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40-620: The 9.5-hectare (23-acre) site of the Pavilion Gardens lies in the valley of the River Wye. Two tributaries of the river run through the park along landscaped courses. The northern branch spills over cascades and under footbridges whilst the southern branch connects three man-made lakes, the last of which has a fountain. The listed park covers a longer stretch of the River Wye valley , covering 14 hectares (35 acres) in total including

80-607: A theatre with 360 seats and it has been the home of the Buxton Cinema since 2017. The building was designed by William Bryden and was built as the Entertainment Stage theatre in 1889. It replaced an earlier theatre in the old hall stables, facing the Old Hall Hotel at the foot of Hall Bank. In 1833 the world-famous violinist Niccolo Paganini performed there but the theatre was demolished in 1854. After

120-534: A vast steel construction clad in slate and comprising 22 curved steel arms. This figure was revised upwards following advice from a railway engineer, Mr Footner, in the 1870s, who retold an account of the Tay Bridge disaster (which collapsed because its structure had not taken into account the stresses of lateral wind and storms). After Rippon Duke's redevelopment in 1881, the Devonshire Hospital had

160-457: Is 90 metres (300 ft) long and up to 20 metres (66 ft) high. Fin Cop hill overlooks Monsal Dale and its Iron Age hillfort is a Scheduled Monument. The A6 road runs down Taddington Dale to follow the riverside again, where Deep Dale converges with the valley on the south side. Kirk Dale lies on the south side at Ashford-in-the-Water. Beyond Ashford-in-the-Water the valley broadens and

200-572: Is habitat for an abundance of wildflowers. Dippers are often seen darting low above the river and bobbing on rocks in the river. Deep Dale and Topley Pike is a protected nature reserve (looked after by the Derbyshire Wildlife Trust ) and is also a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). Chee Dale, Miller's Dale quarry and Priestcliffe Lees in Miller's Dale are protected nature reserves, which are overseen by

240-537: Is known as Water-cum-Jolly Dale where Cressbrook Dale joins it from the north. Another cotton mill Cressbrook Mill was built in 1815 and dominates the view by the river. The Wye Valley then becomes Upperdale with Hay Dale on the north side before the river reaches Monsal Head. The Monsal Trail passes over the Monsal Head stone viaduct which was built in 1863 by the Midland Railway over the River Wye. It

280-497: Is nearby on the north side of the valley. Blackwell Dale is on the south side before Miller's Dale. Miller's Dale 's main landmarks are the twin railway viaducts, built in 1866 and 1905 to carry four lines. Millers Dale railway station was once a large and busy goods and passenger station. It is now a main visitor centre for the Monsal Trail. Monk's Dale (named after the monastic grange set up there by Lenton Priory ) on

320-403: Is that an eloping couple managed to leap across the chasm on horseback on their way to get married at Peak Forest church, evading their pursuing parents. The narrow dry gorge of Cunning Dale joins from the north. The short steep Cow Dale and Kidtor Dale are next to each other on the opposite side to Cunning Dale. The remains of Cowdale quarry's 19th-century buildings and lime kilns are high up on

360-605: Is the Devonshire Dome . Originally a vast octagonal stable block designed by Georgian architect John Carr of York for William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire to accompany his magnificent Crescent, it has undergone several major transformations. In 1859, the Buxton Bath Charity had persuaded the Duke of Devonshire to allow part of the building - by then accommodating nothing like the 120 horses for which it

400-566: Is the limestone valley of the River Wye in the White Peak of Derbyshire , England. The source of the River Wye is west of Buxton on Axe Edge Moor . One main channel runs underground through Poole's Cavern . The river flows though Buxton Pavilion Gardens and then along a culvert under the town centre. After leaving the flat area of central Buxton, the Wye Valley becomes distinct as a gorge running east for 10 miles (16 km) before

440-419: The 7th Duke of Devonshire to give them the use of the whole building in exchange for providing new stables elsewhere in the town. Robert Rippon Duke was commissioned to design a 300-bed hospital to rival Bath and Harrogate for charity medical provision. The Cotton Districts Convalescent fund put up £25,000 for the conversion. Rippon Duke included in his design what was then the world's largest unsupported dome;

