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89-540: A bull is an intact (i.e., not castrated ) adult male of the species Bos taurus ( cattle ). More muscular and aggressive than the females of the same species (i.e. cows proper), bulls have long been an important symbol in many religions , including for sacrifices. These animals play a significant role in beef ranching , dairy farming , and a variety of sporting and cultural activities, including bullfighting and bull riding . Due to their temperament, handling of bulls requires precautions. The female counterpart to

178-464: A bull attack survives. Dairy breed bulls are particularly dangerous and unpredictable; the hazards of bull handling are a significant cause of injury and death for dairy farmers in some parts of the United States. The need to move a bull in and out of its pen to cover cows exposes the handler to serious jeopardy of life and limb. Being trampled, jammed against a wall, or gored by a bull was one of

267-502: A bull is a cow , while a male of the species that has been castrated is a steer , ox , or bullock , although in North America , this last term refers to a young bull. Use of these terms varies considerably with area and dialect. Colloquially, people unfamiliar with cattle may also refer to steers and heifers as "cows", and bovines of aggressive or long-horned breeds as "bulls" regardless of sex. A wild, young, unmarked bull

356-454: A bull pen, a robustly constructed shelter and pen , often with an arrangement to allow the bull to be fed without entering the pen. If an aggressive bull is allowed to graze outside, additional precautions may be needed to help avoid him harming people. One method is a bull mask, which either covers the bull's eyes completely, or restricts his vision to the ground immediately in front of him, so he cannot see his potential victim. Another method

445-422: A consensus. A possible reason for this according to two studies is changes to other factors have more of an effect than neutering. One study reported results of aggression towards familiar and strange people and other dogs reduced between 10 and 60 percent of cases, while other studies reported increases in possessive aggression and aggression towards familiar and strange people, and more studies reported there

534-439: A more invasive procedure. Risk of unwanted pregnancies is insignificantly small. Only a few veterinarians perform the procedure. Like other forms of neutering, vasectomy and tubal ligation eliminate the ability to produce offspring. They differ from neutering in that they leave the animal's levels and patterns of sex hormone unchanged. Both sexes will retain their normal reproductive behavior, and other than birth control, none of

623-473: A pet bull named Manolo. Sacred bulls have held a place of significance in human culture since before the beginning of recorded history. They appear in cave paintings estimated to be up to 17,000 years old. The mythic Bull of Heavens plays a role in the ancient Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh , dating as far back as 2150 BC. The importance of the bull is reflected in its appearance in the zodiac as Taurus , and its numerous appearances in mythology , where it

712-463: A rounded and elongated shape. A common misconception widely repeated in depictions of bull behavior is that the color red angers bulls, inciting them to charge. In fact, like most mammals, cattle are red–green color blind . In bullfighting , the movement of the matador 's cape, and not the color, provokes a reaction in the bull. Other than the few bulls needed for breeding, the vast majority of male cattle are castrated and slaughtered for meat before

801-440: A small hole cut in the septum of the nose. It is used by attaching a lead rope either directly to it or running through it from a head collar , or for more difficult bulls, a bull pole (or bull staff) may be used. This is a rigid pole about 1 m (3 ft) long with a clip at one end; this attaches to the ring and allows the bull both to be led and to be held away from his handler. An aggressive bull may be kept confined in

890-419: A traditional open approach or by laparoscopic "keyhole" surgery . Open surgery is more widely available, as laparoscopic surgical equipment costs are expensive. Traditional open surgery is usually performed through a ventral midline incision below the umbilicus . The incision size varies depending upon the surgeon and the size of the animal. The uterine horns are identified and the ovaries are found by following

979-403: A trough at the top and a ridge at the bottom. Most of the glans is covered with spines, except for an area near the tip. The glans penis of a male cape ground squirrel is large with a prominent baculum . When erect, the glans of a horse's penis increases by 3 to 4 times . The urethra opens within the urethral fossa , a small pouch at the distal end of the glans. Unlike the human glans,

