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39-471: Though Port Salut has a mild flavour, it sometimes has a strong smell because it is a mature cheese. The smell increases the longer the cheese is kept; this does not affect its flavour. It can be refrigerated and is best eaten within two weeks of opening. The cheese was developed by Trappist monks during the 19th century at Port-du-Salut Abbey in Entrammes . The monks, many of whom had left France during

78-588: A Catholic religious order of cloistered monastics that branched off from the Cistercians . They follow the Rule of Saint Benedict and have communities of both monks and nuns that are known as Trappists and Trappistines, respectively. They are named after La Trappe Abbey , the monastery from which the movement and religious order originated. The movement began with the reforms that Abbot Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé introduced in 1664, later leading to

117-468: A Parisian cheese-seller granting exclusive rights of distribution, and purchases of the cheese soon began to increase. The abbey sought trade protection, and eventually, sold the rights to the Bel Group in 1950. The cheese is now produced in a factory, with the characteristic smooth rind now the result of a plastic-coated wrapper. When made of wax the rind may be edible, but can detract from the flavour of

156-481: A boys' boarding secondary school in Ireland, is the only Trappist school left in the world, and one of only two remaining monastic secondary schools in Ireland. Cistercian monasteries have continued to spread, with many founded outside Europe in the 20th century. In particular, the number of Trappist monasteries throughout the world has more than doubled over the past 60 years: from 82 in 1940 to 127 in 1970, and 169 at

195-811: A new home, until Dom Augustin and his monks of Val-Sainte were finally able to re-establish a community in La Trappe. In 1834, the Holy See formed all French monasteries into the Congregation of the Cistercian Monks of Notre-Dame de la Trappe, with the abbot of La Trappe being the vicar general of the congregation. However, there were differences in observances between the dependencies of Val-Sainte and those of Notre-Dame de l'Eternité, an abbey itself founded by Val-Sainte in 1795. This led to two different Trappist congregations being formed by decree of

234-526: A quarrel with the abbot. However, de Lestrange was soon released, and, after the expulsion of his mission from Martinique, arrived in New York in December 1813. The Jesuits had just abandoned a building which they had in that city, and which they had used for a classical school. The edifice occupied the place where now stands St. Patrick's Cathedral on Fifth Avenue . For $ 10,000, de Lestrange purchased

273-521: A unique category within the beer world, and are lauded for their high quality and flavor. These monasteries brew beer both for the monks themselves and for sale to the general public. Trappist beers contain residual sugars and living yeast, and they improve with age, unlike conventional beers. The Trappist monks of the Tre Fontane Abbey raise the lambs whose wool is used to make the pallia of new metropolitan archbishops . The pope blesses

312-417: A way of keeping the monastery self-supportive so that communication with the world might be kept at a minimum. This movement spread to many other Cistercian monasteries, which took up de Rancé's reforms. In time, these monasteries also spread and created new foundations of their own. These monasteries called themselves "Trappist" in reference to La Trappe, the source and origin of their reforms. In 1792, during

351-588: Is an Island . The first Trappist saint was Rafael Arnáiz Barón , who was a conventual oblate of the Abbey of San Isidro de Dueñas in Dueñas, Palencia . His defining characteristic was his intense devotion to a religious life and personal piety despite the setbacks of his affliction with diabetes mellitus . He died in 1938 aged 27 from complications of diabetes, and was beatified in 1992 by Pope John Paul II and canonized in 2009 by Pope Benedict XVI . Trappists, like

390-406: Is strongly discouraged. However, contrary to popular belief, they do not take a vow of silence . According to Benedict, speech disturbs a disciple's quietude and receptivity, and may tempt one to exercise one's own will instead of the will of God. Speech that leads to unkind amusement or laughter is considered evil and is forbidden. A Trappist sign language, one of several monastic sign languages ,

429-574: The Benedictines and Cistercians from whom they originate, follow the Rule of Saint Benedict. "Strict Observance" refers to the Trappists' goal of following the Rule closely. They take the three vows described in the Rule (c. 58): stability, fidelity to monastic life, and obedience. Benedict's precept to minimize conversation means that Trappists generally speak only when necessary; thus idle talk

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468-534: The Château de Colombier-le-Vieux , Ardèche , France ; died at Lyon , 16 July 1827) was a French Trappist abbot, an exile from France after the French Revolution . He was the fourteenth child of Louis-César de Lestrange, officer in the household of Louis XV , and Jeanne-Perrette de Lalor, daughter of an Irish gentleman who had followed James II of England to France in 1688. The younger de Lestrange

507-623: The Congregation of Mariannhill Missionaries . A well-known Trappist theologian was Thomas Merton , a prominent author in the mystic tradition and a noted poet and social and literary critic. He entered the Abbey of Gethsemani in 1941 where his writings and letters to world leaders became some of the most widely read spiritual and social works of the 20th century. Merton's widely read works include his autobiography, The Seven Storey Mountain , as well as New Seeds of Contemplation and No Man

