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54-490: The University of Padua was one of the most prominent universities in early modern Europe, known particularly for the rigor of its Aristotelean logic and science. Together with the University of Bologna , Padua had a central role in the italian renaissance, housing and educating a number of italian renaissance mathemathicians, amongst them Nicolaus Copernicus . Today, it is made up of 32 departments and eight schools. Padua

108-520: A History of physics museum. The university began teaching medicine around 1250. It played a leading role in the identification and treatment of diseases and ailments, specializing in autopsies and the inner workings of the body. Since 1595, Padua's famous anatomical theatre drew artists and scientists studying the human body during public dissections . It is the oldest surviving permanent anatomical theatre in Europe. Anatomist Andreas Vesalius held

162-488: A Doctor of Philosophy degree. The university became one of the universities of the Kingdom of Italy in 1873, and ever since has been one of the most prestigious in the country for its contributions to scientific and scholarly research: in the field of mathematics alone, its professors have included such figures as Gregorio Ricci Curbastro , Giuseppe Veronese , Francesco Severi and Tullio Levi Civita . The last years of

216-469: A book on higher algebra and infinitesimal analysis, and papers on the theory of real numbers , an area in which he extended the research begun by Richard Dedekind . Completing privately his high school studies at only 16 years of age, he enrolled on the course of philosophy-mathematics at Rome University (1869). The following year the Papal State fell and so Gregorio was called by his father to

270-568: A chartered public university . The university is historically notable for its teaching of canon and civil law ; indeed, it was set up in large part with the aim of studying the Digest , a central text in Roman law , which had been rediscovered in Italy in 1070, and the university was central in the development of medieval Roman law . Until modern times, the only degree granted at that university

324-616: A full-ride scholarship and additional benefits such as the assistance of a personal tutor and free accommodation at the Residence for Higher Study. In order to remain members of the Collegio Superiore students are required to maintain high marks in both their degree programme and the additional courses. Beatrice Fraboni, professor of Physics of Matter, has been head of Collegio Superiore since 2019. Notable former faculty include: The 2024 QS World University Rankings ranked

378-401: A research group in which Tullio Levi-Civita worked, with whom he wrote the fundamental treatise on absolute differential calculus (also known as Ricci calculus) with coordinates or tensor calculus on Riemannian manifold , which then became the lingua franca of the subsequent theory of Albert Einstein 's general relativity. In fact absolute differential calculus had a crucial role in developing

432-545: A turbulent history, and there was no teaching in 1237–1261, 1509–1517, 1848–1850. The Botanical Garden of Padova , established by the university in 1545, is one of the oldest gardens of its kind in the world. Its alleged title of oldest academic garden is in controversy because the Medici created one in Pisa in 1544. In addition to the garden, best visited in the spring and summer, the university also manages nine museums, including

486-492: Is a public research university in Bologna , Italy. Teaching began around 1088, with the university becoming organised as guilds of students ( universitas scholarium ) by the late 12th century, it is the oldest university in continuous operation in the world , and the first degree-awarding institution of higher learning. The university's emblem carries the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum ("Nourishing mother of studies"), and

540-566: Is certain that schools of law and medicine with students from various nations existed near Padua for a few years before 1222, more precisely in Vicenza . In reality, the first place where this group of students and professors from Bologna settled was at the University of Vicenza , where they were welcomed. Due to various vicissitudes the headquarters was permanently moved to Padua for various reasons. The first subjects to be taught were law and theology . The curriculum expanded rapidly, and by 1399

594-492: Is part a network of historical research universities known as the Coimbra Group . In 2021, the university had approximately 72,000 students including undergraduates, postgraduates, and doctoral students. The university is conventionally said to have been founded in 1222 when a large group of students and professors left the University of Bologna in search of more academic freedom ('Libertas scholastica'). Although it

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648-702: The Asiago uplands; and the old Palazzo del Bo was fully restored (1938–1945). The vicissitudes of the Fascist period —political interference, the Race Laws, etc.—had a detrimental effect upon the development of the university, as did the devastation caused by the Second World War and—just a few decades later—the effect of the student protests of 1968–1969 (which the university was left to face without adequate help and support from central government). However,

702-621: The University of Milan and the University of Pisa under the Sapienza University of Rome . ARWU ranks the university in the 151st-200th range globally for 2023. The 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings lists the university at 4th place in Italy and in the 201st-250th range worldwide. QS World University Rankings ranks the university 4th in Italy in 2024 and the best in Italy to study geology and geophysics , earth and sea sciences, biological sciences , psychology , anatomy and physiology . It also places

756-400: The 19th century, a committee of historians led by Giosuè Carducci traced the founding of the university back to 1088, which would make it the oldest continuously operating university in the world. However, the development of the institution at Bologna into a university was a gradual process. Paul Grendler writes that "it is not likely that enough instruction and organization existed to merit