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1068-403: A very muscular neck, and a large, bony head with protective ridges over the eyes. These features assist bulls in fighting for domination over a herd, giving the winner superior access to cows for reproduction. The hair is generally shorter on the body, but the neck and head often have a "mane" of curlier, wooly hair. Bulls are usually about the same height as cows or a little taller, but because of

1157-449: A well-known interdisciplinary peer-reviewed journal demonstrated "no cases of CCL (cruciate ligament tear) diagnosed in intact males or females, but in early-neutered males and females the occurrences were 5 percent and 8 percent, respectively. Almost 10 percent of early-neutered males were diagnosed with LSA (lymphosarcoma), 3 times more than intact males. The percentage of HSA (hemangiosarcoma) cases in late-neutered females (about 8 percent)

1246-428: Is a natural calming hormone and a serotonin uplifter. Spaying may therefore escalate any observable aggressive behaviour, either to humans or other dogs. The risk of infections, bleeding, ruptures, inflammation and reactions to the drugs given to the animal as part of the procedure are all possibilities that should be considered. In male animals, castration involves the removal of the testes (testicles), and

1335-528: Is a useful way of describing the skeletal size of bulls and other cattle. Frame scores can be used as an aid to predict mature cattle sizes and aid in the selection of beef bulls. They are calculated from hip height and age. In sales catalogues, this measurement is frequently reported in addition to weight and other performance data such as estimated breed value. Adult bulls may weigh between 500 and 1,000 kg (1,100 and 2,200 lb). Most are capable of aggressive behavior and require careful handling to ensure

1424-593: Is also used to improve the quality of a herd, or to introduce an outcross of bloodlines. Some ranchers prefer to use AI to allow them to breed to several different bulls in a season or to breed their best stock to a higher-quality bull than they could afford to purchase outright. AI may also be used in conjunction with embryo transfer to allow cattle producers to add new breeding to their herds. Aside from their reproductive duties, bulls are also used in certain sports, including bullfighting and bull-riding . They are also incorporated into festivals and folk events such as

1513-453: Is an increasing risk of urinary incontinence the earlier the procedure is carried out; the study recommended that female dogs be spayed no earlier than 3 to 4 months of age. A later study comparing female dogs spayed between 4 and 6 months and after 6 months showed no increased risk. One study showed the incidence of hip dysplasia increased to 6.7% for dogs neutered before 5.5 months compared to 4.7% for dogs neutered after 5.5 months, although

1602-484: Is called a hystero- oophorectomy . One form of spaying is to remove only the ovaries (oophorectomy or ovariectomy), which is mainly done in cats and young dogs as well as in laparoscopic procedures. Another, less commonly performed method is an "ovary-sparing spay" in which the uterus is removed but one (or both) ovaries are left. A complete ovariohysterectomy may involve removal of the ovaries, uterus, oviducts , and uterine horns . The surgery can be performed using

1691-414: Is closely related to the size of their testicles , and one simple test of fertility is to measure the circumference of the scrotum; a young bull is likely to be fertile once this reaches 28 centimetres (11 in); that of a fully adult bull may be over 40 centimetres (16 in). Bulls have a fibroelastic penis. Given the small amount of erectile tissue, little enlargement occurs after erection. The penis

1780-403: Is commonly practiced on both household pets (for birth control and behaviour modification) and on livestock (for birth control, as well as to improve commercial value). Often the term neuter[ing] is used to specifically mean castration, e.g. in phrases like "spay and neuter". Vasectomy : In a more delicate procedure than castration, the vasa deferentia – ducts that run from the testes to

1869-500: Is done to stimulate and identify estrous females without the risk of transmitting venereal diseases or causing a pregnancy by a male other than the one intended for selective breeding . Animals altered for this purpose are referred to as teasers (teaser bulls, etc.), or gomers . Several methods are used. Penile translocation surgically alters the penis to point far enough away from its normal direction that it cannot manage vaginal penetration. Penile fixation permanently attaches

