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74-429: The portable toilets used on construction sites and at large gatherings such as music festivals are well-known types of chemical toilets. As they are usually used for short periods and because of their high prices, they are mostly rented rather than bought, often including servicing and cleaning. A simpler type of chemical toilet may be used in travel trailers (caravans) and on small boats. Many chemical toilets use

148-481: A public toilet would have such as running water, flushing toilet, stalls, urinals, mirrors, lighting, and even air conditioning and hot water in some cases. However, these luxuries come at a price as these trailers typically cost multiple times more than a typical portable toilet to buy or rent. They are commonly found at weddings, high end events/charities, and movie shoots. The chemical toilets used on film shoots are known as honeywagons . Though more expensive than

222-582: A "persistent antiseptic" should be used. Hand Sanitizer of Uniquely Natural contains 70% alcohol responsible for rapid germ-killing action. Alcohol rubs kill many different kinds of bacteria, including antibiotic resistant bacteria and TB bacteria. They also kill many kinds of viruses, including the flu virus , the common cold virus , coronaviruses , and HIV . 90% alcohol rubs are more effective against viruses than most other forms of hand washing. Isopropyl alcohol will kill 99.99% or more of all non-spore forming bacteria in less than 30 seconds, both in

296-482: A "toilet trailer". These trailers are typically found in 1–2 toilet configurations with a hand wash ability using either a hand washing station or a plastic barrel full of water. These trailers are often seen on agricultural fields or at road construction sites. These restrooms are ideal for situations where the workers (users) are very mobile. However, this configuration has proven problematic; most modern portable toilet waste tank designs have proven inadequate to deal with

370-515: A 'sitting' of portable toilets. Portable toilet rentals, crucial for maintaining hygiene and convenience at these sites, offer various options ranging from basic models to luxury units, catering to the specific needs of different events and locations. In the United States, the chemical toilet industry is a $ 2 billion a year business with the standard model renting for $ 225 per day and luxury restroom trailer units with flushing toilets going for

444-708: A baseline level. This property also has been referred to as "residual activity." Both substantive and nonsubstantive active ingredients can show a persistent effect if they substantially lower the number of bacteria during the wash period. Laboratory studies have shown lingering benzalkonium chloride may be associated with antibiotic resistance in MRSA . Tolerance to alcohol sanitizers may develop in fecal bacteria. Where alcohol sanitizers utilize 62%, or higher, alcohol by weight, only 0.1 to 0.13% of benzalkonium chloride by weight provides equivalent antimicrobial effectiveness. Triclosan has been shown to accumulate in biosolids in

518-469: A blue dye in the bowl water. In the past, disinfection was generally carried out by mixing formaldehyde , bleach , or similar chemicals with the toilet water when flushed. Modern formulations are nitrate-based and work biologically. Chemical toilets are a type of portable toilet and are also known by various tradenames, such as Port-a-John and Porta-Potty ( American English ), Portaloo ( British English ), honey bucket , or sanican . The last two are

592-502: A claim of "99.99% reduction" or 4- log reduction are ineffective in hospital environment, since the reduction must be more than "99.99%". The hand sanitizer dosing systems for hospitals are designed to deliver a measured amount of the product for staff. They are dosing pumps screwed onto a bottle or are specially designed dispensers with refill bottles. Dispensers for surgical hand disinfection are usually equipped with elbow controlled mechanism or infrared sensors to avoid any contact with

666-495: A few thousand each day. Newer models include toilet paper and, occasionally, antibacterial hand sanitizer dispensers. It has become common for portable toilets to be paired with a separate hand washing station. These sink stations provide a foot pump to dispense non-potable water to wash one's hands with provided soap dispensers or hand sanitizer stations after using the toilet, along with paper toweling . Another common pairing are portable toilets on trailers known commonly as

740-423: A fire when a cautery instrument was used. Alcohol gel was not implicated. To minimize the risk of fire, alcohol rub users are instructed to rub their hands until dry, which indicates that the flammable alcohol has evaporated. Igniting alcohol hand rub while using it is rare, but the need for this is underlined by one case of a health care worker using hand rub, removing a polyester isolation gown, and then touching