810-562: The 2023 fiscal year. Of this, €545 million were contributions paid by the Ministry of Education, University and Research of Italy , the European Union , local administrations like regions and provinces , and other entities. The remaining €232 million were classified as own revenues, of which €106 million came from tuition fees and €125 million from research-related income. The amount of tuition students pay depends on their major,

864-513: The 2023/24 academic year. The university is constantly ranked among the best Italian universities. For 2023, in U.S. News & World Report ' s World Best Global Universities Rankings , the University of Padua is ranked as the 1st place institution in Italy, taking 43rd place in Europe and the world's 115th. ARWU ranks the university in the Italian top 4, tied for 2nd place with

918-868: The DAMS murders (in Italian : Delitti del DAMS ), dealing with four victims who were students or professors of the DAMS: Angelo Fabbri (a brilliant student of Umberto Eco ), Liviana Rossi, the dancer Francesca Alinovi (who was stabbed for 47 times), and Leonarda Polvani. Higher education processes are being harmonised across the European Community. Nowadays the university offers 101 different " Laurea " or " Laurea breve " first-level degrees (three years of courses), followed by 108 " Laurea specialistica " or " Laurea magistrale " second-level degrees (two years). However 11 other courses have maintained

972-512: The Gymnasium Omnium Disciplinarum continued its work uninterrupted, and overall the second half of the twentieth century saw a sharp upturn in development—primarily due an interchange of ideas with international institutions of the highest standing (particularly in the fields of science and technology). In recent years, the university has been able to meet the problems posed by overcrowded facilities by re-deploying over

1026-572: The Sala degli Anziani of the Palazzo Pubblico . The University of Bologna awarded her a doctorate degree on 12 May. She became the first woman to receive a doctorate in science, and the second woman in the world to earn a philosophy doctorate after Elena Cornaro Piscopia in 1678, fifty-four years prior. She was by then popularly known as Bolognese Minerva . On 29 October 1732, the Senate and

1080-480: The University of Bologna 154th in the world as well as 73rd (1st in Italy, 18th in Europe) with specific reference to academic reputation. In another measurement by the same organization, it was positioned among the world's top 100 universities for graduate employability. In the 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings , it claimed the 155th place globally. In the 2023 THE Impact Rankings , which measure

1134-574: The University of Bologna granted Bassi's candidature, and in December she was appointed professor of natural philosophy to teach physics. She became the first salaried woman lecturer in the world, thus beginning her academic career. She was also the first woman member of any scientific establishment, when she was elected to the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna in 1732. Bassi became

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1188-573: The University of Padua as 2nd place in Italy and 104th worldwide. Notable people who have attended the University of Padua include: The University of Padua offers a wide range of degrees, organized by Departments: Departments have been united in a limited number of Schools: [REDACTED] 45°24′24.2″N 11°52′38.7″E  /  45.406722°N 11.877417°E  / 45.406722; 11.877417 University of Bologna The University of Bologna ( Italian : Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna , abbreviated Unibo )

1242-406: The University of Padua at 219th in the world for 2024. Also, according to QS World University Rankings , the University of Padua is ranked 125th in the field of Medicine . The NTU ranking , which focuses on productivity and quality of scientific production, places the University of Padua as 82nd worldwide for 2022. The CWTS Leiden Ranking , based exclusively on bibliometric indicators, places

1296-568: The Veneto as a whole. In 1990, the Institute of Management Engineering was set up in Vicenza , after which the summer courses at Brixen (Bressanone) began once more, and in 1995 the Agripolis centre at Legnaro (for Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine) opened. Other sites of re-deployment are at Rovigo , Treviso , Feltre , Castelfranco Veneto , Conegliano , Chioggia and Asiago. Recent changes in state legislation have also opened

1350-468: The bull specified that the new university would have the same freedoms and privileges as the University of Bologna—a highly desirable situation for the Swedish scholars. This included the right of Uppsala to establish the four traditional faculties of theology , law ( Canon Law and Roman law ), medicine, and philosophy, and to award the bachelor's, master's, licentiate, and doctoral degrees. Laura Bassi

1404-481: The chair of Surgery and Anatomy ( explicator chirurgiae ) and in 1543 published his anatomical discoveries in De Humani Corporis Fabrica . The book triggered great public interest in dissections and caused many other European cities to establish anatomical theatres. On 25 June 1678, Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia , a Venetian noblewoman and mathematician, became the first woman to be awarded

1458-485: The city of his birth, Lugo di Romagna . Subsequently he attended courses at University of Bologna during the year 1872 - 1873, then transferred to the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa . In 1875 he graduated in Pisa in physical sciences and mathematics with a thesis on differential equations , entitled "On Fuches's Research Concerning Linear Differential Equations". During his various travels he