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1958-488: Is generally more common in males who have poor hygiene habits or have not been circumcised. It has many causes, including irritation or infection with a wide variety of pathogens . Symptoms of balanitis may appear suddenly or develop gradually. They might include pain, irritation, redness or red patches on the glans penis. Careful identification of the cause with the aid of patient history, physical examination , swabs and cultures, and biopsy are essential in order to determine

2047-696: Is known as a micky in Australia. Improper or late castration on a bull results in him becoming a coarse steer , also known as a stag in Australia, Canada , and New Zealand . In some countries, an incompletely castrated male is known also as a rig or ridgling . The word "bull" also denotes the males of other bovines , including bison and water buffalo , as well as many other species of large animals, including elephants , rhinos , seals and walruses , hippos , camels , giraffes , elk , moose , whales , dolphins , and antelopes . Bulls are much more muscular than cows, with thicker bones, larger feet,

2136-413: Is located over the distal ends of the corpora cavernosa and is a continuation of the corpus spongiosum of the penis. At the summit appears the urinary meatus and at the base forms the corona glandis . An elastic band of tissue, known as the frenulum , runs on its ventral surface. In men who are not circumcised , it is completely or partially covered by a fold of skin called the foreskin . In adults,

2225-426: Is made just behind the umbilicus and the camera is inserted. The abdomen is inflated with carbon dioxide gas to create a space in which to operate. A second port is introduced a few centimeters in front of the navel and a long grasping instrument called a Babcock forceps is inserted. The surgeon finds the ovary with the instrument and uses it to suspend the ovary from a needle placed through the abdominal wall. This lifts

2314-405: Is often associated with fertility. See also Korban . In Hinduism , a bull named Nandi , usually depicted seated, is worshipped as the vehicle of the god Shiva and depicted on many of the images of that deity. Symbolically, the bull appears commonly in heraldry . Bulls appears as charges and crests on the arms of several British families. Winged bulls appear as supporters in the arms of

2403-454: Is permissible to have companion animals neutered on the basis of the Jewish mandate to prevent cruelty to animals. Glans penis This is an accepted version of this page In male human anatomy , the glans penis or penile glans , commonly referred to as the glans , ( / ɡ l æ n z / ; from Latin glans meaning "acorn") is the bulbous structure at the distal end of

2492-479: Is quite rigid when not erect, and becomes even more rigid during erection. Protrusion is not affected much by erection, but more by relaxation of the retractor penis muscle and straightening of the sigmoid flexure . Bulls are occasionally affected by a condition known as "corkscrew penis". The penis of a mature bull is about 3–4 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches) in diameter, and 80–100 cm (30–40 inches) in length. The bull's glans penis has

2581-417: Is smooth and long. The glans penis of the marsh rice rat is long and robust, averaging 7.3 mm (0.29 in) long and 4.6 mm (0.18 in) broad. Winkelmann's mouse can most readily be distinguished from its close relatives by its partially corrugated glans penis. In Thomasomys ucucha , the glans penis is rounded, short, and small and is superficially divided into left and right halves by

2670-402: Is the expanded cap of the corpus spongiosum , a sponge-like region that surrounds the male urethra within the penis maintaining it as a viable channel for ejaculation . The glans is covered by a stratified squamous epithelium and a dense layer of connective tissue equivalent to the dermis of typical skin. The papillary layer of the dermis blends into the dense connective tissue forming

2759-415: Is the highly vascularized elastic band of tissue located on the underside of the glans that connects the foreskin to the head of the penis. The frenulum is supple enough to allow the retraction of the foreskin over the glans and pull it back when the erection is gone. In flaccid state, it tightens to narrow the foreskin opening. The glans and the frenulum are innervated by the bilateral dorsal nerve of

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2848-420: Is to attach a length of chain to the bull's nose-ring, so that if he ducks his head to charge, he steps on the chain and is brought up short. Alternatively, the bull may be hobbled , or chained by his ring or by a collar to a solid object such as a ring fixed into the ground. In larger pastures, particularly where a bull is kept with other cattle, the animals may simply be fed from a pickup truck or tractor,

