic uses in which lumber is required, not excluding its use in coarser articles of furniture. No wood has found greater favor or entered more fully into supplying all those wants of man which could be found in
204-764: A linear park or bicycle trail: the Cycloparc PPJ rail trail. 45°32′03″N 76°18′58″W / 45.53417°N 76.31611°W / 45.53417; -76.31611 Coulonge Chutes The Coulonge Chutes (in French: Chutes Coulonge ) is a non-profit recreation park and historical exhibition area operating in Mansfield-et-Pontefract , in the Pontiac Regional County Municipality of western Quebec , Canada. Its main attraction
255-420: A number of quite efficient antimicrobials. Generally, a wet pulp from the inner bark, or pine tar mixed with beeswax or butter was applied to wounds and used as a salve to prevent infection. P. strobus is cultivated by plant nurseries as an ornamental tree , for planting in gardens and parks. The species is low-maintenance and rapid-growing as a specimen tree. With regular shearing, it can also be trained as
306-423: A role in rich color development. This wood is also favored by patternmakers for its easy working. Cottontail, snowshoe rabbits, porcupines, can eat the bark. Red squirrels can eat the cones by extracting the seeds. Seeds are eaten by crossbills, pine siskin, and white tailed deer. Eastern white pine needles exceed the amount of vitamin C of lemons and oranges and make an excellent herbal tea . The cambium
357-400: A rounded apex and slightly reflexed tip, often resinous. The seeds are 4–5 mm ( 5 ⁄ 32 – 3 ⁄ 16 in) long, with a slender 15–20 mm ( 5 ⁄ 8 – 3 ⁄ 4 in) wing, and are dispersed by wind. Cone production peaks every 3 to 5 years. The branches are spaced about every 18 inches on the trunk with five or six branches appearing like spokes on
408-471: A wagon wheel. Eastern white pine is self-fertile, but seeds produced this way tend to result in weak, stunted, and malformed seedlings. Mature trees are often 200–250 years old, and some live over 400 years. A tree growing near Syracuse, New York , was dated to 458 years old in the late 1980s and trees in Michigan and Wisconsin were dated to roughly 500 years old. The eastern white pine has been described as
459-544: Is 51.54 m (169 ft 1 in) tall. The NTS maintains precise measurements of it. A private property in Claremont, New Hampshire , has approximately 60 specimens that are 45 m (148 ft) tall. Diameters of the larger pines range from 1.0–1.6 m (3 ft 3 in – 5 ft 3 in), which translates to a circumference (girth) range of 3.1–5.0 m (10 ft 2 in – 16 ft 5 in). However, single-trunked white pines in both
510-421: Is edible. It is also a source of resveratrol . Linnaeus noted in the 18th century that cattle and pigs fed pine bark bread grew well, but he personally did not like the taste. Pine tar is produced by slowly burning pine roots, branches, or small trunks in a partially smothered flame. Pine tar mixed with beer can be used to remove tapeworms (flat worms) or nematodes (round worms). Pine tar mixed with sulfur
561-529: Is ideally suited for hikers and cyclists during the summer between May and October. There are numerous places to swim along the trail, including the Ottawa River and nearby off-trail Fort William . There are 14 rest areas along the route. The trail originates at Kilometre 0 in Wyman and ends at Allumette Island (L'Îles-aux-Allumettes). Many rest areas, picnic spots and observation points are found along
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#1732798344034612-935: Is now naturalizing in the Outer Western Carpathians subdivision of the Carpathian Mountains in Czech Republic and southern Poland. It has spread from specimens planted as ornamental trees . Like most members of the white pine group , Pinus subgenus Strobus , the leaves ("needles") are coniferous, occurring in fascicles (bundles) of five, or rarely three or four, with a deciduous sheath . The leaves are flexible, bluish-green, finely serrated , and 5–13 cm (2–5 in) long. The seed cones are slender, 8–16 cm ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 4 – 6 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) long (rarely longer than that) and 4–5 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 –2 in) broad when open, and have scales with