1512-420: The city's pre-existing lay and ecclesiastical schools to teach them subjects such as liberal arts, notarial law, theology, and ars dictaminis ( scrivenery ). The lectures were given in informal schools called scholae . In time the various universitates scholarium decided to form a larger association, or Studium —thus, the university. The Studium grew to have a strong position of collective bargaining with

1566-483: The city, since by then it derived significant revenue through visiting foreign students, who would depart if they were not well treated. The foreign students in Bologna received greater rights, and collective punishment was ended. There was also collective bargaining with the scholars who served as professors at the university. By the initiation or threat of a student strike , the students could enforce their demands as to

1620-436: The content of courses and the pay professors would receive. University professors were hired, fired, and had their pay determined by an elected council of two representatives from every student "nation" which governed the institution, with the most important decisions requiring a majority vote from all the students to ratify. The professors could also be fined if they failed to finish classes on time, or complete course material by

1674-413: The date A.D. 1088 . With over 90,000 students, the University of Bologna is one of the largest universities in Europe . The university saw the first woman to earn a university degree and teach at a university, Bettisia Gozzadini , and the first woman to earn both a doctorate in science and a salaried position as a university professor, Laura Bassi . The University of Bologna has had a central role in

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1728-414: The end of the semester. A student committee, the "Denouncers of Professors", kept tabs on them and reported any misbehavior. Professors themselves were not powerless, however, forming collegia doctorum (professors’ committees) in each faculty, and securing the rights to set examination fees and degree requirements. Eventually, the city ended this arrangement, paying professors from tax revenues and making it

1782-410: The existing 23 faculties) are: The university is structured in 33 departments (66 until 2012), organized by homogeneous research domains that integrate activities related to one or more faculty. A new department of Latin history was added in 2015. The 33 departments are: In the early 1950s, some students of the University of Bologna were among the founders of the review "il Mulino". On 25 April 1951

1836-458: The fifteenth to the eighteenth century, the university was renowned for its research, particularly in the areas of medicine, astronomy, philosophy and law. At the time it was the most renowned school of medicine internationally. During this time, the university adopted the Latin motto : Universa universis patavina libertas (Paduan Freedom is Universal for Everyone). Nevertheless, the university had

1890-425: The financial situation of their household and if they take more time to graduate compared to the established length of their program. Tuition is also significantly lowered for non-EU citizens of certain developing countries. There are also scholarships and fee-waivers based on merit on other factors. Generally, most students who are graduating in time and are not from low income households will pay around €2,700/year for

1944-425: The first issue of the review was published in Bologna. In a short time, "il Mulino" became one of the most interesting reference points in Italy for the political and cultural debate and established important editorial relationships in Italy and abroad. Editorial activities evolved along with the review. In 1954, the il Mulino publishing house (It. Società editrice il Mulino ) was founded, which today represents one of

1998-586: The fully funded boarding college Collegio Superiore di Bologna, the Bologna School of Advanced Studies, the botanical gardens of Bologna , a large number of museums, libraries and archeological collections, as well as the Bologna University Press . The date of the University of Bologna's founding is uncertain. The university was granted a charter ( Authentica habita ) by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in 1158, but in

2052-424: The future, establishing closer links of cooperation and exchange with all the world's major research universities. Since 2022, the University of Padua has been experiencing difficulties with the payments of scholarships for the "right to study", thus leaving 1955 students (207 of that international students) without any kind of accommodation and receiving stipends. The university foresaw a budget of €831 million for

2106-448: The institution had divided in two: a Universitas Iuristarum for civil law and Canon law , and a Universitas Artistarum which taught astronomy , dialectic , philosophy , grammar , medicine , and rhetoric . There was also a Universitas Theologorum, established in 1373 by Urban V. The student body was divided into groups known as "nations" which reflected their places of origin. The nations themselves fell into two groups: From

2160-623: The most important populariser of Newtonian mechanics in Italy. In 1971, the Graecist Benedetto Marzullo in company with Umberto Eco , Renato Barilli, Adelio Ferrero. instituted within the Faculty of Letters and Arts the DAMS ( acronym of discipline delle arti, della musica e dello spettacolo , "Dicipline of Arts , Musics and Performance "). It was the first degree course of this type to be opened in Italy. Between December 26, 1982, and November 29, 1983, there occurred

2214-569: The most relevant Italian publishers. In addition to this were initiated research projects (focusing mostly on the educational institutions and the political system in Italy), that eventually led, in 1964, to the establishment of the Istituto Carlo Cattaneo. The Collegio Superiore is an excellence institution inside the University of Bologna, aimed at promoting students' merit through dedicated learning programmes. The institution

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2268-536: The nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century saw a reversal of the centralisation process that had taken place in the sixteenth: scientific institutes were set up in what became veritable campuses; a new building to house the Arts and Philosophy faculty was built in another part of the city centre ( Palazzo del Liviano , designed by Giò Ponti ); the Astro-Physics Observatory was built on