2937-503: Is typically above 40%. The American Veterinary Medical Association , American Animal Hospital Association and the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association support the procedure for population control, provided that the veterinarian uses their best knowledge when making the decision about the age at neutering. A task force recommends that cats are spayed–neutered prior to 5 months of age. While

3026-510: Is used to pull the ovary out through the small abdominal incision (port). This is repeated on the other side and the small holes are closed with a few sutures. Another method uses ligatures and even the uterus is removed. In female dogs only removing the ovaries and not the uterus is not state of the art because this way the risk of pyometra persists. The benefits of laparoscopic surgery are less pain, faster recovery, and smaller wounds to heal. A study has shown that patients are 70% more active in

3115-703: The Running of the Bulls and were seen in ancient sports such as bull-leaping . Though less common than castrated males, bulls are used as draught oxen in some areas. The once-popular sport of bull-baiting , in which a bull is attacked by specially bred and trained dogs (which came to be known as bulldogs ), was banned in England by the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835 . As with other animals, some bulls have been regarded as pets . The singer Charo , for instance, has owned

3204-533: The Worshipful Company of Butchers . In modern times, the bull is used as a mascot by both amateur and professional sports teams. Bulls also have a special significance in Spanish culture , where the Running of the Bulls celebration occurs every year in summer. During this festival , a group of human runners called "mozos" try to outrace a group of bulls running behind them, while large crowds watch

3293-415: The dorsal artery of the penis , which also supplies the foreskin, and the penile shaft . Behind the corona , the terminal branches of the dorsal arteries anastomose with the axial arteries through perforating branches before they end in the glans. Branches of the dorsal artery curve around each side of the distal shaft to enter the glans and the frenulum ventrally. Venous drainage of the penis begins at

3382-408: The fancier organization , the procedure may invalidate the animal's candidacy for certain awards, or relegate it to a non- pedigree , generic "household pet" competition division, just as with full castration). Tubal ligation : Snipping and tying of oviducts as a sterilization measure can be performed on female cats, dogs, and other species; it is essentially the female equivalent of vasectomy, but

3471-407: The human penis that is the human male's most sensitive erogenous zone and primary anatomical source of sexual pleasure. The glans penis is present in the male reproductive organs of humans and most other mammals where it may appear smooth, spiny, elongated or divided. It is externally lined with mucosal tissue , which creates a smooth texture and glossy appearance. In humans, the glans

3560-502: The penis – are cut then tied or sealed, to prevent sperm from entering into the urethra . Failure rates are insignificantly small. Breeders routinely have this procedure carried out on male ferrets and sheep to manipulate the estrus cycles of in-contact females. It is uncommon in other animal species. Because a vasectomy is usually a more expensive procedure, among pet-keepers it is more often performed on show animals , to cosmetically preserve their appearance (though depending upon

3649-421: The spongy urethra and the labioscrotal swellings unite to form the scrotum . The secretion of testosterone during this phase plays a decisive role in the final shaping of the penis. After birth, testosterone levels drop significantly until puberty . The epithelium of the glans penis consists of mucosal tissue. Birley et al. report that excessive washing with soap may dry the mucous membrane which covers

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3738-468: The testes , which secrete a large amount of hormones called androgens. These hormones will cause the masculinization of the phenotypically indifferent organs. When exposed to testosterone, the genital tubercle elongates to form the penis . By fusion of the urogenital folds —elongated spindle-shaped structures that contribute to the formation of the urethral groove on the belly aspect of the genital tubercle—the urogenital sinus closes completely to form

3827-420: The tunica albuginea of the corpus spongiosum behind the glans. The external lining with mucosal tissue is responsible for its typical smooth texture and appearance. The increase of arterial flow during erection fills the erectile tissue with blood causing the glans to grow in size and sensitivity. While the penis is rigid when erect, the glans itself remains slightly softer. The soft cushiony texture of

3916-424: The additional muscle and bone mass, they often weigh far more. Most of the time, a bull has a hump on his shoulders. In horned cattle, the horns of bulls tend to be thicker and somewhat shorter than those of cows, and in many breeds, they curve outwards in a flat arc rather than upwards in a lyre shape. It is not true, as is commonly believed, that bulls have horns and cows do not: the presence of horns depends on