663-409: Is somewhat resistant to fire, mature survivors are able to reseed burned areas. In pure stands, mature trees usually have no branches on the lower half of their trunks. The white pine weevil ( Pissodes strobi ) and white pine blister rust ( Cronartium ribicola ), an introduced fungus, can damage or kill these trees. Mortality from white pine blister rust in mature pine groves was often 50–80% during
714-572: Is the 42 meters (138 ft) high Grandes Chutes waterfall of the Coulonge River and 100 meters (330 ft) long cement log slide . Although the last log drive ended here in 1982, the waterfalls and gorge of the Coulonge River enjoy a substantial popularity among tourists, hikers and cyclists for playing a tremendous role in the reimagining of ecotourism in an area no longer able to survive upon resource extraction alone. At
765-470: Is useful to treat dandruff, and marketed in present-day products. Pine tar can also be processed to make turpentine . The name "Adirondack", an Iroquois word that means tree-eater, referred to their neighbors (more commonly known as the Algonquians ) who collected the inner bark of P. strobus , Picea rubens , and others during times of winter starvation. The white, soft inner bark (cambial layer)
816-421: Is yellowish white or a pale straw color, but pine wood which has aged many years tends to darken to a deep, rich, golden tan. Occasionally, one can find light brown pine boards with unusual yellowish-golden or reddish-brown hues. This is the famous "pumpkin pine". Slow growing pines in old-growth forests are thought to accumulate colored products in the heartwood, but genetic factors and soil conditions may also play
867-947: The Linville Gorge Wilderness in North Carolina , United States. Small groves or individual specimens of old-growth eastern white pines are found across the range of the species in the USA, including in Ordway Grove, Maine ; Ice Glen , Massachusetts ; and Adirondack Park , New York. Many sites with conspicuously large specimens represent advanced old-field ecological succession . The tall stands in Mohawk Trail State Forest and William Cullen Bryant Homestead in Massachusetts are examples. As an introduced species , P. strobus
918-592: The Marchand covered bridge . As more settlers arrived in the area from Ireland , Scotland , the United States , Germany and Poland , many small towns along the length of the river were established. Bryson constructed a sawmill on the river's edge around 1850. Because the Coulonge Falls were a huge obstacle in the transportation of local timber, a massive 3,000 feet (910 m) wooden log slide
969-643: The Native Tree Society (NTS). Prior to their exploitation, it was common for white pines in northern Wisconsin to reach heights of over 61 m (200 ft). Three locations in the Southeastern United States and one site in the Northeastern United States have trees that are 55 m (180 ft) tall. Common height of 80 feet or more. The southern Appalachian Mountains have the most locations and
1020-669: The U.S. Civil War , the wood is soft and tends to cup over time with wear. George Washington opted for the much harder southern yellow pine at Mount Vernon, instead. During the 17th and 18th centuries, tall white pines in the Thirteen Colonies became known as " mast pines". Marked by agents of the Crown with the broad arrow , a mast pine was reserved for the British Royal Navy . Special barge-like vessels were built to ship tall white pines to England. The wood
1071-715: The Upper Peninsula of Michigan , United States; Hartwick Pines State Park in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan ; Menominee Indian Reservation in Wisconsin ; Lost 40 Scientific and Natural Area (SNA) and Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness in Minnesota ; White Pines State Park , Illinois ; Cook Forest State Park , Hearts Content Scenic Area , and Anders Run Natural Area in Pennsylvania ; and
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#17327983440341122-917: The Wolastoqewiyik and Peskotomuhkatiyik call it kuw or kuwes , and the Abenaki use the term kowa . It is known as the "Weymouth pine" in the United Kingdom, after Captain George Weymouth of the British Royal Navy , who brought its seeds to England from Maine in 1605. P. strobus is found in the nearctic temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome of eastern North America. It prefers well-drained or sandy soils and humid climates, but can also grow in boggy areas and rocky highlands. In mixed forests, this dominant tree towers over many others, including some of