814-666: A hand sanitizer with an effective alcohol concentration. Fraudulent labelling of alcohol concentrations has been a problem in Guyana. The current evidence that the effectiveness of school hand hygiene interventions is of poor quality. In a 2020 Cochrane review comparing rinse-free hand washing to conventional soap and water techniques and the subsequent impact on school absenteeism found a small but beneficial effect on rinse-free hand washing on illness related absenteeism. Hand sanitizers were first introduced in 1966 in medical settings such as hospitals and healthcare facilities. The product

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888-526: A larger dose of the hand-rub and a longer rubbing time than is ordinarily used. It is usually done in two applications according to specific hand-rubbing techniques, EN1499 (hygienic handwash), and German standard DIN EN 1500 (hygienic hand disinfection) to ensure that antiseptic is applied everywhere on the surface of the hand. Some hand sanitizer products use agents other than alcohol to kill microorganisms, such as povidone-iodine , benzalkonium chloride or triclosan . The World Health Organization (WHO) and

962-455: A metal door while her hands were still wet; static electricity produced an audible spark and ignited the hand gel. Hand sanitizer should be stored in temperatures below 105 °F and should not be left in a car during hot weather due to risk of flammability. Fire departments suggest refills for the alcohol-based hand sanitizers can be stored with cleaning supplies away from heat sources or open flames. Researchers have not thoroughly studied

1036-402: A minimum of 60 to 95% alcohol are efficient germ killers. Alcohol rub sanitizers kill bacteria, multi-drug resistant bacteria ( MRSA and VRE ), tuberculosis , and some viruses (including HIV , herpes , RSV , rhinovirus , vaccinia , influenza , and hepatitis ) and fungi . Alcohol rub sanitizers containing 70% alcohol kill 99.97% (3.5 log reduction , similar to 35 decibel reduction) of

1110-416: A polyethylene plastic portable toilet was issued in the 1950s to Harvey Heather, the founder of United Sanitation. This "strong box" was a solid, molded, stand-alone chemical toilet. The second US patent for a polyethylene plastic portable toilet was in the 1960s to George Harding, a co-founder of PolyJohn Corporation with Ed Cooper and George Hiskes. In the mid 1960s PolyJohn was importing these toilets in to

1184-482: A portable chemical toilet, as used by campers", and gives mostly American examples from 1968. The OED gives this proprietary name a second meaning, "a small prefabricated unit containing a toilet, designed for easy transportation and temporary installation esp. outdoors", which Misplaced Pages covers under chemical toilet . The other name common in British English is "Elsan", which dates back to 1925. According to

1258-439: A post-treatment process to ensure pathogen reduction. This post-treatment may consist of long-term storage or addition to an existing or purpose-built compost pile or some combination thereof. The necessity of a post-treatment step hinges upon the frequency and volume of use. For instances of infrequent or very modest seasonal use, a post-treatment phase might be deemed unnecessary due to the lower accumulation of waste, simplifying

1332-736: A removable toilet seat, according to the Museum of Northern Arizona in Flagstaff, Arizona . A slang term, now dated or historic, is a "thunder-box" ( Oxford English Dictionary : "a portable commode; by extension, any lavatory"). The term was used particularly in British India ; travel writer Stephen McClarence called it "a crude sort of colonial lavatory". One features to comic effect in Evelyn Waugh 's novel Men at Arms : "If you must know, it's my thunderbox." ... He...dragged out

1406-399: A simple lock on the door. Some portable toilets are small molded plastic or fiberglass portable rooms with a lockable door and a receptacle to catch the human excreta in a container. A portable toilet is not connected to a hole in the ground (like a pit latrine ), nor to a septic tank , nor is it plumbed into a municipal system leading to a sewage treatment plant . The chemical toilet

1480-406: A single occupant, usually about 110 cm (43 in) square by 210 cm (83 in) high. While the units are typically freestanding structures, their stability is augmented by the weight of the waste tank, which usually contains an empty liquid disinfectant dispenser and deodorizer . Some include both a seated toilet and a urinal . Most include lockable doors, ventilation near the top, and

1554-404: A standard permanent outdoor latrine , portable toilets have several significant benefits mostly related to their portability; as they are self-contained, they can be placed almost anywhere. Portable toilets can be hauled in the back of pick-up trucks , and some corporations manufacture special trucks for this purpose. Portable toilets eliminate open defecation and generally provide females with