4005-508: The advantages and disadvantages listed below apply. This method is favored by some people who seek minimal infringement on the natural state of companion animals to achieve the desired reduction of unwanted births of cats and dogs. " Gomerization " is breeders' informal term for surgical techniques by which male livestock, such as bulls, retain their full libido (and related effects like sex pheromones that would be lost through castration), but are rendered incapable of copulation . This

4094-420: The age of three years, except where they are needed (castrated) as work oxen for haulage. Most of these beef animals are castrated as calves to reduce aggressive behavior and prevent unwanted mating, although some are reared as uncastrated bull beef. A bull is typically ready for slaughter one or two months sooner than a castrated male or a female, and produces proportionately more and leaner muscle. Frame score

4183-415: The age-unrelated risks and benefits cited above also apply to early-age neutering, various studies have indicated that the procedure is safe and not associated with increased mortality or serious health and behavioral problems when compared to conventional age neutering. Anesthesia recovery in young animals is usually more rapid and there are fewer complications. One study found that in female dogs there

4272-426: The base of the glans. Small tributaries deriving from the corona form a venous plexus at the neck of the penis, known as the retro-coronal, or retro- balanic , plexus. Smaller paired venules run into the frenulum and the glans from its ventral surface. The deep dorsal vein, one of the two dorsal veins of the penis , serves as a common vessel receiving blood drained from the glans and the two corpora cavernosa through

4361-421: The best solutions to canine welfare and health. Specifically the study states: "In Labrador Retrievers, where about 5 percent of gonadally intact males and females had one or more joint disorders, neutering at 6 months doubled the incidence of one or more joint disorders in both sexes. In male and female Golden Retrievers, with the same 5 percent rate of joint disorders in intact dogs, neutering at 6 months increased

4450-525: The breed, or in horned breeds on whether the horns have been disbudded . (It is true, however, that in many breeds of sheep only the males have horns.) Cattle that naturally do not have horns are referred to as polled , or muleys. Castrated male cattle are physically similar to females in build and horn shape, although if allowed to reach maturity, they may be considerably taller than either bulls or cows, with heavily muscled shoulders and necks. Bulls become fertile around seven months of age. Their fertility

4539-476: The cancers by 3–4 times. In male Golden and Labrador Retrievers neutering had relatively minor effects in increasing the occurrence of cancers." In terms of behavior in dogs, separation anxiety , aggression, escape behavior and inappropriate elimination are reduced while noise phobia and sexual behavior was increased. In males with aggression issues, earlier neutering may increase barking. In cats, asthma , gingivitis, and hyperactivity were decreased, while shyness

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4628-542: The cases associated with early age neutering seems to be of a less severe form. There was no association between age of neutering and arthritis or long-bone fractures. Another study showed no correlation between age of neutering and musculoskeletal problems. A study of large breed dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture associated early-age neutering with the development of an excessive tibial plateau angle. Of particular note are two recent studies from Lynette Hart's lab at UC Davis. The first study from 2013, published in

4717-400: The cervix as a natural barrier). The entire uterus and ovaries are then removed. The abdomen is checked for bleeding and then closed with a three-layer closure. The linea alba and then the subcutaneous layer are closed with resorbable suture material. The skin is then stapled, sutured, or glued closed. For suturing the feline linea alba, the most appropriate suture bite and stitch interval size

4806-425: The circumflex veins that surround them. The glans is completely or partially covered by a double-layered fold of skin, known as the foreskin . In adults, glans exposure can be easily achieved by manual retraction of the foreskin or sometimes automatically during erection . The degree of automatic foreskin retraction varies considerably depending on the foreskin length. The foreskin can be characterized as long when

4895-474: The entire race. Popular NBA team the Chicago Bulls features a bull in its branding, mascot, and merchandise. Neutering Neutering is the most common method for animal sterilization . Humane societies , animal shelters , and rescue groups urge pet owners to have their pets neutered to prevent the births of unwanted litters , which contribute to the overpopulation of unwanted animals in