1173-913: The old-growth forests remain after the extensive logging operations from the 18th century to early 20th century. Old-growth forests, or virgin stands, are protected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park . Other protected areas with known virgin forests, as confirmed by the Eastern Native Tree Society, include Algonquin Provincial Park , Quetico Provincial Park , Algoma Highlands in Ontario , and Sainte-Marguerite River Old Forest in Quebec, Canada; Estivant Pines , Huron Mountains , Porcupine Mountains State Park, and Sylvania Wilderness Area in
1224-596: The 19th century, the harvesting of Midwestern white pine forests played a major role in America's westward expansion through the Great Plains . A quarter-million white pines were harvested and sent to lumber yards in Chicago in a single year. The white pine had aesthetic appeal to contemporary naturalists such as Henry David Thoreau ("There is no finer tree.") Beyond that, it had commercial applications . It
1275-553: The American East Coast including Boston and New York City . In the 1830s and 1840s, George Bryson Sr. settled near the mouth of the Coulonge River , an Ottawa River tributary - acquiring thousands of acres of timber rights including 200 acres (0.81 km ) directly surrounding what is known as The Grandes Chutes, located approximately 15 kilometers north of the Ottawa River itself. In 1843, Bryson built
1326-610: The NTS. Before Hurricane Opal broke its top in October 1995, Boogerman Pine was 63 m (207 ft) tall, as determined by Will Blozan and Robert Leverett using ground-based measurements. The tallest specimens in Hartwick Pines State Park in Michigan are 45–48 m (148–157 ft) tall. In the northeastern USA, eight sites in four states currently have trees over 48 m (157 ft) tall, as confirmed by
1377-622: The NTS. The Cook Forest State Park of Pennsylvania has the most numerous collection of 45 m (148 ft) eastern white pines in the Northeast, with 110 trees measuring that height or more. The park's "Longfellow Pine" is the tallest presently living eastern white pine in the Northeast, at 55.96 m (183 ft 7 in) tall, as determined by tape drop. The Mohawk Trail State Forest of Massachusetts has 83 trees measuring 45 m (148 ft) or more tall, of which six exceed 48.8 m (160 ft). The "Jake Swamp Tree" located there
1428-422: The Northeast and Southeast with diameters over 1.45 m (4 ft 9 in) are exceedingly rare. Notable big pine sites of 40 ha (99 acres) or less often have no more than two or three trees in the 1.2- to 1.4-m-diameter class. Common diameter of 2-3 feet. Unconfirmed reports from the colonial era gave diameters of virgin white pines of up to 2.4 m (8 ft). Because the eastern white pine tree
1479-899: The Pine Tree Tavern, he was attacked and nearly killed by an angry mob of colonists. This act of rebellion, later to become known as the Pine Tree Riot , may have fueled the Boston Tea Party in 1773. After the Revolutionary War, the fledgling United States used large white pines to build out its own navy. The masts of the USS Constitution were originally made of eastern white pine. The original masts were single trees, but were later replaced by laminated spars to better withstand cannonballs. In colonial times, an unusually large, lone, white pine
1530-694: The United States. An American National Natural Landmark, Cook Forest State Park in Pennsylvania, contains the tallest known tree in the Northeastern United States, a white pine named Longfellow Pine. Some white pines in Wisconsin are over 200 years old. Although widely planted as a landscape tree in the Midwestern states, native White pine is listed as "rare or uncommon" in Indiana . In
1581-539: The beginning of the 19th century, early forestry operations pushed tall white pines , squared by axe , down into the Ottawa River, destined to be sold by auction near the Canadian Parliament buildings and exported to England where they were used to build ships during the Berlin Decree proclaimed by Napoleon Bonaparte . Timber from the area played a large part in the construction of cities along
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1632-521: The early 20th century. The fungus must spend part of its lifecycle on alternate hosts of the genus Ribes , the native gooseberry or wild currant. Foresters proposed that if all the alternate host plants were removed, white pine blister rust might be eliminated. A very determined campaign was mounted, and all land owners in commercial pine-growing regions were encouraged to uproot and kill all native gooseberry and wild currant plants. The ramifications for wildlife and habitat ecology were of less concern at