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1628-421: A translucent blue flame. This is due to the flammable alcohol in the gel. Some hand sanitizer gels may not produce this effect due to a high concentration of water or moisturizing agents. There have been some rare instances where alcohol has been implicated in starting fires in the operating room, including a case where alcohol used as an antiseptic pooled under the surgical drapes in an operating room and caused

1702-477: A truck and crane. Most types do not require any pre-existing services or infrastructure, such as sewerage , and are completely self-contained. The portable toilet is used in a variety of situations, for example in urban slums of developing countries , at festivals, for camping, on boats, on construction sites, and at film locations and large outdoor gatherings where there are no other facilities. Most portable toilets are unisex single units with privacy ensured by

1776-429: A vent pipe for the holding tank. When wind is blowing over the vent pipe it creates a low pressure area sucking the odor out. Leaving the toilet lid open will reverse the flow of the venting of the tank. Typical specifications: Portable chemical toilets typically use a mixture of several different chemicals in the holding tank. A blue dye is added to conceal the contents of the tank from the user, as well as to provide

1850-515: A visual indicator of capacity. When enough urine and/or feces (yellow to brown) are deposited, the overall mixture takes on a green color which indicates that the tank is full, and should be emptied. Fragrances and associated surfactants are usually included. Biocides are added in an effort to control odor by suppressing microbial growth (particularly of gram-positive bacteria ). Milder forms include ethanol and quaternary ammonium compounds in low concentration. A formaldehyde based chemical

1924-624: A wrong measurement or ingredient may resulting in an insufficient amount of alcohol to kill the coronavirus, thus rendering the mixture ineffective or even poisonous . Additionally, some commercial products are dangerous, either due to poor oversight and process control, or fraudulent motive. In June 2020, the FDA issued an advisory against use of hand sanitizer products manufacture by Eskbiochem SA de CV in Mexico due to excessive levels of methanol – up to 81% in one product. Methanol can be absorbed through

1998-583: Is 70% to 95%. Products with alcohol concentrations as low as 40% are available in American stores, according to researchers at East Tennessee State University . Alcohol rub sanitizers kill most bacteria, and fungi, and stop some viruses. Alcohol rub sanitizers containing at least 70% alcohol (mainly ethyl alcohol ) kill 99.9% of the bacteria on hands 30 seconds after application and 99.99% to 99.999% in one minute. For health care, optimal disinfection requires attention to all exposed surfaces such as around

2072-469: Is done using the portable toilet they would sprinkle a bit of lye into the holding tank. Lye can be dangerously corrosive to skin, and is rarely used today. They are frequently seen at outdoor work sites, particularly construction sites, farms, ranches, camp sites and large banks of dozens of portable toilets allow for ready sanitation at large gatherings such as outdoor music festivals. Several portable toilets arranged in these large banks are referred to as

2146-497: Is generally preferred, hand sanitizer is a convenient alternative in settings where soap and water are unavailable. However, it is less effective against certain pathogens like norovirus and Clostridioides difficile and cannot physically remove harmful chemicals. Improper use, such as wiping off sanitizer before it dries, can also reduce its effectiveness, and some sanitizers with low alcohol concentrations are less effective. Additionally, frequent use of hand sanitizer may disrupt

2220-592: Is on display at Hampton Court Palace ; see Groom of the Stool . Early versions of the "Elsan chemical closet" ("closet" meaning a small room, see water closet , WC, and earth closet ) were sold at Army & Navy Stores . Their use in World War II bomber aircraft is described at some length by the Bomber Command Museum of Canada ; in brief, they were not popular with either the flying crew or

2294-663: Is overused. They may also be seen as an eyesore in most communities, some of which prohibit the use of a portable toilet without special permission from the city or municipality. Another disadvantage is that regular portable toilets are not wheelchair accessible, meaning that disabled people that use wheelchairs may find using portable toilets difficult or impossible. However, most modern companies offer wheel chair accessible portable toilets upon request. Portable toilets may be used to display outdoor advertising. Some advertisers wrap portable toilets with vinyl material similar to that commonly used on cars and buses. The first US patent for

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2368-399: Is probably the most well-known type of portable toilet, but other types also exist, such as urine-diversion dehydration toilets , composting toilets , container-based toilets , bucket toilets , freezing toilets and incineration toilets . A bucket toilet is a very simple type of portable toilet. A chemical toilet collects human waste in a holding tank and uses chemicals to minimize