4984-470: The exposure to male hormones , such as androgens . In mammals, sexual differentiation is determined by the sperm that carries either an X or a Y (male) chromosome . The Y chromosome contains a sex-determining gene ( SRY ) that encodes a transcription factor for the protein TDF (testis determining factor) and triggers the creation of testosterone for the embryo's development into a male. Although

5073-418: The first three days post-surgery compared to open surgery. The reason open surgery is more painful is that larger incisions are required, and the ovary needs to be pulled out of the body, which stretches and tears tissue in the abdomen (it is not uncommon for patients to react under anaesthesia by breathing faster at this point). Removing the ovaries in female dogs removes the production of progesterone , which

5162-444: The foreskin can generally be retracted over and past the glans manually or sometimes automatically during an erection . The glans penis develops as the terminal end of the genital tubercle during the embryonic development of the male fetus . The tubercle is present in the embryos of both sexes as an outgrowth in the caudal region that later develops into a primordial phallus . Exposure to male hormones ( androgens ) initiates

5251-400: The glans absorbs impact during rigorous instances of copulation. The proportional size of the glans penis can vary among males. While the shape of the glans is typically acorn-like, in some men it might be wider in circumference than the shaft, giving the penis a mushroom-like appearance, while in others it might be narrower and more akin to a probe in shape. Some researchers have suggested that

5340-654: The glans emphasizes its role as a sensory structure". While Yang & Bradley's (1998) report "showed no areas in the glans to be more densely innervated than others.", Halata & Munger (1986) report that the density of several nerve terminals is greatest in the corona glandis. Halata & Spathe (1997) reported; "the glans penis contains a predominance of free nerve endings , numerous genital end bulbs and rarely Pacinian and Ruffinian corpuscles. Merkel nerve endings and Meissner's corpuscles ( mechanoreceptors typically found in thick glabrous skin ) are not present". The genital end bulbs, that are present throughout

5429-432: The glans has evolved to become acorn-, mushroom- or cone-shaped so that during copulation it acts to remove any semen still there from previous sex partners, but this is not supported when looking at primate relatives who have different mating behaviors. At the summit of the glans is the slit-like vertical external urethral orifice, called the urinary meatus , through which urine, semen and pre-ejaculatory fluid exit

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5518-404: The glans is generally equally sensitive in both circumcised and uncircumcised penises. The glans develops as the terminal end of a phallic structure, called the genital tubercle , which forms in the embryo regardless of sex during the early weeks of pregnancy . Initially undifferentiated, the tubercle develops into a penis during the development of the reproductive system depending on

5607-476: The glans penis and cause non-specific dermatitis . The condition is described as an inflammation of the skin, often caused by an irritating substance or a contact allergy . Sensitivity to chemicals in certain products can cause an allergic reaction, including irritation, itching and rash . Inflammation of the glans penis is known as balanitis . It is a treatable condition that occurs in about 3–11% of males (up to 35% of diabetic males). Edwards reported that it

5696-423: The glans penis is covered with spines. Penile spines also occur on the glans of male and female spotted hyenas . In male dogs the glans penis is smooth and consists of two parts called the bulbus glandis and pars longa glandis . The glans of a fossa 's penis extends about halfway down the shaft and is spiny except at the tip. In comparison, the glans of felids is short and spiny, while that of viverrids

5785-429: The glans to be completely exposed when needed. By the age of eighteen most boys will have a fully retractable foreskin. In some cases, for cultural , medical , or prophylactic reasons some men undergo circumcision or were circumcised as infants, a procedure where the foreskin is partially or completely removed from the penis. The glans of circumcised men remains fully exposed and dry. Several studies have suggested

5874-416: The glans, are most numerous in the corona and near the frenulum. Simple, Pacinian and Ruffinian corpuscles are identified predominantly in the corona glandis. The most numerous nerve terminals are free nerve endings present in almost every dermal papilla of the glans, as well as scattered throughout the deeper dermis . The glans penis receives blood from the internal pudental artery through its branch,