2322-503: The previous rules of " Laurea specialistica a ciclo unico " or " Laurea magistrale a ciclo unico ", with only one cycle of study of five years, except for medicine and dentistry, which require six years of courses. After the " Laurea " one may attain first-level Master (one-year diploma, similar to a postgraduate diploma). After second-level degrees are attained, one may proceed to second-level Master, specialisation schools (residency) or research doctorates (PhD). The 11 Schools (which replace

2376-624: The sciences during the medieval age and the Italian renaissance, where it housed and educated Nicholas Copernicus as well as numerous other renaissance mathematicians. It has educated a wide range of notable alumni, amongst them a large number of Italian scientists, prime ministers, supreme court judges, and priests. The University of Bologna has campuses in Cesena , Forlì , Ravenna and Rimini as well as branch centres abroad in Buenos Aires , New York , Brussels , and Shanghai . It houses

2430-429: The term university before the 1150s, and it might not have happened before the 1180s." The university arose around mutual aid societies (known as universitates scholarium ) of foreign students called " nations " (as they were grouped by nationality) for protection against city laws which imposed collective punishment on foreigners for the crimes and debts of their countrymen. These students then hired scholars from

2484-447: The theory, as is shown in a letter written by Albert Einstein to Ricci-Curbastro's nephew. In this context Ricci-Curbastro identified the so-called Ricci tensor which would have a crucial role within that theory. The advent of tensor calculus in dynamics goes back to Lagrange , who originated the general treatment of a dynamical system , and to Riemann , who was the first to think about geometry in an arbitrary number of dimensions. He

2538-667: The universities' commitment to sustainable development in compliance with the UN 2030 Agenda , Bologna took 5th place in Europe and 23rd in the world. Furthermore, Bologna topped Italy's 2023 list of large public universities (> 40,000 students), produced by the Italian Center for Social Investment Studies , for the 14th year in a row. [REDACTED] Gregorio Ricci Curbastro Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro ( Italian: [ɡreˈɡɔːrjo ˈrittʃi kurˈbastro] ; 12   January 1853 – 6   August 1925)

2592-416: The way to greater autonomy for Italian universities, and in 1995 Padua adopted a new Statute that gave it greater independence. As the publications of innumerable conferences and congresses show, the modern-day University of Padua plays an important role in scholarly and scientific research at both a European and world level. True to its origins, this is the direction in which the university intends to move in

2646-501: Was a student of the mathematicians Enrico Betti , Eugenio Beltrami , Ulisse Dini and Felix Klein . In 1877 Ricci-Curbastro obtained a scholarship at the Technical University of Munich , Bavaria, and he later worked as an assistant of Ulisse Dini, his teacher. In 1880 he became a lecturer of mathematics at the University of Padua where he dealt with Riemannian geometry and differential quadratic forms. He formed

2700-537: Was also influenced by the works of Christoffel and of Lipschitz on the quadratic forms. In fact, it was essentially Christoffel's idea of covariant differentiation that allowed Ricci-Curbastro to make the greatest progress. Ricci-Curbastro received many honours for his contributions. He is honoured by mentions in various Academies amongst which are: He participated actively in political life, both in his native town and in Padua, and contributed with his projects to

2754-480: Was an Italian mathematician . He is most famous as the discoverer of tensor calculus . With his former student Tullio Levi-Civita , he wrote his most famous single publication, a pioneering work on the calculus of tensors , signing it as Gregorio Ricci. This appears to be the only time that Ricci-Curbastro used the shortened form of his name in a publication, and continues to cause confusion. Ricci-Curbastro also published important works in other fields, including

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2808-567: Was born into a prosperous family of Bologna and was privately educated from the age of five. Bassi's education and intellect was noticed by Prospero Lorenzini Lambertini, who became the Archbishop of Bologna in 1731 (later Pope Benedict XIV ). Lambertini became the official patron of Bassi. He arranged for a public debate between Bassi and four professors from the University of Bologna on 17 April 1732. In 1732, Bassi, aged twenty, publicly defended her forty-nine theses on Philosophica Studia at

2862-402: Was founded in 1998 as Collegio d'Eccellenza . Together with the Institute for Advanced Study it is part of the Institute for Higher Study. The Collegio Superiore offers an additional educational path to students enrolled in a degree programme at the University of Bologna, providing specialized courses as part of an interdisciplinary framework. All students of the Collegio Superiore are granted

2916-464: Was the doctorate. Bettisia Gozzadini earned a law degree in 1237, being one of the first women in history to obtain a university degree. She taught law from her own home for two years, and in 1239 she taught at the university, becoming the first woman in history to teach at a university. In 1477, when Pope Sixtus IV issued a papal bull , authorizing the creation of Uppsala University in Sweden,

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