2442-476: Is rare, fragrances, preservatives and quats can cause contact allergies. These other ingredients do not evaporate like alcohol and accumulate leaving a "sticky" residue until they are removed with soap and water. The most common brands of alcohol hand rubs include Aniosgel, Avant, Sterillium, Desderman and Allsept S. All hospital hand rubs must conform to certain regulations like EN 12054 for hygienic treatment and surgical disinfection by hand-rubbing. Products with

2516-414: Is removed due to sorption in waste water treatment plants. Numerous studies show that only very small traces are detectable in the effluent water that reaches rivers. A series of studies show that photodegradation of triclosan produced 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD). The 2,4-dichlorophenol itself is known to be biodegradable as well as photodegradable. For DCDD, one of

2590-599: Is restricted by force or law. There have been reported incidents of people drinking the gel in prisons and hospitals to become intoxicated. As a result, access to sanitizing liquids and gels is controlled and restricted in some facilities. For example, over a period of several weeks during the COVID-19 pandemic in New Mexico , seven people in that U.S. state who were alcoholic were severely injured by drinking sanitizer: three died, three were in critical condition, and one

2664-443: Is used to stop the liquid gel from being digested. This chemical adds a taste to the gel that makes it less enticing to consume. It is especially helpful in keeping younger children away because of the different smells and colors of hand sanitizers that tend to attract children. People with alcoholism may attempt to consume hand sanitizer in desperation when traditional alcoholic beverages are unavailable, or personal access to them

2738-560: The Camping and Caravanning Club , "Today you will often see campsites refer to their Chemical Disposal Points as Elsan Disposal Points because of the history and popularity of the brand." The Canal and River Trust uses both brand names, in lieu of any unbranded term. One colloquialism for these simple toilets is the "bucket and chuck it" system, although in fact they no longer resemble an open bucket (see bucket toilet ). These are designed to be emptied into sanitary stations connected to

2812-476: The CDC recommends "persistent" antiseptics for hand sanitizers. Persistent activity is defined as the prolonged or extended antimicrobial activity that prevents or inhibits the proliferation or survival of microorganisms after application of the product. This activity may be demonstrated by sampling a site several minutes or hours after application and demonstrating bacterial antimicrobial effectiveness when compared with

2886-607: The UK under the Portaloo name and by the early 1970s they realized they needed a UK manufacturer of chemicals for their toilets. Working in partnership with Doug Holt & Robert Frazer, the owners of Repclif Chemical Services Ltd now Qualkem Ltd, the Destrol brand was born. Destrol quickly became the main brand with product being sold across the globe, servicing toilets with Destrol Bio-Concentrate & Destrol 6. Its predecessors include

2960-400: The United States, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) controls antimicrobial handsoaps and sanitizers as over-the-counter drugs (OTC) because they are intended for topical anti-microbial use to prevent disease in humans. The FDA requires strict labeling which informs consumers on proper use of this OTC drug and dangers to avoid, including warning adults not to ingest, not to use in

3034-465: The Victorian thunderbox, the bucket toilet and the pit latrine . The shape of the structure resembles a privy ( outhouse ), but there is no hole dug beneath it. Portable toilet A portable or mobile toilet (colloquial terms: thunderbox , porta-john , porta-potty or porta-loo ) is any type of toilet that can be moved around, some by one person, some by mechanical equipment such as

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3108-429: The bacteria on hands 30 seconds after application and 99.99% to 99.999% (4 to 5 log reduction) of the bacteria on hands 1 minute after application. There are certain situations during which hand washing with soap and water are preferred over hand sanitizer, these include: eliminating bacterial spores of Clostridioides difficile , parasites such as Cryptosporidium , and certain viruses like norovirus depending on

3182-502: The beginnings of the pandemic, because of hand sanitizer shortages due to panic buying , people resorted to using 60% to 99% concentrations of isopropyl or ethyl alcohol for hand sanitization, typically mixing them with glycerol or soothing moisturizers or liquid contain aloe vera to counteract irritations with options of adding drops of lemon or lime juice or essential oils for scents, and thus making DIY hand sanitizers. However, there are cautions against making them, such as