5963-491: The health and welfare of both the animals and the community, neutering is allowed on the basis of being in the interest of ' maslaha ' (general good) or "choosing the lesser of two evils". Orthodox Judaism forbids the castration of both humans and non-human animals by Jews, except in lifesaving situations. In 2007, the Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel Rabbi Shlomo Amar issued a ruling stating that it

6052-406: The horns to their ends. There is a ligament that attaches the ovaries to the body wall, which may need to be broken down so the ovaries can be identified. The ovarian arteries are then ligated with resorbable suture material and then the arteries transected. The uterine body (which is very short in litter-bearing species) and related arteries are also tied off just in front of the cervix (leaving

6141-412: The incidence of a joint disorder to 4–5 times that of intact dogs. The incidence of one or more cancers in female Labrador Retrievers increased slightly above the 3 percent level of intact females with neutering. In contrast, in female Golden Retrievers, with the same 3 percent rate of one or more cancers in intact females, neutering at all periods through 8 years of age increased the rate of at least one of

6230-415: The most frequent causes of death in the dairy industry before 1940. With regard to such risks, one popular farming magazine has suggested, "Handle the bull with a staff and take no chances. The gentle bull, not the vicious one, most often kills or maims his keeper". In many areas, placing rings in bulls' noses to help control them is traditional. The ring is usually made of copper, and is inserted through

6319-427: The ovary and uterus safely away from other organs. The surgeon then removes the grasping instrument and replaces it with an instrument that cauterizes and cuts tissue. This instrument uses electricity to heat the blood vessels to seal them and to cut them. No sutures are placed inside. The ovary is separated from the uterus and round ligament. The cautery instrument is removed and replaced by the grasping instrument, which

6408-488: The penis and the perineal nerve , both divisions of the pudendal nerve . Branches of the dorsal nerve extend through the glans ventrolaterally displaying a three-dimensional innervation pattern. The main branches form smaller bundles of nerves that expand outwards into the tissue of the glans. The rich innervation of the glans penis reveals its function as a primary anatomical source of male sexual pleasure. Yang & Bradley argue; "the distinct pattern of innervation of

6497-476: The penis to the abdomen so that it cannot be lowered for penetration. Penectomy is the partial or complete removal of the penis . Early-age neutering, also known as pediatric spaying or prepubertal gonadectomy, is the removal of the ovaries or testes before the onset of puberty . It is used mainly in animal sheltering and rescue where puppies and kittens can be neutered before being adopted out, eliminating non-compliance with sterilization agreement, which

6586-415: The penis. The circumference of the base of the glans forms a rounded projecting border, the corona glandis , overhanging a deep retroglandular groove known as the coronal sulcus . Behind the corona is the neck of the penis, which separates the glans and the penile shaft. Ventrally, the two glans wings merge on the midline forming the septum glandis and a triangle or a V-shaped area under it. The frenulum

6675-569: The preputial orifice extends beyond the glans during erection or medium when the orifice is located around the meatus. The primary purpose of the foreskin is considered to be the covering of the glans and the urinary meatus , while also maintaining the mucosa in a moist environment. Foreskin rectractability gradually increases with age. In infancy the foreskin is fused to the glans, it remains non retractable in early childhood and it continues to be tight during preadolescence . The skin begins to loosen up significantly during puberty allowing

6764-445: The problems associated with handling a bull (particularly where cows must be removed from his presence to be worked) has prompted many dairy farmers to restrict themselves to artificial insemination (AI) of the cows. Semen is removed from the bulls and stored in canisters of liquid nitrogen , where it is kept until it can be sold, at which time it can be very profitable; in fact, many ranchers keep bulls specifically for this purpose. AI

6853-406: The process. For some individuals who experience difficulty in achieving full glanular engorgement of glans penis, they may be diagnosed with soft glans syndrome ( glans insufficiency syndrome ). It is often undiagnosed in the general population due to the lack of a standardized nomenclature. Male felids are able to urinate backwards by curving the tip of the glans penis backward. In cats,