546-479: The French Revolution of 1789, learned cheese-making skills to support themselves abroad, and brought those skills back upon their return after the Bourbon Restoration . The name of their society, "Société Anonyme des Fermiers Réunis" ( S.A.F.R. ), later became their registered trademark, and is still printed on the wheels of Port Salut cheese. In 1873, the head of the abbey came to an agreement with

585-565: The French Revolution , La Trappe Abbey, like all other monasteries at the time, was confiscated by the French government and the Trappists expelled. Augustin de Lestrange , a monk of La Trappe at that time, led a number of monks to establish a new monastery in the ruined and unroofed former Carthusian charterhouse of Val-Sainte in the Canton of Fribourg , Switzerland , where the monks subsequently carried out an even more austere reform practising

624-545: The Holy See in 1847. These were named the 'Ancient Reform of Our Lady of La Trappe' and the 'New Reform of Our Lady of La Trappe', the former following the Constitutions of de Rancé, with the latter following the Rule of Saint Benedict combined with the ancient constitution of Cîteaux, except in a few areas prescribed by the Holy See in the same decree. In 1892, seeking unity among the different Trappist observances,

663-751: The General Chapter. He is assisted by a Council that is composed of five members, four of them are elected by the General Chapter and the fifth is chosen by the elected Council members. The Abbot General and his Council reside in Rome and are generally in charge of the order's affairs. The present Abbot General is Dom Bernardus Peeters of Koningshoeven Abbey in the Netherlands. As of 2018 , there were 168 Trappist monasteries and convents. Augustin de Lestrange Augustin de Lestrange ( secular name Louis-Henri de Lestrange ) (born in 1754, in

702-523: The Hours is the foundation of every Trappist's life. However, the details of daily life can vary from community to community and based on the liturgical calendar . The following schedule is a representative summary of a Trappist's daily life. Though each monastery is autonomous and may have different rules, generally the stages to enter the Trappist life can be described as follows: The 48th chapter of

741-453: The Order decreased by about 15%. There are on average 25 members per community – less than half those in former times. As of 1 January 2018 , there were 1,796 Trappist monks and 1,592 Trappistine nuns across the world. Cistercian communities are autonomous but united in a communion implemented by key institutions: The Abbot General is elected for an unrestricted amount of time by

780-581: The Rule of St. Benedict states "for then are they monks in truth, if they live by the work of their hands". Thus, the life of a Trappist monk is centered on manual labor in addition to their spiritual activities. In addition to the tangible results of manual labor, which goes to support the economy of the community and the poor, the monk's work also contributes and reinforces the monk's and community's spiritual growth. The goods produced range from cheeses , bread and other foodstuffs to clothing and coffins. Their most famous products are Trappist beers . These are

819-534: The Trappist congregations left the Cistercian Order entirely and merged to form a new order with the approval of Pope Leo XIII named the 'Order of Reformed Cistercians of Our Lady of La Trappe', formalising their identity and spirituality as a separate monastic community. In 1909, the Trappists of Mariannhill were separated from the rest of the Trappist Order by decree of the Holy See to form

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858-419: The abbey, and became its regular abbot in 1663. In 1664, in reaction to the relaxation of practices in many Cistercian monasteries , de Rancé introduced an austere reform. De Rancé's reform was first and foremost centered on penitence; it prescribed hard manual labour, silence, a meagre diet, isolation from the world, and renunciation of most studies. The hard labour was in part a penitential exercise, in part

897-427: The ancient observances of Benedict of Nursia and the first usages of Cîteaux . In 1794, Pope Pius VI raised Val-Sainte to the status of an abbey and motherhouse of the Trappists, and Dom Augustin was elected the first abbot of the abbey and the leader of the Trappist congregation. However, in 1798, when the French invaded Switzerland, the monks were again exiled and had to roam different countries seeking to establish

936-695: The beginning of the 21st century. In 1940, there were six Trappist monasteries in Asia and the Pacific, only one Trappist monastery in Africa, and none in Latin America. Now there are 13 in Central and South America, 17 in Africa, and 23 in Asia and the Pacific. In general, these communities are growing faster than those in other parts of the world. Over the same period, the total number of monks and nuns in

975-537: The cheese. Handmade Port Salut cheese or "Entrammes" cheese is still produced by various monasteries throughout the French countryside. Trappist The Trappists , officially known as the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance ( Latin : Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae , abbreviated as OCSO ) and originally named the Order of Reformed Cistercians of Our Lady of La Trappe , are

1014-775: The city of Fribourg. From La Valsainte, de Lestrange established foundations at Santa Susana in Aragon , at Mont Brac in Piedmont , at Westmalle , Belgium, and at Lulworth in England. In 1798 the French troops invaded Switzerland, and the Trappists were obliged to leave the country. Some of them settled at Kenty near Kraków ; others at Zydichin , in the Diocese of Lusko , and in Podolia . In 1802 Switzerland recalled them, and de Lestrange took possession once more of La Valsainte. In