3256-428: The blood or urine) is higher than previously thought, and existing data raise potential concerns about the effects of repeated daily human exposure to some antiseptic active ingredients. This would include hand antiseptic products containing alcohol and triclosan . Hands must be disinfected before any surgical procedure by hand washing with mild soap and then hand-rubbing with a sanitizer. Surgical disinfection requires

3330-447: The common problem of splash-outs from the waste holding tank while being towed down bumpy roads. Also, when being towed, the high winds blow in from the vents, creating a hurricane effect inside and ejecting any toilet paper rolls from the portable toilet if not secured. "Luxury" portable toilets also exist. They are typically mounted on large "office-like" trailers or made from converted shipping containers. They contain every amenity that

3404-474: The concentration of alcohol in the sanitizer (95% alcohol was seen to be most effective in eliminating most viruses). In addition, if hands are contaminated with fluids or other visible contaminates, hand washing is preferred as well as after using the toilet and if discomfort develops from the residue of alcohol sanitizer use. Furthermore, CDC states hand sanitizers are not effective in removing chemicals such as pesticides. Alcohol gel can catch fire, producing

3478-515: The environment, one of the top seven organic contaminants in waste water according to the National Toxicology Program Triclosan leads to various problems with natural biological systems, and triclosan, when combined with chlorine e.g. from tap water, produces dioxins , a probable carcinogen in humans. However, 90–98% of triclosan in waste water biodegrades by both photolytic or natural biological processes or

3552-768: The eyes, to keep out of the reach of children, and to allow use by children only under adult supervision. According to the American Association of Poison Control Centers , there were nearly 12,000 cases of hand sanitizer ingestion in 2006. If ingested, alcohol-based hand sanitizers can cause alcohol poisoning in small children. However, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control recommends using hand sanitizer with children to promote good hygiene, under supervision, and furthermore recommends parents pack hand sanitizer for their children when traveling, to avoid their contracting disease from dirty hands. Denaturants are an ingredient added to hand sanitizers, such as Purell, that

3626-922: The failure of the effectiveness of that sanitizer and possible infection of the treatment site with the contaminating organisms. Alcohol-based hand rubs are extensively used in the hospital environment as an alternative to antiseptic soaps. Hand-rubs in the hospital environment have two applications: hygienic hand rubbing and surgical hand disinfection. Alcohol based hand rubs provide a better skin tolerance as compared to antiseptic soap. Hand rubs also prove to have more effective microbiological properties as compared to antiseptic soaps. The same ingredients used in over-the-counter hand-rubs are also used in hospital hand-rubs: alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol , sometimes combined with quaternary ammonium cations (quats) such as benzalkonium chloride . Quats are added at levels up to 200 parts per million to increase antimicrobial effectiveness. Although allergy to alcohol-only rubs

3700-430: The fingernails, between the fingers, on the back of the thumb, and around the wrist. Hand alcohol should be thoroughly rubbed into the hands and on the lower forearm for a duration of at least 30 seconds and then allowed to air dry. Use of alcohol-based hand gels dries skin less, leaving more moisture in the epidermis , than hand washing with antiseptic/antimicrobial soap and water . Hand sanitizers containing

3774-513: The following: The World Health Organization has published the following formulations to guide to the production of large quantities of hand sanitizer from chemicals available in developing countries, where commercial hand sanitizer may not be available: In 2010 the World Health Organization produced a guide for manufacturing hand sanitizer, which received renewed interest in 2020 because of shortages of hand sanitizer in

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3848-581: The formula. The drying effect of alcohol can be reduced or eliminated by adding glycerin and/or other emollients to the formula. In clinical trials , alcohol-based hand sanitizers containing emollients caused substantially less skin irritation and dryness than soaps or antimicrobial detergents. Allergic contact dermatitis , contact urticaria syndrome or hypersensitivity to alcohol or additives present in alcohol hand rubs rarely occur. The lower tendency to induce irritant contact dermatitis became an attraction as compared to soap and water hand washing. In

3922-579: The ground crew. African-Americans living under Jim Crow laws (i.e. before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ) faced severe challenges. Public toilets were segregated by race , and many restaurants and gas stations refused to serve black people, so some travellers carried a portable toilet in the trunk of their car. Since 1974, Grand Canyon guides rafting on the Colorado River have used ammo boxes as portable toilets, typically with