6942-413: The proper treatment. The meatus (opening) of the urethra located at the tip of the glans might become subject to meatal stenosis , a condition mostly seen as a late complication of circumcision. It occurs in about 2–20% of circumcised boys and it is rarely seen in uncircumcised men. It is characterized by a narrowing of the meatus, which might cause sudden or often urges to urinate and burning during

7031-415: The rescue system . Many countries require that all adopted cats and dogs be sterilized before going to their new homes. Spaying is the surgical removal of the ovaries and sometimes uterus in female animals. It is commonly performed as a method of birth control and behavior modification . In non-human animals, the technical term is an ovo- hysterectomy or ovariohysterectomy ; while in humans, this

7120-573: The safety of humans and other animals. Those of dairy breeds may be more prone to aggression, while beef breeds are somewhat less aggressive, though beef breeds such as the Spanish Fighting Bull and related animals are also noted for aggressive tendencies, which are further encouraged by selective breeding . An estimated 42% of all livestock-related fatalities in Canada are a result of bull attacks, and fewer than one in 20 victims of

7209-399: The same tissues that become the glans and shaft of the penis and this shared embryonic origin makes these two organs homologous (different versions of the same structure). In the female fetus the absence of testosterone will stop the growth of the phallus causing the tubercle to shrink and form the clitoris. In the male fetus the presence of a Y chromosome leads to the development of

7298-432: The sex of the infant is determined from the moment of conception , the complete external differentiation of the organs begins about eight or nine weeks after conception. Some sources state that the process will be completed by the twelfth week, while others state that it is clearly evident by the thirteenth week and that the sex organs are fully developed by the sixteenth week. Both the penis and clitoris develop from

7387-552: The tubercle's development into a penis making the glans penis anatomically homologous to the clitoral glans in females. The glans is more commonly known as the "head" or the "tip" of the penis, and colloquially referred to in British English and Irish English as the "bellend". The glans penis is a body of spongy erectile tissue that is moulded on the rounded ends of the two corpora cavernosa penis , extending farther on their upper than on their lower surfaces. It

7476-498: The vehicle itself providing some protection for the humans involved. Generally, bulls kept with cows tend to be less aggressive than those kept alone. In herd situations, cows with young calves are often more dangerous to humans. In the off season, multiple bulls may be kept together in a "bachelor herd". Many cattle ranches and stations run bulls with cows, and most dairy or beef farms traditionally had at least one, if not several, bulls for purposes of herd maintenance. However,

7565-410: Was 4 times more than intact and early-neutered females. There were no cases of MCT (mast cell tumor) in intact females, but the occurrence was nearly 6 percent in late-neutered females". The second study from 2014 highlighted significant difference in closely related breeds (retrievers), suggesting that inter-breed variability is quite high and that sweeping legal measures and surgical mandates are not

7654-493: Was fearful behavior and the most common problem in males was aggression. Early age gonadectomy is associated with an increased incidence of noise phobias and undesirable sexual behaviors . A specialized vocabulary is used in animal husbandry and animal fancy for neutered (castrated) animals: There are differing views in Islam with regard to neutering animals, with some Islamic associations stating that when done to maintain

7743-419: Was increased. In male cats, occurrence of abscesses, aggression toward veterinarians, sexual behaviors, and urine spraying was decreased, while hiding was increased. Besides being a birth control method, and being convenient to many owners, castrating/spaying has the following health benefits: Various studies of the effects neutering has overall on male and female dog aggression have been unable to arrive at

7832-544: Was no significant difference in aggression risk between neutered and non-neutered males. For females with existing aggression, many studies reported increases in aggressive behavior and some found increased separation anxiety behavior. A report from the American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation reported significantly more behavioral problems in castrated dogs. The most commonly observed behavioral problem in spayed females

7921-415: Was suggested to be 5 mm. Laparoscopic surgery is performed using a camera and instruments placed through small incisions (ports) in the body wall. The patient is under anaesthesia and lying on the back. The incisions are between 5 and 10 millimetres (0.20 and 0.39 in) and the number varies according to the equipment and technique used. The surgeon watches on a screen during the operation. The first port

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