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480-619: The 7th Duke of Devonshire ) and in 1876 was extended to its present 23 acres of gardens and lakes. There was originally an admission charge to enter the gardens via a ticket office with turnstiles. Milner's design was a development of the 1830s landscape design of the Serpentine Walks (along the River Wye ) by Joseph Paxton for the 6th Duke of Devonshire , on what was previously the private gardens of Buxton Old Hall. The three original rustic bridges were removed in Milner's design, with

520-550: The Burlington Hotel (subsequently The Savoy) at the bottom of Hall Bank in 1874. In the 1860s and 1870s Robert Rippon Duke designed grand Victorian Villas along Cavendish Terrace (now called Broad Walk), Thorncliffe Cottage on Hartington Road, Spring Bank and The Knoll on Marlborough Road and Hamilton and Arnside villas on Devonshire Road. He designed Turner's Memorial drinking fountain in 1879 (in memory of his colleague and friend Samuel Turner), which stands in front of

560-604: The Octagon concert hall in Buxton Pavilion Gardens , matching the style of Edward Milner 's adjoining pavilion, and it first opened to the public in 1876. It is a glass and cast iron masterpiece of Victorian architecture , situated near the Buxton Opera House (which was designed by Frank Matcham and built in 1903). The other great Buxton building for which Rippon Duke was largely responsible

600-478: The ' Derbyshire Dome ' anticline . The plateau is generally between 200 and 300 m (660 and 980 ft) above sea level. The Carboniferous limestone rocks of all the dales in the White Peak were formed 350 million years ago from the shells and sediments of a tropical sea. These deposits were compressed into rocks which over time were uplifted and folded into a dome. Erosion of the younger sandstones exposed

640-760: The 1950s, including the All-England Ladies Doubles Championship and with a covered stand for spectators. In 2019 boating was reintroduced on the main lake. The Pavilion Gardens is the starting point for the Dane Valley Way footpath, and the Peak District Boundary Walk also runs through the gardens. Other historical landscaped parks in Buxton are Ashwood Park and The Slopes (formerly The Terrace). Wye Valley, Derbyshire The Wye Valley

680-554: The Buxton Gardens Company to the Buxton Borough Council. The old bandstand platform is all that is left of an ancient Celtic temple. It was described in 1755 as having an octagonal base and a faint inscription appearing as 'Aeona'. It was concluded that the temple was dedicated to either Epona (goddess of horses) or more appropriately Apona (goddess of healing waters). When Edward Milner remodelled

720-606: The Derbyshire Wildlife Trust. Monk's Dale and Cressbrook Dale are part of the Derbyshire Dales National Nature Reserve managed by Natural England . Monk's Dale and Cressbook Dale are also each a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). They are especially important for the lichens growing on the limestone outcrops. Robert Rippon Duke Robert Rippon Duke (31 May 1817 – 16 August 1909)

760-718: The Devonshire Estate for 45 years. This work involved the layouts of roads, approving building designs, enforcing covenants and conducting land deals. He was a trustee for the Buxton Bath Charity for 50 years. He sold his architect's business to William Radford Bryden in 1883. In later life Duke suffered from rheumatism and was confined to a wheelchair. He was a resident at The Square , alongside renowned Buxton water physicians Sir Charles Scudamore and Dr William Henry Robertson . In 1870 he designed his own home Park House on Manchester Road. Duke designed

800-551: The Pavilion (which now houses the café) was rebuilt in 1983 after a fire. The Conservatory was originally used as a small concert hall with a stage and organ. In 1982 it was remodelled as a greenhouse conservatory with tropical plants and a fish pond. The Pavilion was extended with the construction in 1875 of the Octagon Concert Hall (by Robert Rippon Duke ). With capacity for 800 people, the hall has been used over