3996-639: The implications of hand sanitizer use for the body and the microbiome. Studies of healthcare workers have correlated high rates of hand eczema with hand sanitizer use. The alcohol in hand sanitizer strips the skin of the outer layer of oil, which may have negative effects on barrier function of the skin. A study also shows that disinfecting hands with an antimicrobial detergent results in a greater barrier disruption of skin compared to alcohol solutions, suggesting an increased loss of skin lipids. Frequent use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers can cause dry skin unless emollients and/or skin moisturizers are added to

4070-493: The laboratory and on human skin. In too low quantities (0.3 ml) or concentrations (below 60%), the alcohol in hand sanitizers may not have the 10–15 seconds exposure time required to denature proteins and lyse cells. In environments with high lipids or protein waste (such as food processing), the use of alcohol hand rubs alone may not be sufficient to ensure proper hand hygiene. For health care settings, like hospitals and clinics, optimum alcohol concentration to kill bacteria

4144-732: The late 1800s. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers became commonly used in Europe by the 1980s and have since been included on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . Alcohol-based hand sanitizers may not be effective if the hands are greasy or visibly soiled. In hospitals, the hands of healthcare workers are often contaminated with pathogens, but rarely soiled or greasy. Some commercially available hand sanitizers (and online recipes for homemade rubs) have alcohol concentrations that are too low. This makes them less effective at killing germs. Poorer people in developed countries and people in developing countries may find it harder to get

4218-491: The most effective. These sanitizers are flammable and work against a wide variety of microorganisms, but not spores. To prevent skin dryness, compounds such as glycerol may be added, and some formulations include fragrances, though these are discouraged due to the risk of allergic reactions. Non-alcohol-based versions are less effective and should be used with caution. The use of alcohol as an antiseptic dates back to at least 1363, with evidence supporting its use emerging in

4292-439: The names of companies and "Portaloo" is a British and European Community registered trade mark. Chemical toilets are often used as a temporary solution, for example on construction sites or large gatherings, because of their durability and convenience. Most chemical toilets have black open-front U-shaped toilet seats with a cover. They are often constructed out of lightweight molded plastic . Chemical toilets are large enough for

4366-412: The non-toxic compounds of the dioxin family, a conversion rate of 1% has been reported and estimated half-lives suggest that it is photolabile as well. The formation-decay kinetics of DCDD are also reported by Sanchez-Prado et al. (2006) who claim "transformation of triclosan to toxic dioxins has never been shown and is highly unlikely." Alcohol-free hand sanitizers may be effective immediately while on

4440-647: The odors. These chemicals may either mask the odor or contain biocides that hinder odor-causing bacteria from multiplying, keeping the smell to a minimum. Chemical toilets include those on plane and trains (although many of these are now vacuum toilets ), as well as much simpler ones. A simpler type of portable toilet may be used in travel trailers (caravans, camper vans) and on small boats. They are also referred to as "cassette toilet" or "camping toilet", or under brand names that have become generic trademarks . The Oxford English Dictionary lists "Porta Potti" ("with arbitrary respelling") as "A proprietary name for:

4514-521: The overall disposal process. A commode chair (a chair enclosing a chamber pot ) is a basic portable toilet that was used, for example, in 19th-century Europe. The close stool , built as an article of furniture, is one of the earliest forms of portable toilet. They can still be seen in historic house museums such as Sir George-Étienne Cartier National Historic Site in Old Montreal , Canada. The velvet upholstered close stool used by William III

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4588-420: The privacy and resources to accommodate all basic toilet needs. Males often may choose to urinate elsewhere for personal convenience, to avoid germs, to shorten queues, to improve efficiency at night, or to prevent the toilets from filling up too quickly. Because portable toilets are not plumbed, they keep the waste inside the tank; this can lead to a sewage smell if the portable toilet is not cleaned properly or

4662-451: The pump. Consumer alcohol-based hand sanitizers, and health care "hand alcohol" or "alcohol hand antiseptic agents" exist in liquid, foam, and easy-flowing gel formulations. Products with 60% to 95% alcohol by volume are effective antiseptics. Lower or higher concentrations are less effective; most products contain between 60% and 80% alcohol. In addition to alcohol ( ethanol , isopropanol or n-Propanol ), hand sanitizers also contain