1683-522: The forest growths. The species was imported in 1620 to England by Captain George Weymouth , who planted it for a timber crop, but had little success because of white pine blister rust disease. Old-growth pine in the Americas, of various Pinus species, was a highly desired wood since huge, knot-free boards were the rule rather than the exception. Pine was common and easy to cut, thus many colonial homes used pine for paneling, floors, and furniture. Pine
1734-641: The higher elevations in northeastern Alabama . It is considered rare in Indiana . The Haudenosaunee maintain the tree as the central symbol of their multinational confederation, calling it the " Tree of Peace ", where the Seneca use the name o’sóä’ and the Kanienʼkehá:ka call it onerahtase'ko:wa . Within the Wabanaki Confederacy , the Mi'kmaq use the term guow to name the tree, both
1785-634: The hub of pine logging and shipping. Portsmouth shipped 199 masts to England that year. In all, about 4500 masts were sent to England. The eastern white pine played a significant role in the events leading to the American Revolution . Marking of large white pines by the Crown had become controversial in the colonies by the first third of the 18th century. In 1734, the King's men were assaulted and beaten in Exeter, New Hampshire , in what
1836-594: The large broadleaf hardwoods. It provides food and shelter for numerous forest birds, such as the red crossbill , and small mammals such as squirrels. Fossilized white pine leaves and pollen have been discovered by Brian Axsmith , a paleobotanist at the University of South Alabama , in the Gulf Coastal Plain , where the tree no longer occurs. Eastern white pine forests originally covered much of north-central and northeastern North America. Only 1% of
1887-549: The largest specimens are around 28 m (990 cu ft), with some past giants possibly reaching 37 to 40 m (1,300 to 1,400 cu ft). Photographic analysis of giants suggests volumes closer to 34 m (1,200 cu ft). P. strobus grows about 1 m (3.3 ft) annually between the ages of 15 and 45 years, with slower height increments before and after that age range. The tallest presently living specimens are 50–57.55 m (164 ft 1 in – 188 ft 10 in) tall, as determined by
1938-691: The length of the PPJ. The trail crosses the Félix-Gabriel-Marchand Bridge , the second longest operational covered bridge in Canada. The trail is named after the Pontiac Pacific Junction Railway (PPJ) because it occupies the rail bed of this defunct railway company. The trail is populated with numerous animals and those travelling along the route will find deer , bear , beaver and moose commonplace. Motor vehicles are not permitted anywhere along
1989-568: The tallest tree in eastern North America, perhaps sharing the prize with the deciduous tulip tree whose range overlaps with eastern white pine in a few areas. In natural precolonial stands, the pine is reported to have grown as tall as 70 m (230 ft). No means exist for accurately documenting the height of trees from these times, but eastern white pine may have reached this height on rare occasions. Even greater heights have been reported in popular, but unverifiable, accounts such as Robert Pike's Tall Trees, Tough Men . Total trunk volumes of
2040-633: The tallest trees in the present range of P. strobus . One survivor is a specimen known as the "Boogerman Pine" in the Cataloochee Valley of Great Smoky Mountains National Park . At 57.55 m (188 ft 10 in) tall, it is the tallest accurately measured tree in North America east of the Rocky Mountains , though this conflicts with citations for Liriodendron tulipifera . It has been climbed and measured by tape drop by
2091-510: The time than timber-industry protection. Today, native wild currants are relatively rare plants in New England, and planting wild currants or wild gooseberries is strongly discouraged, or even illegal in some jurisdictions. As an alternative, new strains of commercial currants have been developed that are highly resistant to white pine blister rust. Mortality in white pines from rust is only about 3% today. Old white pines are treasured in