1053-544: The clergy who assured them that the pope had allowed the oath, took the oath of fidelity. Pope Pius VII , then prisoner at Savona , informed de Lestrange of the Bull of excommunication issued against the spoliator of the Papal States . Accordingly, de Lestrange commanded the prior of Cervara to make immediate retraction. The emperor became furious. He caused de Lestrange to be arrested at Bordeaux and thrown into prison. At

1092-407: The creation of Trappist congregations , and eventually the formal constitution as a separate religious order in 1892. The order takes its name from La Trappe Abbey or La Grande Trappe , located in the French province of Normandy , where the reform movement began. Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé, originally the commendatory abbot of La Trappe, led the reform. As commendatory abbot, de Rancé

1131-610: The following year de Lestrange sent a colony to America under Urbain Guillet . In 1804, de Lestrange founded the monastery of Cervara in the Republic of Genoa . Napoleon not only authorized the establishment, but granted it a revenue of 10,000 francs. Moreover, he desired that a similar institution be founded on the Alps, at Mont-Genèvre , to serve as a refuge for the soldiers who were to pass to and fro between Italy and France. To secure

1170-480: The monastery the authority of "direct superior". To put an end to these disputes, de Lestrange abandoned La Trappe, and sought refuge at Bellefontaine , in the Diocese of Angers . The complaints were carried to Rome and submitted to the Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars , and de Lestrange was summoned to Rome. He returned justified, and loaded with favours by the pope. His remains repose in

1209-461: The pallia on the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ; the metropolitan archbishops receive those pallia in a separate ceremony within their home dioceses from the hands of the apostolic nuncio, who personally represents the pope in their respective countries. The monks of New Melleray Abbey in rural Peosta, Iowa produce caskets for both themselves and sale to the public. Cistercian College, Roscrea ,

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1248-463: The same time, by a sweeping decree of 28 July, he suppressed all the Trappist monasteries throughout the empire. The prefect of Bordeaux, upon the entreaties of several of de Lestrange's friends, gave him the limits of the city for his prison. The abbot availed himself of the liberty thus accorded him to hasten the departure of his religious for America; he himself obtained from the police permission to go to La Valsainte and Mont-Genèvre, where his presence

1287-419: The site, and in 1814, on the downfall of Napoleon, he returned to France and took possession once more of his former monastery of La Trappe. At this time, de Lestrange was accused of imposing extraordinary hardships on his religious; he was reproached with his frequent voyages and long absences. The Bishop of Séez , in whose diocese is the monastery of La Trappe, took the part of the detractors, and claimed over

1326-434: The success of this establishment he granted it an allowance of 24,000 francs. This protection was not, however, of long duration. The Republic of Genoa was united to the empire, and there, as in all the other states under the sway of Napoleon, an oath of fidelity to the empire was exacted from ecclesiastics and religious. The religious of Cervara, acting on the advice of some eminent personages, and of some influential members of

1365-666: The ties that bound him to the world, and entered La Trappe Abbey , a Cistercian monastery. De Lestrange was master of the novices in that monastery, when a decree of the National Assembly dated 4 December 1790 suppressed the religious orders in France. Together with twenty-four religious, de Lestrange left for Switzerland. There the senate of Fribourg authorized them to take up their residence in La Valsainte , an ancient Carthusian monastery about fifteen miles from

1404-509: Was a secular individual who obtained income from the monastery but was not a professed monk and otherwise had no monastic obligations. The second son of Denis Bouthillier, a Councillor of State , he possessed considerable wealth and was earmarked for an ecclesiastical career as coadjutor bishop to the Archbishop of Tours . However, after undergoing a conversion of life between 1660 and 1662, de Rancé renounced his possessions, formally joined

1443-618: Was developed to render speaking unnecessary. Meals are usually taken in contemplative silence as Trappists listen to a reading. Unlike the Benedictines and Cistercians, Trappists fully abstain from "flesh meats" (pig, cattle, sheep, venison, etc), described by Saint Benedict as "four-footed animals". However, they generally do not live as strict vegetarians , as they consume poultry, fish and seafood, though their diet mostly consists of vegetables, beans, and grain products. Some monasteries also raise broiler chickens . The Liturgy of

1482-458: Was ordained priest in 1778, and was attached to the parish of Saint-Sulpice . In 1780, Jean Georges Le Franc de Pompignan , Archbishop of Vienne , in Dauphiné , chose de Lestrange for his vicar-general, with the ulterior determination of having him as his coadjutor with the right of future succession. This prospect of being made bishop alarmed de Lestrange, and in the same year he severed all

1521-556: Was required. Pursued again by the emperor, he crossed Germany and arrived at Riga , whence he left for England and America. On the Caribbean island of Martinique , de Lestrange was taken into custody by the British governor, General Charles Wale , on foot of a complaint laid against him by an Irish member of the contingent from the monastery of St Susan at Lulworth , one James Power, who seems to have joined with Jeremiah O'Flynn in

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