4736-488: The regular sewage system. These toilets are not to be confused with the types that are plumbed in to the vehicle and need to be pumped out at holding tank dump stations . Portable urine-diversion dehydration toilets are self-contained dry toilets sometimes referred to as "mobile" or "stand-alone" units. They are identifiable by their one-piece molded plastic shells or, in the case of DIY versions, simple plywood box construction. Most users of self-contained UDDTs rely upon

4810-529: The skin's microbiome and cause dermatitis. Alcohol -based hand sanitizers, which contain at least 60% alcohol ( ethanol or isopropyl alcohol), are recommended by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) when soap and water are not available. In healthcare settings, these sanitizers are often preferred over hand washing with soap and water because they are more effective at reducing bacteria and are better tolerated by

4884-459: The skin, but the solutions themselves can become contaminated because alcohol is an in-solution preservative and without it, the alcohol-free solution itself is susceptible to contamination. However, even alcohol-containing hand sanitizers can become contaminated if the alcohol content is not properly controlled or the sanitizer is grossly contaminated with microorganisms during manufacture. In June 2009, alcohol-free Clarcon Antimicrobial Hand Sanitizer

4958-481: The skin. However, hand washing should still be performed if contamination is visible or after using the toilet. Non-alcohol-based hand sanitizers, which may contain benzalkonium chloride or triclosan , are less effective and generally not recommended, though they are not flammable. The formulation of alcohol-based hand sanitizers typically includes a combination of isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, or n -propanol, with alcohol concentrations ranging from 60% to 95% being

5032-463: The treasure, a brass-bound, oak cube... On the inside of the lid was a plaque bearing the embossed title Connolly's Chemical Closet. Hand sanitizer Hand sanitizer (also known as hand antiseptic , hand disinfectant , hand rub , or handrub ) is a liquid, gel, or foam used to kill viruses , bacteria , and other microorganisms on the hands. It can also come in the form of a cream, spray, or wipe. While hand washing with soap and water

5106-572: The wake of the COVID-19 pandemic . Dozens of liquor and perfume manufacturers switched their manufacturing facilities from their normal product to hand sanitizer. In order to keep up with the demand, local distilleries started using their alcohol to make hand sanitizer. Distilleries producing hand sanitizer originally existed in a legal grey area in the United States, until the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau declared that distilleries could produce their sanitizer without authorization. In

5180-400: The waste, without relying on toxic additives or concealment with fragrances alone. Some can also break down toilet paper as well. All of the above ingredients may have a limited lifespan (e.g., 7 days), requiring frequent replacement to maintain efficacy. A much older form of portable toilet chemical is lye . Lye was used during the old "wooden outhouse days" to prevent odors. After a person

5254-507: Was left permanently blind. In 2021, a dozen children were hospitalized in the state of Maharashtra, India, after they were mistakenly orally administered hand sanitizer instead of a polio vaccine. On 30 April 2015, the FDA announced that they were requesting more scientific data based on the safety of hand sanitizer. Emerging science suggests that for at least some health care antiseptic active ingredients, systemic exposure (full body exposure as shown by detection of antiseptic ingredients in

5328-476: Was popularized in the early 1990s. Alcohol-based hand sanitizer is more convenient compared to hand washing with soap and water in most situations in the healthcare setting. Among healthcare workers, it is generally more effective for hand antisepsis , and better tolerated than soap and water. Hand washing should still be carried out if contamination can be seen or following the use of the toilet . Hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol or contains

5402-451: Was pulled from the US market by the FDA, which found the product contained gross contamination of extremely high levels of various bacteria, including those which can "cause opportunistic infections of the skin and underlying tissues and could result in medical or surgical attention as well as permanent damage". Gross contamination of any hand sanitizer by bacteria during manufacture will result in

5476-609: Was used for this purpose in the past, but environmental and health concerns have led to its phase-out in chemical toilets. Formaldehyde is very irritating to the eyes, ears, skin, nose, and throat, and in addition to vapor inhalation, the chemical solution can splash back onto the buttocks of the user when their excrement drops in. Formaldehyde is also highly toxic to aquatic life and can be difficult for wastewater treatment plants to dispose of safely. In modern toilets, microbial and enzymatic agents are increasingly common. These effectively reduce odor by accelerating digestion and breakdown of

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