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2142-495: The trail, providing a serene setting to spot local wildlife. Different fruits available for picking along the PPJ include blueberries , wild apples and raspberries . The Pontiac Pacific Junction Railway Company (PPJR) is a historic Canadian railway that operated in the upper Ottawa River valley in western Quebec and northeastern Ontario , Canada. The railway ran from Aylmer through Quyon , Shawville , Fort Coulonge , and Waltham to Pembroke, Ontario . The PPJR
2193-439: Was also a favorite tree of loggers, since pine logs can still be processed in a lumber mill a year or more after being cut down. In contrast, most hardwood trees such as cherry, maple, oak, and ash must be cut into 1" thick boards immediately after felling, or else large cracks will develop in the trunk which can render the wood worthless. Although eastern white pine was frequently used for flooring in buildings constructed before
2244-672: Was carefully separated from the hard, dark brown bark and dried. When pounded, this product can be used as flour or added to stretch other starchy products. The young staminate cones were stewed by the Ojibwe Indians with meat, and were said to be sweet and not pitchy. In addition, the seeds are sweet and nutritious, but not as tasty as those of some of the western nut pines. Pine resin (sap) has been used by various tribes to waterproof baskets, pails, and boats. The Ojibwe also used pine resin to successfully treat infections and even gangrenous wounds, because pine resin apparently has
2295-436: Was considered "the most sought and most widely utilized of the various forest growths of the northwest ." Descriptions of its uses are quoted below from a 19th-century source: Being of a soft texture and easily worked, taking paint better than almost any other variety of wood, it has been found adaptable to all the uses demanded in the building art, from the manufacture of packing cases to the bearing timber and finer finish of
2346-462: Was constructed to enable wood to pass freely over the treacherous drop. In 1923, a cement slide replaced the wooden chute. J.E. Boyle , constructed a sawmill in Davidson - still in operation today - exporting to the United States and other Canadian provinces. The Coulonge River and the log slide remained in use for log drives until 1982. The site became a public park in 1985 when a reception chalet
2397-690: Was found in coastal South Carolina along the Black River , far east of its southernmost normal range. The king's mark was carved into it, giving rise to the town of Kingstree . Eastern white pine is now widely grown in plantation forestry within its native area. Eastern white pine has often been used for timber frames, and is available in large sizes. Eastern white pine timbers are not particularly strong, so timbers increase in size to handle loads applied. This species accepts stains better than most, but it has little rot resistance, so should be used only in dry conditions. Freshly cut eastern white pine
2448-495: Was incorporated in 1880 and merged with the Ottawa Northern and Western Railway in 1903. It was the first Canadian railway to light cars using acetylene . Its infamous nickname was Push, Pull and Jerk. Taken over by Canadian Pacific in 1902, passenger service on the line was discontinued in 1959. Freight service followed suit in the 1980s, after which the rails were permanently dismantled in 1984 and later turned into
2499-439: Was often squared to better fit in the holds of these ships. A 30-metre (100 ft) mast was about 0.91 m × 0.91 m (3 ft × 3 ft) at the butt and 0.61 m × 0.61 m (2 ft × 2 ft) at the top, while a 37-metre (120 ft) mast was 1.2 m × 1.2 m (4 ft × 4 ft) by 0.76 m (30 in) on its ends. By 1719, Portsmouth, New Hampshire , had become
2550-620: Was opened. Eastern White Pine Pinus strobus , commonly called the eastern white pine , northern white pine , white pine , Weymouth pine (British), and soft pine is a large pine native to eastern North America. It occurs from Newfoundland , Canada, west through the Great Lakes region to southeastern Manitoba and Minnesota , United States, and south along the Appalachian Mountains and upper Piedmont to northernmost Georgia and very rare in some of
2601-472: Was to be called the Mast Tree Riot . Colonel David Dunbar had been in the town investigating a stock pile of white pine in a pond and the ownership of the local timber mill before caning two townspeople. In 1772, the sheriff of Hillsborough County, New Hampshire , was sent to the town of Weare to arrest mill owners for the illegal possession of large white pines. That night, as the sheriff slept at
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