840-459: The Pavilion Gardens in 1871 the 2,000-year-old temple was demolished and only the base now remains. A series of Grade II listed Victorian buildings overlook the Gardens from its northern boundary with a wide promenade in front. The main Pavilion and Conservatory are cast-iron and glass structures from 1870, designed by Milner in the style of London's Crystal Palace . The two-storey central hall of

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880-467: The River Wye flows into the River Derwent past Bakewell at Rowsley. The Wye Valley Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) runs for over 9 miles (14 km) east of Buxton. It covers Cunning Dale, Woo Dale, Wye Dale, Chee Dale, Tideswell Dale, Monsal Dale and Taddington Wood. These dales contain ancient ash and wych elm woodland, with areas of yew and rock whitebeam trees. The valley

920-425: The adjoining Serpentine park and Branksome Woods. In 2004 a major restoration of the Pavilion Gardens was completed with a contribution of £3.3m from Heritage Lottery funding. New facilities included a Victorian-style bandstand (used for summer band concerts and weddings), play areas, an outdoor gym and a children's miniature railway ride. The pavilion café, ice cream parlour, visitor shop and art gallery are housed in

960-553: The disused Midland Railway line. It passes through Upper Chee Dale and then enters the two tunnels through Chee Tor hill to Miller's Dale. ' Chee Tor Limestone ' is a bed of particularly fine limestone. The crags of carboniferous limestone in Upper Chee Dale and of Chee Tor cliff in Lower Chee Dale have extensive rock climbing routes. Flag Dale joins the valley from the north at Chee Tor. The village of Wormhill

1000-601: The introduction of ornate iron footbridges, the main one known as the Milner Bridge. King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra took a tour of the Pavilion Gardens when they visited Buxton in January 1905. During World War I Royal Engineers soldiers based in Buxton used the Pavilion Garden lakes for training exercises to build pontoon bridges. In 1927 responsibility for the Pavilion Gardens was transferred from

1040-746: The largest dome in the world at 44 metres (144 ft) in diameter. This exceeded the Pantheon (43m) and St Peter's Basilica (42m) in Rome, and St Paul's Cathedral (34m). The Devonshire Dome and its surrounding Victorian villas are now the Devonshire Campus - a faculty of the University of Derby . Duke designed the Poole's Cavern Lodge in 1852. He designed Fairfield Wesleyan Chapel in 1868, Trinity Episcopal Church on Hardwick Mount in 1872 and

1080-523: The limestone strata below. The landscape of dales was then sculpted by the melt water from the last Ice Age 20,000 years ago. Beyond Buxton the Wye Valley is known as a series of dales, which are gorges with numerous side valley gorges. After leaving Ashwood Park (in Mill Dale) in Buxton, the river enters the steep-sided Ashwood Dale. Here Joseph Mallard William Turner sketched Lovers' Leap and its waterfall in about 1831. The story of Lovers' Leap

1120-660: The main pavilion building. The Buxton Cinema is located in the adjoining Pavilion Arts Centre. Next to the pavilion buildings is an indoor public swimming pool and fitness centre overlooking the gardens and a public car park (the entrance is on Burlington Road). The river, lakes, trees and plants are a haven for birds including native ducks, Muscovy ducks , mandarin ducks , tufted ducks , Canada geese , moorhens , coots , goosanders , wrens , nuthatches , finches , tits and herons . The river provides habitat for brown trout , water voles and crayfish . In 2015, author Bill Bryson declared: "The Pavilion Gardens ... must be

1160-509: The main valley from the south. Thirst House Cave in Deep Dale is 58 m (190 ft) long and in the late 19th-century a bear's skull and Roman artefacts were discovered there. The Peak District Boundary Walk route comes down Deep Dale and along Wye Dale before heading north at Chee Dale. The Monsal Trail bridleway runs for 8.5 miles (13.7 km) from Topley Pike Junction (at the head of Chee Dale ) past Bakewell to Rowsley , along

1200-655: The most delightful town park in the country." On the south east boundary of the Pavilion Gardens is the Broadwalk promenade which was constructed as Cavendish Terrace in 1857. The park was designed by Edward Milner for the Buxton Improvements Company, following the arrival of the railway to Buxton in 1863. It was opened in August 1871 on a 12-acre site (on the land of the Hall Gardens, given by

1240-422: The north side is a secluded steep valley. The Limestone Way footpath crosses Miller's Dale and runs up and parallel to Monk's Dale. Tideswell Dale is further downstream on the north side. Ravenstor cliff at the foot of Tideswell Dale is popular with rock climbers. Beyond Tideswell Dale is Litton Mill , a cotton spinning mill dating back to 1782 and notorious for its harsh child labour conditions. The Wye Valley

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1280-600: The opening of the Buxton Opera House, the Entertainment Stage was converted to show silent movies and was renamed as the Hippodrome. In 1932 it reverted to being used as a performance theatre called The Playhouse. It was subsequently known as the Paxton Suite from 1979 to 2010. A large Oriental Tea Kiosk was built in 1899 (designed by William Bryden). It was used in the 1960s as an amusement arcade but it

1320-458: The south slope. The site is a Scheduled Monument . The dry valley of Woo Dale joins Wye Dale from the north. 'Woo Dale Limestone' is quarried at Tarmac's Tunstead Quarry (the largest limestone quarry in the UK) between Woo Dale and Great Rocks Dale . Topley Pike limestone quarry is on the south side of the Wye Valley opposite Woo Dale and close to the hamlet of King Sterndale . Deep Dale also joins

1360-607: The valley broadens at Ashford-in-the Water . The A6 road from Buxton to Bakewell follows the Wye Valley for most of its path. The Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midland Junction Railway used to run through the valley. It was built to link Manchester through the Peak District to London and operated from the 1860s to 1968. The White Peak area of the Peak District is named after the limestone plateau landscape of

1400-446: The years for musical concerts, tea dances, conferences, trade shows, antique fairs and farmers' markets. The Beatles played in the Octagon Concert Hall on two occasions in 1963. The Octagon reopened in 2018 after a three-year £3m refurbishment. At the north east corner of the Pavilion Gardens is the Buxton Opera House (designed by Frank Matcham). Built in 1903, it is the town's principal theatrical venue with 900 seats. The Opera House

1440-423: Was a self-taught draughtsman and established his own architect's practice at 31 Spring Gardens. He was a founder member of the Buxton, Fairfield and Burbage Mechanics and Literary Institute and its president in 1856. His building company collapsed in 1862. In 1863 he was appointed as architect for the 7th Duke of Devonshire 's Buxton Estate. He remained in the position of architect, surveyor and building inspector for

1480-659: Was an English architect and surveyor who designed various prominent Victorian buildings in Buxton , Derbyshire . Duke was born in Hull , the son of a whaler , in 1817. He moved to Buxton and in 1831 became an apprentice carpenter at Buxton Estate. From 1849 to 1852 he supervised the building of the Royal Hotel (Winster Place) on Spring Gardens. He then formed the Turner and Duke building company with partner Samuel Turner. He

1520-485: Was demolished in 1977. The indoor swimming pool and gym complex next to the Octagon was completed in 1972 and opened by Princess Anne . The Pavilion Gardens originally provided leisure facilities for tennis, croquet, boating on the largest lake and roller skating, as well as curling and ice skating in winter (on an ice rink where the car park is now). Tennis tournaments were played in the Pavilion Gardens from 1884 until

1560-467: Was designed - to be converted to a charity hospital for the use of the ‘sick poor’ coming in for treatment from the ‘Cottonopolis’ and many towns around. Devonshire estate architect, Henry Currey , architect for St Thomas’s Hospital in London, converted two thirds of the building into a hospital. Then, in 1878, the Buxton Bath Charity trustees under their doughty chairman Dr William Henry Robertson, persuaded

1600-516: Was primarily used as a cinema from 1932 until its closure in 1976. The Edwardian theatre reopened for stage productions following its restoration in 1979. Since its full renovation in 2001, the theatre has developed a busy programme of events covering drama, musical concerts, comedy, dance, opera and pantomime. It is also hosts the annual Buxton Festival . Within the main pavilion complex, the Pavilion Arts Centre on St John's Road has

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